Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Disease Research Articles

Cyanobacteria and Algae-Derived Bioactive Metabolites as Antiviral Agents: Evidence, Mode of Action, and Scope for Further Expansion; A Comprehensive Review in Light of the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak.

COVID-19—a severe acute respiratory syndrome disease caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—has recently attracted global attention, due to its devastating impact, to the point of being declared a pandemic. The search for new natural therapeutic drugs is mandatory, as the screening of already-known antiviral drugs so far has led to poor results. Several species of marine algae have been reported as sources of bioactive metabolites with potential antiviral and immunomodulatory activities, among others. Some of these bioactive metabolites might be able to act as antimicrobial drugs and also against viral infections by inhibiting their replication. Moreover, they could also trigger immunity against viral infection in humans and could be used as protective agents against COVID-In this context, this article reviews the main antiviral activities of bioactive metabolites from marine algae and their potential exploitation as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.

Mechanistic Episodes on SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Neurological Manifestations and Their Possible Therapeutic Interventions.

Recently, the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been critically recognized and spread rapidly on this planet. Considerable recognition of SARS-CoV-2 has been known with a range of viruses that are more capable to cause diseases in avian and mammals including humans. The virus was found as a main culprit for major defects in respiratory system and thereby caused severe acute respiratory syndrome disease. This has led to depict the mortality in human population. Nevertheless, compromised reports on SARS-CoV-2 has also shown neurological complications in both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). This virus has notified with neurological defects as stroke, encephalopathy, cerebral edema, erythema, seizures, meningitis, ischemic, ageusia, loss of smell, myalgia and Guillain Barre Syndrome. In this review, we focused on COVID-19 mediated neurodegeneration and its mechanistic episodes on affected patients. We also discuss the possible available therapeutic interventions with clinically investigated drugs against COVID-19 mediated neurological impairment in patients and experimental in vitro and in vivo research models required for the development of drugs and/or vaccines against COVID-19 mediated neurological complications.

Giloy Ghanvati (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thomson) Reversed SARS-CoV-2 Viral Spike-Protein Induced Disease Phenotype in the Xenotransplant Model of Humanized Zebrafish.

The current Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome disease caused by Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a serious strain on the healthcare infrastructure mainly due to the lack of a reliable treatment option. Alternate therapies aimed at symptomatic relief are currently prescribed along with artificial ventilation to relieve distress. Traditional medicine in the form of Ayurveda has been used since ancient times as a holistic treatment option rather than targeted therapy. The practice of Ayurveda has several potent herbal alternatives for chronic cough, inflammation, and respiratory distress which are often seen in the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study we have used the aqueous extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (willd.) Hook. f. and Thomson in the form of Giloy Ghanvati, as a means of treatment to the SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein induced disease phenotype in a humanized zebrafish model. The introduction of spike-protein in the swim bladder transplanted with human lung epithelial cells (A549), caused an infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells such as granulocytes and macrophages into the swim bladder. There was also an increased systemic damage as exemplified by renal tissue damage and increased behavioral fever in the disease induction group. These features were reversed in the treatment group, fed with three different dosages of Giloy Ghanvati. The resultant changes in the disease phenotype were comparable to the group that were given the reference compound, Dexamethasone. These findings correlated well with various phyto-compounds detected in the Giloy Ghanvati and their reported roles in the viral disease phenotype amelioration.

In Silico Mining of Terpenes from Red-Sea Invertebrates for SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) Inhibitors.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent for the COVID-19 pandemic, which generated more than 1.82 million deaths in 2020 alone, in addition to 83.8 million infections. Currently, there is no antiviral medication to treat COVID-19. In the search for drug leads, marine-derived metabolites are reported here as prospective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Two hundred and twenty-seven terpene natural products isolated from the biodiverse Red-Sea ecosystem were screened for inhibitor activity against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area binding energy calculations. On the basis of in silico analyses, six terpenes demonstrated high potency as Mpro inhibitors with ΔGbinding ≤ −40.0 kcal/mol. The stability and binding affinity of the most potent metabolite, erylosides B, were compared to the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Erylosides B showed greater binding affinity towards SARS-CoV-2 Mpro than lopinavir over 100 ns with ΔGbinding values of −51.9 vs. −33.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Protein–protein interactions indicate that erylosides B biochemical signaling shares gene components that mediate severe acute respiratory syndrome diseases, including the cytokine- and immune-signaling components BCL2L1, IL2, and PRKC. Pathway enrichment analysis and Boolean network modeling were performed towards a deep dissection and mining of the erylosides B target–function interactions. The current study identifies erylosides B as a promising anti-COVID-19 drug lead that warrants further in vitro and in vivo testing.

