Several Types Of Habitat Research Articles

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS KUPU-KUPU (PAPILIONOIDEA) DI GUNUNG API PURBA NGLANGGERAN [The Diversity of Butterflies (Papilionoidea) at Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano

The presence of butterflies can be found in several types of habitats and can be used as an indicator of environmental conditions. Geologically, the Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano is unique and has high scientific value. It is necessary to update the butterfly diversity data to determine the diversity of butterflies at Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity, richness, evenness, and dominance of butterfly species at Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano. The exploration method was carried out to obtain data for three repetitions. There were 51 butterfly species with a total of 584 individuals, consisting of Nymphalidae (54.55%), Papilionidae (21.82%), Pieridae (20.00%) and Lycaenidae (3.64%). The index value of butterfly species diversity at Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano (2.97) was medium. The species evenness index (0.83) indicated that the species was relatively stable and evenly distributed. The richness of butterfly species was high, i.e. 6.70, suggesting that the current habitat was suitable for the life of the butterflies. The dominance index value was low, i.e. 0.12, indicating that there was no domination of certain species. The abundant species were Eurema sp. (23.12%), Ideopsis juventa (7.02%), and Catopsilia pomona (6.85%).

Exploring biodiversity patterns in a marine and coastal protected area: Implications for management within and outside MCPAs

Identifying patterns and understanding the processes associated with Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPAs) (local scale) are essential for developing specific hypotheses about trophic interactions and potential cascading effects of local and global changes. This can also serve as an initial step in the identification of biodiversity patterns and biological interactions on a regional scale. This study characterized a set of species/taxa composed of four subcommunities featuring macrobenthic infauna, epibenthic megafauna, birds, and mammals observed between 2019 and 2021 in the estuarine and marine system of the Pitipalena-Añihué MCPA in Chilean Patagonia. Biodiversity patterns were analyzed using multidimensional models and indices.A pool of 276 taxa were observed within the studied subcommunities, and reproduction was confirmed for several bird and mammal species (mostly on islets). The results indicate a system with several types of habitats, where the sea lion Otaria flavescens was dominant among the group of marine mammals. Notably, birds and epibenthic megafauna showed differences between the marine and estuarine environment. The observed biodiversity patterns can be attributed to environmental heterogeneity, as well as anthropic effects (including invasive species, fishing, and aquaculture). This work proposes a synthesized spatial distribution scheme of the main taxa, complemented by a matrix of hypothetical trophic interactions. Along with demonstrating the current lack of available information, this matrix offers an opportunity to assess the ecosystem's sensitivity, identify relevant information gaps, and develop hypotheses about specific trophic interactions (scalable to the region) and the potential cascading effects of ocean changes.

Mosses diversity from Simeulue Island, Sumatera, Indonesia

Simeulue is an oceanic islands located in the western coast of Sumatera, just offshore of the southwestern coast of Aceh Province, Indonesia. The diversity of mosses in the island was unknown. Unfortunately, the island was largely devastated by the 2004 tsunami, which also affected the flora of the island, including the moss flora. In order to conserve the present day mosses flora, the current study is conducted covering several types of habitats. 83 samples of mosses from 41 species have been collected and identified. Three species are apparently new records to both Simeulue and Sumatera; Hyophila javanica (Nees) Brid., Taxithelium kerianum (Broth.) M. Fleisch., and Taxithelium ramicola Broth. Neckeropsis gracilenta (Sande Lac.) M. Fleisch. is the dominant species.

New records on the distribution and habitat of the northern naked-tailed armadillo, Cabassous centralis (Mammalia, Cingulata, Chlamyphoridae) in Costa Rica

The northern naked-tailed armadillo,Cabassous centralis, is a rare and elusive species. It ranges from southern Mexico to northern South America. It has been detected in several types of habitats, but appears to prefer Tropical and Subtropical broadleaf forests. In Costa Rica, this species is difficult to observe and there are only eight records reported in the scientific literature. To search records of this armadillo, we used camera traps in north-western Costa Rica and visited several additional localities in the centre and the Caribbean lowlands of the country. We also examined and assessed records of this species from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database. We added four new locality records forC. centralisin Costa Rica, based on photos from camera traps and field observations. We found only three localities (five records) in GBIF additional to the eight reported in literature. Habitat in these new Costa Rican localities reported here varied from mature dense forest (one site) to semi-urban areas (two sites). Additionally, two individuals were detected in secondary forest patches, one of them adjacent to mature riparian forest. Given the species’ scarcity, much additional information still is required to ground protection actions in a scientific framework.

