Severe Levels Of Anxiety Research Articles

The Influence of Anxiety Levels Facing Medical Exams to Urinary Incontinence in YARSI University Medical Students Class of 2019 and 2020, and A Review Through Islamic Perspectives

Background: Urinary incontinence is the involuntary excretion of urine at any given condition. Medical exams experienced by medical students could induce anxiety, which could lead to urinary incontinence. Through an Islamic viewpoint, individuals suffering from urinary incontinence are constantly unclean and require certain ways to practice worship. This study aims to determine the relationship between anxiety levels and age; anxiety levels and gender; the correlation between anxiety levels and urinary incontinence; identifying anxiety levels; and the severity of urinary incontinence symptoms within YARSI University Medical Students Class of 2019 and 2020, as well as how to pray and ablute for individuals with urinary incontinence.Method: This study is qualitative research done as an analytical observational study with cross-sectional study design. The research instrument used the Urogenital Distress Inventory questionnaire (UDI-6) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). The research was conducted on YARSI University Medical Students Class of 2019 and 2020 with a sample size of 209 participants. Data analysis utilized Kruskal Wallis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Spearman Correlation statistical tests.Results: The level of anxiety experienced by most students is a mild level of anxiety. The highest severity of urinary incontinence symptoms was experienced by students with moderate to severe anxiety levels. No significant relationship was found between age and gender with anxiety levels. There is a positive correlation with moderate strength between the level of anxiety and urinary incontinence.Conclusion: No relationship was found between anxiety levels facing medical exams with age nor gender and a positive correlation with moderate strength was found between anxiety levels medical exams and urinary incontinence within YARSI University Medical Students Class of 2019 and 2020.

Stress and Anxiety among people with spiritist engagement: a cross-sectional analysis before and during COVID-19

Prevalence of stress and anxiety in people with some Level of Spiritist Engagement (LSE) before and during the pandemic. A cross-sectional study with 848 people with LSE in Ceará/Brazil. Findings were significant on the severe stress and anxiety of young adults (15,0% and 15,9%, respectively), in marital crisis (17,1% and 15,9%), who were affected very/completely by social confinement (14,8% and 16,7%), who suffered violence (15,5% and 16,9%), who self-inflicted violence (29,4% and 35,3%), whose self-perception of the emotional health was bad/awful (35,7% and 33,9%), and that used 3 or more psychiatric drugs a day before (22,9% and 28,6%) and during the pandemic (31,6% for stress and anxiety). Severe stress and anxiety were more associated to low and very low LES before and during COVID-19. Spiritism reinforces itself as a religion of psychological quest and a higher LES seems to be connected to less severe anxiety and stress levels.

Anxiety and perceived stress among students due to covid-19 pandemic in Lahore

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had the impact that may contribute to a rise in mental health problems. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly, increasing the stress and challenges for healthcare professionals around the world. Objective: To explore the levels of anxiety and perceived stress among students due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in Lahore in the duration of 6 months on n=249 participants sampled through a non-probability convenient sampling technique. Participants with an age group between 15-30 years residing in Lahore were included in the study. The survey was done on all the medical students in this range so it could not affect the generalizability of results. Students with Ongoing physical or previous mental illness were excluded. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and generalized anxiety disorder were questionnaires converted into Google Forms and were distributed to students of medical discipline through WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook. Results: The mean age of the study participant was 22.0±1.94 years. The mean score of the perceived stress scale (PSS) was found to be 16.90±4.21 which showed that out of n=249 students n= 181(72.69%) reported moderate stress. While n=30(12.04%) students had low stress. While remaining high-stress levels were found among n=38(15.2%) students. The mean score of General Anxiety Disorder was found to be 18.45 ±3.16 which showed that out of 249 students, 35.74% (n= 71) students showed Mild Anxiety Level and 12.05% (n=30) showed Severe Anxiety Level. Conclusion: It was concluded that most of the medical students from Lahore reported stress and anxiety. However, higher stress and anxiety were reported among younger age groups and greater stress was found in females as compared to males. Keywords: anxiety; COVID-19; GAD- 7; mental health; perceived stress

The assessment and validation of the depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) among frontline doctors in Pakistan during fifth wave of COVID-19.