Deep Learning Approach to Recognize COVID-19, SARS and Streptococcus Diseases from Chest X-ray Images

Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) became pandemic for the world in the year 2020. A large numbers of people are infected worldwide due to the rapid widespread infectious virus which is threatening many lives and economic damages. Controlling of this virus becomes challenging for the world due to non-preparedness and less availability of testing kits, necessary medical equipment, and vaccine. Pathological laboratory testing of a large number of suspects becomes challenging. Some existing pathological testing is producing false-negative results. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a method of automatic detection of transmissible diseases through medical image analysis techniques which are based on the radiological changes in the X-ray images. In this paper, a Deep Learning approach is proposed for the fast detection of COVID-19, Streptococcus, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) positive cases. In Deep Learning, 2-D Convolution Neural Network (2DCNN) is used to classify graphical features of X-ray image’s dataset of COVID-19 positive, Streptococcus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) patients. The proposed approach is implemented on the COVID-chest X-Ray dataset. Experiments produced individual accuracy of COVID-19, Streptococcus, SARS disease and normal person is 100%, 90.9%, 91.3%, and 94.7% respectively. This approach achieved an overall accuracy of 95.73% over four classes. Validation of the proposed approach results has been done using Precision, Recall, and F1-score matrices. From the experimental results, it is proved that the performance of the proposed deep learning approach is quite better as compared to the mentioned state-of-art methods to detect COVID-19, SARS, and Streptococcus disease using X-ray medical imaging.

The Effects of Personal, Environmental, and Genetic Factors on Epidemic of Coronavirus Disease-19: A Review of the Current Literature

Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is a viral disease that broke out in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization has been forced to declare a public health emergency due to the global outbreak of COVID-19. The concerns about the COVID-19 disease are the rapid increase in the number of patients as well as the number of deaths compared with severe acute respiratory syndrome disease. Given that there is a remarkable variability amongst people for COVID-19 infection, there really is the possibility that there will be genetic and environmental effects, it is a need for their role to be fully clarified as soon as possible. Numerous studies have been performed on the on the stability of COVID-19 virus in different environmental conditions including temperature and humidity. In this study, we aimed to discuss in detail the benefits and effects of these factors on COVID-19. Some studies have confirmed the relationship between environmental conditions and disease transmission and others have rejected. Furthermore, not all COVID-19 exposed people are infected and not all infected patients develop severe respiratory complications. It is quite likely that these disparities are genetically mediated, in part. People who may be occupationally exposed to this virus may be due to different reasons, including lack of health, lack of knowledge and attitude, and working conditions. Reducing human-to-human contact by increasing the level of public health in the community as well as maintaining social distance plays a key role in prevention of COVID-19 disease. However, many aspects of COVID-19 are still unknown and require further and extensive studies.

A rapid and sensitive method to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus using targeted-mass spectrometry.

In the last few months, there has been a global catastrophic outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 affecting millions of people worldwide. Early diagnosis and isolation are key to contain the rapid spread of the virus. Towards this goal, we report a simple, sensitive and rapid method to detect the virus using a targeted mass spectrometric approach, which can directly detect the presence of virus from naso-oropharyngeal swabs. Using a multiple reaction monitoring we can detect the presence of two peptides specific to SARS-CoV-2 in a 2.3 min gradient run with 100% specificity and 90.5% sensitivity when compared to RT-PCR. Importantly, we further show that these peptides could be detected even in the patients who have recovered from the symptoms and have tested negative for the virus by RT-PCR highlighting the sensitivity of the technique. This method has the translational potential of in terms of the rapid diagnostics of symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 and can augment current methods available for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s42485-020-00044-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): A Systematic Review

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak between 2002 to 2003 has accounted for the world panic. SARS was caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and had continued to expand int the 21 st century (Tsang et al., 2003). Initially, the disease was observed to be incepted in a small district named as Shunde, which was present in the city named the Foshan City of Guangdong Province. From this area, it rapidly disseminated to Hong Kong and following it to the rest of North America, Asia, as well as Europe in the few months. The disease affected about 8437 patients, accounting for a mortality rate of 9.6 percent. World Health Organization (WHO), in May of the year 2005, forwarded a declaration that SARS disease has been eliminated, which ranked it as the second disease in humans to be labeled such following the first disease, i.e., smallpox. The civet cats isolated coronaviruses in China has substantial sequence homology with SARS-CoV, which indicates a zoonotic origin.Thereby this research paper reviews the general causes of SARS, its clinical manifestation, along with its treatment and prevention. Keywords: SARS; Systematic; Review DOI: 10.7176/JMPB/64-01 Publication date: February 29 th 2020