Anatomical Characteristics of the Bones of the Thoracic Limb of White-Eared Opossum (Didelphis albiventris)

The skeleton of the thoracic limb is one of the key aspects for the understanding of the habits and movement of different mammalian species. Considering the gap about studies related to marsupial osteology, this work proposes to study the aspects inherent to the skeleton of opossums, with emphasis on the detailed anatomical description of the bones that form the thoracic limb. For this purpose, the bones of six specimens of possums of the species Didelphis albiventris were used. These small to medium sized marsupials inhabit a wide range of South America, living in several types of habitats, being commonly described as arboreal omnivores and have anthropic habits. For the execution of this study, the bone accidents perceptible in the specimens were identified by superficial palpation, which were then radiographed. The thoracic limb bones were prepared by boiling and drying in the sun. Finally, from the radiographic images and the prepared bones, a detailed description of the anatomy of the bone components of the thoracic limb of Didelphis albiventris was made, joining the previously obtained data of surface anatomy. These data were compared with data from the literature, discussing the functional significance of the osteological findings of the thoracic limb of Didelphis albiventris.

Population dynamics and reproductive phenology of a harvestman in a tidal freshwater wetland.

There is a great amount of ecological information for terrestrial arthropods in several types of habitats, but few studies have focused on populations living in tidal freshwater wetlands. During a two-year field survey, we studied the temporal dynamics of the harvestman Discocyrtus prospicuus inhabiting a freshwater wetland exposed to predictable tides and unpredictable floods. We also explored the effects of temperature, precipitation, and tide level on the population dynamics and reproductive phenology. Our findings are markedly different from those reported in other harvestman species living in different habitats and also from conspecific populations living in the mainland. Adults, subadults, and juveniles remain active throughout the year, and a long breeding season was observed. However, the number of adults, subadults, juveniles, and egg clutches showed clear variations over the year without a consistent seasonal pattern. Contrary to the general pattern in harvestmen, no climatic variables were significant predictors of abundance fluctuations. We discuss the potential masking effect of unpredictable flood events, obscuring the relationship between abundance and abiotic factors. In addition, given that climatic conditions seem to favor harvestmen activity throughout the year, we also hypothesized that abundance variations could be driven mainly by biotic rather than by abiotic interactions.

Medicinal Ethnobotany and Potential of Medicine Plants of Anak Rawa Ethnic at The Penyengat Village Sungai Apit Siak Riau

Anak Rawa ethnic is indigenous ethnic in the Penyengat Village which is located on the edge of swamp river and forest, so their dependence and adaptation to forest resources is very high. They uses the forest to make medicine plants. The objective of this research was to identify the ethnobotanical knowledge of Anak Rawa ethnic about medicine plant and identify potential species of medicine plants. The research was conducted in March to April 2018 The potential of plant data was obtained through quantitative methods in the form of vegetation and exploration analysis. Meanwhile, the community knowledge data collected through semi-structured interviews. The research identified 194 medicinal plant species at Penyengat village in several types of habitat (forests, yards, gardens, and roadsides), with 140 medicinal plant species used by Anak Rawa ethnic. There were 54 species of medicinal plants potential in Penyengat Village. Medicine plants used by the community are grouped into 28 medicinal benefits. The most widely used medicinal plants in society are in the Rubiaceae family of 11 species. Keywords: Anak Rawa ethnic, ethnobotany, medicinal plant, potential

The grouping system and local distribution pattern analysis of Javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus, Linnaeus 1758) population in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks, East Java, Indonesia