The study aims to document sociodemographic features, address the symptoms and levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among frontline doctors in Pakistan, and validate the depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS-21) on the context of Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted throughout the regions of Pakistan on frontline doctors to document their sociodemographic patterns and the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress while dealing with the fifth wave (Omicron-variant) of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Pakistan (December 2021-April 2022). Respondents (N = 319) were recruited through a snowball sampling process. Though previous literature reported declines in psychological symptoms after earlier waves of COVID-19, these DASS-21 findings show that as the pandemic has worn on, frontline doctors in Pakistan are having considerable personal symptoms of depression (72.7%), anxiety (70.2%), and stress (58.3%). Though specifically related to the COVID-19 pandemic, they rated only moderate levels of depression and stress, however they reported severe levels of anxiety. The results also revealed a positive correlation between depression and anxiety (r = 0.696, p < 0.001), depression and stress (r = 0.761, p < 0.001), and anxiety and stress (r = 0.720, p < 0.001). Through the application of all required statistical procedures, DASS-21 is validated in the cultural context of Pakistan among this group of frontline doctors. The findings of this study can provide new directions for the policy makers (government and hospitals' administration) of Pakistan to focus on the mental wellbeing of the doctors under similar enduring public health crises and to protect them from short- or long-term disorders.

Collaborative care model versus usual care for people with musculoskeletal conditions and co-existing anxiety and depression: protocol for a feasibility mixed-methods randomised controlled trial.

In the UK 17.8 million people have musculoskeletal pathophysiology, which becomes universal with age. Levels of discomfort and incapability correlate with symptoms of anxiety and depression. People with sufficient symptoms who seek care can benefit from collaborative diagnosis and treatment of mental and physical health organised by a case manager. This paper presents the protocol for a feasibility trial of collaborative care in an orthopaedic setting. To determine the feasibility and acceptability of providing collaborative care for patients with musculoskeletal conditions and co-existing symptoms of anxiety and depression identified on a screening tool in a physical and occupational therapy out-patient setting. A two-arm parallel-group randomised controlled trial will recruit 40 adult out-patients with at least moderate anxiety and depression, who have been referred for physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Participants will be allocated on a 1:1 ratio to collaborative care or to usual care. Co-primary outcomes will be key feasibility indicators collected at baseline and at 6 months. A qualitative study will be conducted post-intervention to explore the acceptability and potential improvements to the collaborative care model. This study will investigate the use of the collaborative care model for patients with musculoskeletal and co-existing moderate or severe levels of anxiety or depression. The results will provide important evidence to determine a future trial.

‘Holding onto trauma?’ The prevalence and predictors of PTSD, anxiety and depression in police officers working with child abuse, rape and sexual exploitation victims

Research into post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other common mental disorders (CMDs) in police officers is limited, with the majority of research predominately conducted outside the UK, and no study quantitatively examining the role of social support in relation to the mental health of UK police officers working with victims of trauma. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and predictors of PTSD and CMD in UK police officers who investigate rape, sexual exploitation and child abuse, along with the potential protective role of social support. Participants were police officers ( n = 353) within one police area, who completed self-report measures of PTSD, anxiety, depression and social support. Results showed that 23% of officers had potentially clinical levels of PTSD, 26% had moderate to severe levels of anxiety and 35% had moderate to severe levels of depression. Female officers, those of constable rank, those working with victims of child abuse, and those with lowest levels of social support had poorer mental health. There was tentative evidence that social support statistically moderated the relationship between tenure and depression. These findings suggest the need for bespoke help for the sub-group of officers experiencing mental health problems and for further research into the potential protective role of social support.

Implementation of Nursing Care for Clients with Stadium IIA Cervic Cancer in Anxiety Disorders with Benson's Relaxation in The Pavilion of Faith Sudjudi Floor II Gatot Soebroto Army

Cervical cancer is a malignant process that occurs in the cervix, so that the surrounding tissue cannot carry out its functions as it should. The high incidence of cervical cancer in Indonesia has made cervical cancer a major health problem and one of the highest causes of death. It is noted that the incidence of cervical cancer in Indonesia is 36,000 cases or 9.2% of the total cancer cases and ranks second after breast cancer. Cervical cancer is a disease that causes psychological disturbances in the form of anxiety. One therapy that can reduce anxiety is benson relaxation. The purpose of this writing study is to describe nursing care for cervical cancer patients in anxiety disorders with Benson relaxation. The method used is descriptive research in the form of a case study. The characteristics of the subjects of this study were patients who experienced postoperative anxiety about cervical cancer with the HARS scale rating, with a score of 39 with a severe level of anxiety decreasing to 19 with mild anxiety. The results of this study found that in cervical cancer patients. after applying the Benson Relaxation technique can reduce the anxiety experienced by patients. The conclusion from this case study is that Benson's Relaxation Therapy is effective for reducing anxiety, from a score of 39 with a severe level of anxiety there is a decrease to 19 with mild anxiety.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ANXIETY LEVEL OF PRE-SURGICAL PATIENTS IN HOSPITAL

A surgical procedure may induce psychological reactions in patients, including pre-surgical anxiety. Pre-surgical anxiety can influence the surgical process and patients’ health status after the surgery. Mild, moderate, and severe anxiety are some of the psychological responses to surgical procedures. Patients' anxiety before surgery is affected by internal and external factors. 30 respondents had the most anxiety levels of moderate preoperative patients, with 12 respondents (40%) and 18 respondents (60%) having surgical with mild preoperative anxiety levels. There were 25 respondents with less knowledge. There were 16 respondents (64%) with mild anxiety levels and 9 (36%) with moderate anxiety levels. 55 respondents with high family support, there were 48 respondents (87.3%) with moderate anxiety levels, there were 5 respondents (7.4%) with severe anxiety levels and 2 respondents (3.6%) with mild anxiety levels. The exact cause of anxiety is unknown, but it is thought to factor in experience, knowledge, and family support or RSUD Arifin Achmad, Riau Province. The study aims to describe factors that influence anxiety in patients’ pre-operation. The research instrument was a questionnaire through validity and reliability tests. Univariate and bivariate analyses were applied. The research instrument was a questionnaire through validity and reliability tests. The research showed no significant correlations between experiences, knowledge, and family support with the patients’ anxiety (p-value0.05). It was suggested that the hospital should concern with factors correlated with pre-surgical patients' anxiety and increase the quality of nursing care.

Perceived barriers to maintain physical activity and its association to mental health status of Bangladeshi adults: a quantile regression approach

Insufficient physical activity and unhealthy lifestyle preferences have been significant concerns for decades. This study aimed to determine the perceived barriers to maintaining physical activity among adults in three major cities of Bangladesh and their association with mental health status. This is a cross-sectional study where 400 participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Twenty municipal wards were randomly selected from three cities, followed by a convenient selection of the study participants from each ward. Questionnaires about perceived physical activity barriers were developed based on previously published literature. The DASS-21 scale assessed the mental health status of the study participants. Descriptive statistics were applied to narrate the baseline characteristics of the respondents. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to check the normality of the perceived physical activity scores. Quantile regression analysis was applied to model the physical activity barrier scores depending on several covariates. Five quantiles were used: the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant for hypothesis testing. Among the respondents, 68.50% were male, half of them were married, 68.0% belonged to nuclear families, 48.0% completed graduate level education, 34.25% were service holders, one-third of the respondent's working hours were 6–8 h, and 19.50% belongs to the overweight and obese groups. Poor traffic and construction work near the road (60.30%) was seen as the most significant barrier to physical activity. Over half of the respondents stated that lack of time, facilities, and expenses hinder physical activity. Mental health status reported mild to extremely severe levels of depression (32%), anxiety (47%), and stress (42.50%), respectively. Significant associations between the perceived physical activity scores and gender, family type, occupation, income, BMI, anxiety, and depression were obtained. Ensuring a safe environment, facilitating accessibility and availability of low-cost exercise facilities, improving road and traffic conditions, and providing appropriate mental health counseling may help to mitigate physical activity barriers.