Hernowo JB, Alikodra HS. 2018. The grouping system and local distribution pattern analysis of Javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus, Linnaeus 1758) population in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1690-1695. The Javan green peafowl population lives in a group system. The population applies a small size group system. The distribution of the birds in Java Island is randomly fragmented and isolated in several types of habitat and each has a small number of individuals in every group. Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks, East Java, Indonesia as part of Javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus, Linnaeus 1758) distributions have been selected for the study on the grouping system and the analysis of local distribution. The research was aimed at obtaining data and information on the grouping system and local distribution of Javan green peafowl population in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Park. The number of individuals and groups was counted by applying a transect method and a concentration method on every type of habitat where peafowls are present. The distribution pattern data were analyzed by using a formula (Ludwig and Reynolds 1988). The results indicate that Javan green peafowl population is living in small groups (2-4 birds). There are 5 types of Javan green peafowl groups in Baluran National Park (BNP) and Alas Purwo National Park (APNP). The dominant group is adult female group consisting 3 individual members. The leader of the group is a female bird. Adult males live in solitary. The group system among Javan green peafowl populations is a strategy of the birds. Local distribution of Javan green peafowl populations in Baluran and Alas Purwo National Parks is mostly in the form of clumped dispersion.

Nighttime behavioral study of flying foxes on the southern coast of West Java, Indonesia.

Flying foxes are important in the maintenance of forests and diversity. However, knowledge of their behavioral ecology, especially of movement and foraging patterns, which are essential for conservation and management of their populations, are not well known. Therefore, movement behavior of two individuals of Pteropus vampyrus were examined using an Argos telemetry system, and foraging pattern of Pteropus spp. was directly observed, at West Java province, Indonesia in October 2017. The maximum distance between the location at which bats were released and their furthest roost, recorded via satellite telemetry, was approximately 100 km. This reflects the long-distance flight ability of P. vampyrus. Daytime roosting sites and nighttime foraging places consisted of several types of habitats, such as intact forests, agricultural lands, and residential areas. This evidence indicated that there was habitat overlap between humans and bats in West Java province. According to direct observation of the behaviors of flying foxes at two locations within residential areas, various activities such as wing spreading, excretion, fighting, aggressive calls, movement, hanging relax, and hanging alert were found. The number of bat-visits to the trees varied among night hours, and had a positive correlation with the number of fruit dropping. The data obtained in this study have improved our understanding of nighttime behavior and habitat utilization of P. vampyrus, that can be used to support landscape management, species conservation, and disease prevention in regions of Southeast Asia.

Spesies Burung pada Beberapa Tipe Habitat di Kecamatan Lhoknga Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Lhoknga subdistrict is an area that has a habitat for many species of fauna, including birds. References about species of birds in some habitats are still very limited. Therefore, it is necessary to make a research on bird species in several types of habitat in the district of Lhoknga. The aim of the research is to figure out birds species in several types of habitats in the Lhoknga subdistrict. The data were collected by using the point count method and line transects. The results showed that there were 39 species of birds from 21 families found in Lhoknga district. Based on the PP. No. 07 of 1999, it was found that there were 14 species of protected birds in Lhoknga subdistrict.

Quantifying Beetle and Bird Diversity in a Mediterranean Mountain Agro-Ecosystem

In cultivated landscapes, the peculiar mosaic structure creates several types of habitat. Defining which habitats favor rich biodiversity is of increasing im portance. beetle and bird diversity was monitored in seven different habitats (cereals, corn, fallow, Robinia pseudoacacia plantations, grassland, cultivation–oak forest ecotone, and oak forest) in central Greece aiming at (a) quantifying the alpha and beta diversity using biotic indicators, (b) evaluating spe cies richness, (c) identifying the most important habitats for beetle and bird species assemblages, and (d) examining species generalism or specialism in habitat use. To assess the impact of habitat type on biodiversity we estimated the abundance (A), species richness (S), the Shannon diversity index (H¢), the Simpson dominance index (D), and the Shannon evenness index (E¢). During the sampling period a total of 21,647 individuals of ground-dwelling beetles were captured in pitfall traps, classified into 63 species, while 21 bird species were recorded as breeders. The maximum beetle abundance and diversity was observed in grassland, fallow, and cereals. The highest breeding bird density and diversity were recorded in ecotone and oak forest, with the lowest ones in fallow. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the species assemblages were classified into two categories, open agricultural and closed wooded, while follow ing the “IndVal” analysis a set of three species were identified as characteristic species of a specific habitat type. Our findings indicated that agro-ecosystems can enhance the faunal diversity of mountainous landscapes, while specific habitat types can significantly influence the species composition.