Description of Parental Characteristics on the Level of Anxiety of Parents Whose Children Are Being Treated in the P ICU at Dr Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar

Based on the research results Helena (2008) concluded from the 11 respondents who had a good knowledge gained 7 respondents experienced mild anxiety (63.6%), 3 respondents had moderate anxiety (27.2%) and 1 respondent suffered from severe anxiety (9.1%). The purpose of this study is to know the description of characteristics of parents towards anxiety level of parents whose children were hospitalized in PICU. This was descriptive research. This study will describe the association between parents; characteristics and anxiety level. The results showed that of the 40 samples studied based on the characteristics of sex, male sex as many as 7 people (17.5%) and female sex as many as 33 people (82.5%), the characteristics of age, it was shown younger age group as many as 14 people (35.0%) and older age group as many as 26 people (65%), obtained with low education as many as 10 people (25.0%) and high education as many as 30 people (75%), all respondents work (100%) or 40 respondents. The level of parental anxiety, experiencing mild anxiety level as many as 16 people (40%), anxiety levels were as many as 14 people (35%) and severe anxiety level as many as 10 people (25%). Expected in the implementation of nursing and medical measures should still pay attention to the principle of the provision of information and education of patients about the actions to be taken in order to better understand thus enhancing individual coping and reducing parental anxiety.

Risk and protective factors of emotional symptoms in Chilean adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic

The pandemic caused by the spread of COVID-19 has unleashed a health, economic, social and humanitarian crisis worldwide. The strict measures implemented to control this global crisis have threatened adolescents’ coping mechanisms and social support, putting their mental health at risk. This study aims to determine the changes that have occurred in psychological functioning and health during the pandemic lockdown, as well as potential risk and protective factors for youth mental health. Participants were 1637 Chilean adolescents (85.83% female), aged 14-18 years (Mage = 16.40; SD = 1.28), who completed an ad hoc questionnaire and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). A descriptive and cross-sectional study design was used, multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Most adolescents reported severe levels of depression and anxiety with girls being more at risk than boys. Many of them reported a change in social and personal habits. Results further indicate that socio-demographic and COVID-19 related variables have a significant impact on adolescents’ emotional symptoms. Risk factors such as looking for information about the coronavirus, experiencing a recent stressful life event, reporting pre-pandemic mental health problems were significantly related to higher levels of emotional symptoms. Eating a healthy diet was associated with fewer emotional symptoms, while spending more time playing video games was related to more anxiety. Being in a romantic relationship, satisfying social and family relationships acted as protective factors against mental health problems. Further research is necessary to detect risk and protective factors that influence adolescent’s mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

(123) Evaluation of a Vaginal Insert for Self-assessment of Endometriosis-associated Deep Dyspareunia

Abstract Introduction Among individuals with endometriosis, approximately 50% experience deep dyspareunia. There is a validated test to evaluate superficial dyspareunia (tampon test); however, no such test exists for deep dyspareunia. Thus, we conducted a pilot study to evaluate the use of a vaginal insert for self-assessment of deep dyspareunia. Objective To report test-retest reliability and validity of using a vaginal insert for self-assessment of deep dyspareunia in individuals with endometriosis. Methods This was a prospective cohort study embedded within a pilot RCT. Individuals with a surgical diagnosis of endometriosis aged 19-49, who had a clinic visit between January 2018 and December 2020 were recruited from a prospective data registry at a tertiary endometriosis and pelvic pain centre. Inclusion criteria were assigned female at birth, sexually active or not sexually active due to pain, monogamous partner who consents to participate, and deep dyspareunia score ≥ 4/10. Exclusion criteria were superficial dyspareunia ≥ 4/10, prior use of the intervention under investigation in the RCT, intense fear or anxiety around sexual activity, and severe levels of anxiety or depression on validated screening measures. Participants used the vaginal insert to self-assess tenderness at two time points, one week apart, using a numeric rating scale (0-10) at the right and left pelvic floor, bladder, cervix-uterus, and posterior cul-de-sac. Participants also used a daily diary to record deep dyspareunia severity (0-10) during intercourse over a four-week period. Test-retest reliability was evaluated by correlating tenderness scores between the two time points. Validity was assessed by correlating the vaginal insert tenderness scores with deep dyspareunia scores. Results Nineteen participants completed the study. The average age was 34 ± 7 years, and the majority of participants identified as female (n=18; 94.7%), heterosexual (n=17; 89.5%) and white (n=17;89.5%). Intraclass correlation coefficients for each site showed good test-retest reliability: left pelvic floor 0.79 (p = 0.001), right pelvic floor 0.82 (p &amp;lt; 0.001), bladder 0.54 (p = 0.07), cervix-uterus was 0.89 (p &amp;lt; 0.001), and the cul-de-sac 0.77 (p = 0.003). The strongest correlation between tenderness using the vaginal insert and deep dyspareunia scores was at the cervix-uterus (r=0.35); however, no statistically significant correlations were identified at any of the pelvic sites. Conclusions We found a strong correlation of tenderness scores between assessment dates (test-retest reliability), indicating that the vaginal insert may be a reliable method of assessing deep dyspareunia. A future study with larger sample size will be needed to study the correlations between tenderness assessed with the vaginal insert and prospective deep dyspareunia scores for evaluation of validity. Self-assessment of deep dyspareunia using a vaginal insert shows promise, and may support trauma-informed practice and the collection of ecologically valid data. Disclosure Yes, this is sponsored by industry/sponsor: OhNut Wearable - provided a discount on the silicon buffer used in the trial; ISSWSH Grant. Clarification: No industry support in study design or execution.

Association of Psychological Distress with Primary Dysmenorrhea among Adolescents Living in West Bengal, India

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea, a painful uterine cramp without any pelvic pathology that occur before or during menstruation among reproductive women.&#x0D; Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the psychological distress between adolescent female students with dysmenorrhea and without dysmenorrhea and also to examine relationship between psychological distress and dysmenorrhea.&#x0D; Methods: This is a cross sectional questionnaire based study conducted among 1646 adolescent female having age limit 14-19 years. Only unmarried adolescent females were included in the study however, females with gynecological, psychological or other medical problems were excluded from the study. It used validated and reliable questionnaire such as VAS for pain rating scale and DASS-21 for assessment of depression, anxiety, stress. Then, the descriptive data analysis and chi-square test were used to explore the relationship between psychological distress and dysmenorrhea. t-test was used to compare psychological distress between dysmenorrhea and non-dysmenorrhea. P&lt;0.05 was considered as significant.&#x0D; Results: Mean age of the adolescent female was 15.91+ 1.27 years. Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 88.94%. Among dysmenorrhea 22.40% was severe, 28.89% was under moderate and 48.71% was under mild dysmenorrhea. There was significant difference of psychological distress indices scores between dysmenorrhea and non-dysmenorrhea (p&lt;0.001). Majority of dysmenorrheic females had severe to extreme severe levels of anxiety, depression and stress in contrast to non-dysmenorrheic females who have mild to moderate level. Significant association was noted between depression, anxiety, mental irritability and mood swing with primary dysmenorrhea (p&lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: The present study suggested that dysmenorrhea is associated with psychological distress including anxiety, depression, mental irritation and mood swing. Psychological interventions and counselling are important for young women with primary dysmenorrhea to lessen the severity of menstrual pain.

The Anxiety Level and Premature Rupture of Membrane Incidence during COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract&#x0D; Objective: To determine the association between anxiety level and premature rupture of membrane incidence during COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Methods: This study was a case-control study. The subjects of this study were patients giving birth at RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta Hospital and UNS Sukoharjo Hospital in June - October 2021. Sampling was done by the purposive sampling technique on 70 samples. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression test.&#x0D; Results: Characteristic data of the study samples found that most of the study samples was severe anxiety (40%). There was a significant association between the level of anxiety with PROM incident (p = 0.00), and pregnant women with severe anxiety had a risk of PROM of 3.761 times compared to pregnant women who were not anxious (OR=3.761). In multivariate analysis, it was found that the most influential variable on the incidence of premature rupture of membranes was the level of anxiety (p=0.001) compared to parity (p=0.155), employment status (0.193), and education level (0.576).&#x0D; Conclusion: There was a significant association between anxiety level and premature rupture of membranes incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there was an increased risk of premature rupture of membranes in pregnant women with severe anxiety levels during the COVID-19 pandemic.&#x0D; Keywords: anxiety level; premature rupture of membrane; COVID-19 pandemic.