Song divergence of two Bluethroat subspecies (Luscinia s. svecica and L. s. cyanecula)

As birds adapt to changing biotic and abiotic environmental conditions, parameters of their acoustic signals are modified by selective pressure for efficient communication. Such changes in song features may result in acoustic divergence among populations of the same species. We studied the divergence of songs in four populations of two genetically distinct subspecies of the Bluethroat Luscinia svecica – L. s. svecica and L. s. cyanecula. Males of svecica, occupying tundra habitats, produced less diverse songs with lower fre-quencies than cyanecula males occurring in several types of habitat. The differences in frequency parameters may be related to larger body size of the former subspecies; how-ever, habitat associations predict an opposite relationship. Contrary to expectations, rep-ertoire size did not significantly differ between the two subspecies, although cyanecula inhabits habitats with higher density and diversity of songbirds (which it may imitate). Temporal song parameters (song length, pause length, and song rate) differed signifi-cantly among populations but not between subspecies. Differences in song characteristics might be important in subspecies recognition, and may therefore contribute to the mainte-nance of subspecific differences or even influence the speciation process.

Spatial‐time variability and conservation relevance of plant communities in Mediterranean temporary wet habitats: A case study in Sardinia (Italy)

This research was undertaken with the aim of improving our knowledge of the floristic composition and spatial‐temporal dynamics of plant communities in Mediterranean temporary wet habitats, and to evaluate the diversity and conservation relevance of their plant assemblages. Three different types of temporary wet habitats were monitored throughout the growing season: large temporary ponds (lTPs), small temporary ponds (sTPs), and rock pools (RPs). lTPs presented a small‐scale zonation arranged in an inner, an intermediate, and a peripheral belt. A total of 98 species were recorded, of which 40 were classified as temporary wet habitat (TWH) specialists and 24 as rare. Eight different groups of plant assemblages were identified presenting space–time dynamics related to water‐depth variations and flooding period. In terms of diversity, the most relevant assemblages were located in the outer belt of the lTPs and in the sTPs. The mosaic of different assemblages and their time‐variability determined the presence of several types of habitats of community interest according to the Habitat Directive. This wide heterogeneity should be taken into account to ensure that all types of TWHs are considered in conservation programmes.

Reproductive patterns of Trachycephalus venulosus (Laurenti, 1768) and Scinax fuscovarius (Lutz, 1925) from the Cerrado, Central Brazil

Animal mating systems are moulded by ecological factors, mainly the temporal patterns of reproduction. We report the reproductive period, use of microhabitats, clutch and egg sizes, reproductive efforts, occurrence of sexual size dimorphism, and the relation between body size and fecundity in the gravid females of Trachycephalus venulosus and Scinax fuscovarius at Serra da Bodoquena, Central Brazil. The reproduction of both species was correlated with the rainy season. Females of T. venulosus produced more eggs and their eggs were larger than those of S. fuscovarius. The females of both species were larger and heavier than males. The reproductive effort was measured as the ratio of gonad mass in relation to body mass. Females of both species presented similar reproductive efforts, but males of S. fuscovarius invested more in gonads compared to males of T. venulosus. Trachycephalus venulosus presented significant correlation between snout–vent length versus number of mature eggs and body mass versus number of mature eggs and ovarian mass. Scinax fuscovarius showed significant correlation between body mass versus ovarian mass. Trachycephalus venulosus is an explosive breeder, whereas S. fuscovarius has prolonged reproduction. These species are able to adapt to several types of habitat, due to behavioural and physiological plasticity.