STRESS, ANXIETY, WORK-RELATED BURNOUT AMONG PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORKER: A COMMUNITY-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

The majority of national policies are successfully implemented at the local level because of primary health care providers. Workplace stress is a change in one's emotional or physical status as a result of their job. They are more likely to experience work-related anxiety and burnout. The present study was undertaken to assess the occurrence of psychological distress, anxiety, and burnout among primary Healthcare workers. Methodology- It is a community-based cross-sectional study that was conducted over the period of 6 months from September 2022 to February 2023 at various Primary Health centres of Mundra taluka, Gujarat. Results- 154 participants were recruited. Out of 154 study participants, 55.84% had mild anxiety, 37.01% had moderate, and 7.15% had severe anxiety levels. Among the same participants, 56.49% had mild stress, 31.17% had moderate stress and 12.34% had severe stress. With respect to burnout, 3.90% had no personal burnout, 22.08% had moderate burnout and 74.02% had high burnout. Conclusion- According to the current study, primary healthcare workers frequently experience stress, worry, and burnout connected to their jobs. Screening regularly for stress, anxiety, and work-related burnout at the workplace is the need of the hour.

Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Levels among University Students: Three Years from the Beginning of the Pandemic.

Three years after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, psychological distress among college students remains increased. This study assesses stress, anxiety, and depression levels among students of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki by the end of the third year of the pandemic (November 2022), revealing demographic characteristics and probable stressors. A questionnaire was distributed in November 2022 via the academic students' e-mails. The evaluation was performed with the DASS21 survey tool. The correlation analysis and the effect size calculation were performed with the t-test. The majority of participants were undergraduates, on their first or second academic year, female students (67%), age of 18 to 21, unmarried or single (91%), and vaccinated against COVID-19 infection (83.4%). Severely increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (21.3%, 23.3%, and 25.1%, respectively) were measured. The normal and mild levels of stress, anxiety, and depression were 64.0%, 66.5%, and 57.2%, respectively. Female and younger students were at a higher risk of extremely severe stress, anxiety and depression prevalence (ORs up to 2.07, p-Values < 0.00001). Participants who were receiving psychological or psychiatric treatment exhibited severe stress, anxiety, and depression levels (ORs above 2.9, p-Values < 0.00001). Despite the undeniable withdrawal of the COVID-19 pandemic, the community of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki presents high stress, anxiety, and depression levels, similar to those reported during the first year of the pandemic (November 2020). Stressors and risk factors were according to the reported literature and previous studies on Greek students. Academic psychological support offices should consider the students' "profile" in order to evaluate properly the potential risk for emotional and psychological distress. Evidence suggest that new technology (virtual reality, tele-psychiatry or tele-support apps and sessions) should also be implemented in universities.

Relationship of perceived depression, stress, anxiety levels and hedonic hunger.

This study was designed to explore relationship of perceived depression, anxiety and stress (DAS) levels and hedonic hunger in adults. A cross-sectional survey included questions about some socio-demographic characteristics, Power of Food Scale (PFS-Tr) and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) was sent via an online platform. Self-reported weight and height were also questioned. A total of 4112 adult volunteers between the ages of 18-65 years participated in this study. 72.3% of them were female. The prevalence of moderate to extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress was reported as 31%, 34% and 13% respectively. Hedonic hunger and perceived DAS levels were higher in females (p < 0.001). Hedonic hunger was positively correlated with perceived DAS (p < 0.001). While body mass index (BMI) was positively associated with PFS-Tr total score, food available and food present; negatively associated with food tasted. Body mass index was negatively correlated with perceived DAS. Hedonic hunger and perceived DAS levels decreased with increasing age. Females were more prone to both hedonic hunger and perceived DAS. About one in three participants reported moderate to extremely severe levels of depression and anxiety. Greater perceived DAS levels are associated with hedonic hunger. Underweight individuals had higher levels of perceived DAS. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the prevalence and predictors of perceived DAS levels and hedonic hunger in the Turkish adult population. The findings of the study suggest that the predictors such as age, sex and BMI are a part of psychological well-being and hedonic hunger.

Depression symptoms, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate entrance admission seeking students in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.

Intense academic pressure and unhealthy competition have turned the university entrance exam scenario in Bangladesh into a Pandora's Box, which might cause mental health difficulties among young students. However, there is a severe scarcity of studies concerning such issues of university entrance examination-seeking students in Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression symptoms, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate entrance admission-seeking students in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study design was followed using an online tool including socio-demographic questions, and the 21-item Bangla Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (BDASS-21). The survey form was completed by 452 Bangladeshi students who passed the higher secondary certificate (HSC) examination in 2020 and were planning to get admission to the undergraduate level during the data collection. The prevalence of mild to extremely severe levels of depression symptoms, anxiety, and stress was 57.7%, 61.4%, and 44.6%, respectively. Females were more likely to have depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms than males. The students from science backgrounds were at higher risk of developing depression and stress symptoms when compared with students from business studies backgrounds. Besides, students with a previous history of mental illness, a preference for getting admitted into the public university, and less monthly family income (<25,000 BDT) were more likely to develop depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. In addition, students with a previous history of neurological disorders were more likely to develop anxiety symptoms than those without. This study revealed a high level of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among undergraduate entrance admission-seeking students, which calls for in-depth exploratory investigations. Adequate low-intensity interventions should be designed to support this young population.

Mental Health Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Learners in Primary and Secondary Schools in Kenya

Aims: To assess the effect of COVID -19 on mental health of the learners in primary and secondary schools of Kenya.&#x0D; Study Design: The study adopted a cross-sectional research design where 96.5% of the respondents of the study were between the age of 6- 18 years.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Kenya and it involved five counties namely Nairobi, Mombasa, Kajiado, Migori and Elgeyo Marakwet primary, secondary and special schools. The study was conducted between October 2021 and July, 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: In the five selected counties 12 schools were selected in each county where different sub-counties were considered. A 31 item paper questionnaire for learners on mental health was administered to assess levels for anxiety with ten(10) items, depression had eleven(11) items and and post-traumatic stress disorder had ten (10) items. The learners responded to a 3 point Likert scale of; “Not at all”(1) “Sometimes”(2) and “All the Time”(3) The scores were tabulated as follows: Anxiety; Normal 10 – 15, Mild 16 -20, Moderate 21- 25 and Severe 25 and above, Depression; Normal 11 – 18, Mild 19 -26, Moderate 27- 31 Severe 32 and above and finally Scores for PTSD; Normal 9 – 14, Mild 15 -19, Moderate 20- 24, Severe 25 and aboveNormal (1), Mild (2), Moderate (3) and Severe (4) though some items were reverse scored if the statement was negatively phrased. All the learners who scored an average of moderate to severe in this tool were identified as vulnerable and predisposed to risks of mental illness and therefore recommended for mental health interventions.&#x0D; Results: The study established that 25.7% of the learners reported moderate to severe levels of anxiety, 27.9% of the learners reported moderate to severe levels of depression and 44.4% of the learners reported moderate to severe levels of PTSD.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study established that there were heightened level of anxiety was a reality among school learners. There is need to implement efforts that address depressive symptoms before they escalate to unmanageable levels. Learners are experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder whose effects will continue to be felt for long period of time unless intervention takes place. Therefore Kenyan schools not only need to prevent but also manage learners exhibiting the mental health symptoms to promote holistic growth with fully functional citizenry.

Effect of COVID-19 on Mental Health of Children with Communication Disorders in Bangladesh

The outbreak of COVID-19 imposed an adverse effect on mental health across the globe, and when it comes to children with special needs facing a rapid change in their daily routine, an unfulfillment of their higher healthcare needs and inability to communicate appropriately may increase the risk. This study aims to examine the effect of COVID-19 on mental health in children with Communication Disorders in Bangladesh. Data were collected over the phone among 210 parents from urban and rural areas having a child with Communication Disorders. The child’s general socio- demographic information and clinical characteristics were reported through a bivariate test, while the risk factors associated with developing anxiety were measured using Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-6) scales. The result shows that children aged 11-15 suffer from severe anxiety (28.6%), and children who do not possess any language level 20(9.5%) have severe anxiety. Similarly, among children from families with Covid-19 positivity, 42(20.0%) of them have a severe level of anxiety. Therefore, counseling services should be provided to the families of COVID-19 positivity. Besides, speech and language therapy services must be ensured, as children without a language level are more prone to anxiety. Social Science Review, Vol. 39(1), June 2022 Page 1-14