Learning Rules for Social Foragers: Implications for the Producer–Scrounger Game and Ideal Free Distribution Theory

In population games, the optimal behaviour of a forager depends partly on courses of action selected by other individuals in the population. How individuals learn to allocate effort in foraging games involving frequency-dependent payoffs has been little examined. The performance of three different learning rules was investigated in several types of habitats in each of two population games. Learning rules allow individuals to weigh information about the past and the present and to choose among alternative patterns of behaviour. In the producer–scrounger game, foragers use producer to locate food patches and scrounger to exploit the food discoveries of others. In the ideal free distribution game, foragers that experience feeding interference from companions distribute themselves among heterogeneous food patches. In simulations of each population game, the use of different learning rules induced large variation in foraging behaviour, thus providing a tool to assess the relevance of each learning rule in experimental systems. Rare mutants using alternative learning rules often successfully invaded populations of foragers using other rules indicating that some learning rules are not stable when pitted against each other. Learning rules often closely approximated optimal behaviour in each population game suggesting that stimulus–response learning of contingencies created by foraging companions could be sufficient to perform at near-optimal level in two population games.

Biological control of the snail hosts of schistosomiasis in areas of low transmission: the example of the Caribbean area

The biological control of schistosomiasis has already proven its efficiency in several habitats in the Caribbean area. Two main types of biological control agents, either trematode parasites or competitor snails have been studied and tested against the snail hosts of schistosomiasis in this region. The first one, Ribeiroia guadeloupensis, a trematode sterilizing Biomphalaria glabrata was successfully tested in a Guadeloupean pond housing a natural population of B. glabrata. The second agent involves several species of competitor snails belonging to the Ampullariidae ( Pomacea glauca, Marisa cornuarietis) and Thiaridae ( Tarebia granifera, Melanoides tuberculata) families. Ampullarid snails were tested with success in several West Indian islands such as Guadeloupe. Thiarid snails have also proven their efficiency but also their limits in several types of habitats in Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia and Venezuela. Competitor snails have also proven to be useful in preventing the recolonization by the snail hosts after molluscicide treatments. The case of the rivers of the littoral central part of Venezuela is particularly relevant to this issue. The island of Martinique also constitutes a good example of the importance of competitor snails in a post-transmission phase of schistosomiasis control. This island is a well-developed country where schistosomiasis transmission was interrupted in the 1970s. However, the reactivation of some transmission sites was observed in the 1980s. The introduction of M. tuberculata into these sites resulted in the interruption of transmission and the near total disappearance of the snail hosts. Presently, the thiarid snails have colonized the whole Martinican hydrographic system and maintain dense populations preventing an eventual recolonization by the planorbid snails and thus are maintaining a sustainable control.

The Case for Biological Control of Snail Intermediate Hosts of Schistosoma mansoni

Biological control using competitor snails has proven to be useful in the Caribbean area in controlling populations of the snail hosts of schistosomes in several types of habitats. This method is cheap and is particularly useful in the case of low transmission areas or even when transmission has been interrupted. Long-term studies carried out in the Caribbean area have shown that competitor snails are able to maintain relatively stable populations over a very long period of time, thus preventing recolonization by the snail hosts. Moreover, the displacement of other parasitologically important species (such as lymnaeids) was observed in addition to that of the primary target species14xGiboda, M., Malek, E.A., and Correa, R. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1997; 57: 564–568PubMedSee all References14. However, as shown with several examples20xChaniotis, B.N. et al. Carib. J. Sci. 1980; 16: 81–90See all References, 24xAmaya-Huerta, D. and Almeyda-Artigas, R.J. Res. Rev. Parasitol. 1994; 54: 99–103See all References, the risk of introducing new diseases or parasites must also be taken into account.

DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF TROPICAL ESTUARINE BRACHYURAN CRABS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

Distribution patterns are defined for 20 brachyuran crab species of Laguna de Terminos based on the range of salinity and the habitats occupied by each. Habitats include unvegetated soft substrates, macroalgae, and sea grasses. "Wide" and "restricted" distributions relate species abundance to a wide and a narrow salinity range, whereas "associated with the habitat" and "not associated with the habitat" consider the presence of a species in one or several types of habitat. Fourteen species were grouped in the restricted and associated with the habitat pattern, of which the 3 spider crabs and the 10 mud crabs were associated with submerged aquatic vegetation in salinities above 18‰, and the swimming crab Callinectes exasperatus was distributed in an adjacent limnetic lagoon on unvegetated soft substrates. The mud crab Dyspanopeus texanus was placed in the wide and associated with the habitat pattern, since it is a euryhaline species and was always found on macroalgae and sea grasses. Three other swimming crabs and two other mud crabs were found on all sorts of substrates along a wide range of salinity and were included in the wide and not associated with the habitat pattern. Six faunistic groups were formed after analysis of the abundance data, using an ordination method with axes defined by salinity and type of habitat. Four functional guilds of brachyuran crabs are proposed, based on the 3 distribution patterns, the 6 faunistic groups, and the 2 subsystems and 4 areas previously described for the lagoon. Guild A grouped 2 swimming crabs and 1 mud crab distributed along the areas of the lagoon directly influenced by river runoff, where detritus-rich unvegetated soft substrates and macroalgae are common. Guild B included: (1) the 3 spider crabs and most of the mud crabs of which seven restricted and associated with the habitat species congregated in the northcentral-northeastern subsystem of the lagoon, where the greatest heterogeneity of habitats, dense sea-grass beds and poly-euhaline environments, is common; (2) 5 restricted and associated with the habitat species mostly distributed in this subsystem were also collected in areas influenced by river runoff during the dry seasons when salinity was above 24‰; and (3) 2 wide and not associated with the habitat species were mostly found in this subsystem, but extended their distribution to areas without submerged vegetation and lower salinities. Guild C was represented by D. texanus, which was found throughout most of the lagoon on macroalgae and sea-grass beds. Guild D included Callinectes sapidus and C. similis that were distributed throughout the lagoon independently of a particular type of habitat.

Behavioral and Physiological Characteristics of the Antarctic Krill,Euphausia superba

The antarctic krill, Euphausia superba , is considered a success in the intensely seasonal environment of the Southern Ocean because of its abundance and central role as an important food item for many of the larger carnivores in the ecosystem. The behavioral and physiological characteristics that foster this success are: (1) the ability to find concentrations of food in several types of habitat and efficiently exploit whatever food is available; (2) the close correspondence of the life cycle with seasonal cycles of food availability; and (3) a combination of physiological mechanisms that enable krill to survive the long winter period of low food availability. We evaluated the relative importance of the following four major winter-over mechanisms that have been proposed for adult krill west of the Antarctic Peninsula. The three-fold reduction in metabolic rate is the most important winter-over mechanism for these adults, although lipid utilization and shrinkage also help satisfy energy requirements in the winter. Alternate food sources did not appear to contribute significantly as a winter energy source. However, the extent, predictability and complexity of the ice cover in a region during winter may have a great influence on the relative importance of these winter-over mechanisms for different populations. Ice cover in the waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula is unpredictable and smooth surfaced when it occurs, providing the krill with little refuge from predation. In multi-year pack ice of the Weddell Sea, however, ice cover is predictable and extensive, and there is a complex undersurface that provides hiding places. In this multi-year ice, adult krill have been observed under the ice feeding, whereas west of the Antarctic Peninsula most adult krill are in the water column in the winter and are not feeding. The balance between acquiring energy and avoiding predation may be different in these two regions in the winter because of differences in predictability and complexity of the ice cover.

The behaviour of pigs in a semi-natural environment

ABSTRACTIn order to obtain a better knowledge of the behaviour of the domestic pig, a small population was established in 1978 near Edinburgh in an enclosure with several types of habitat, including woodland and bog. Over a 3·5-year period 13 different groups were studied with each group typically containing a boar, four sows, a young sub-adult boar and an immature gilt. The sow and her piglets were allowed to determine the time of weaning and, apart from providing food for maintenance and reproduction, handling was kept to a minimum. The behaviour of these pigs, which included most of the behaviour of the European wild boar, is described in a general manner for the non-specialist.