Settlement Structure Research Articles

ФОРСАЙТ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ТРУДОВОЇ МОБІЛЬНОСТІ МОЛОДІ НА ОСНОВІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ХАКАТОН-ЕКОСИСТЕМИ

The article discusses contemporary issues related to social and labor mobility of youth. In particular, it is observed that social and labor mobility is influenced by such factors as social order; ethnocultural stereotypes at the modern stage of social process development; system of social and moral values; changes in the employment types and patterns, a range of professions and occupational prestige in public opinion; demographic processes; regional specifics; social structure and organisation; settlement structure, etc. The study reveals that from a microenvironment perspective, the youth social and labor mobility level is primarily affected by the following group of impact factors: family, education system, immediate environment, media, territorial specifics of professional and social structure and others. The study findings demonstrate that the correlation between objective realia and microenvironment in the process of professional self-identity of an individual could be viewed as the relationship between the two external sources of shaping a person’s professional focus. To attain the research agenda, foresight technologies were employed to encourage social and labor mobility of young people. Data collection on graduates was conducted at the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design during 2019–2020. Based on the use of the Hackathon ecosystem, this study presents a foresight on youth social and labor mobility. It is argued that such a mechanism contributes to building socioeconomic relationships between institutions, enterprises and organizations on youth social and labor mobility, applying a systematic approach to tackling the issues under consideration, developing the key areas for effective interaction, establishing socioeconomic, legal, psychological and didactic terms to coordinate their activity. The regulatory framework to manage social and labor attitudes of young people based on the University Hackathon ecosystem involves the following mechanisms: institutional (developing and implementing a regulatory framework as well as the government workforce policy), organizational (assessing the situation within the educational environment: social, household-based, psychological), economic (which covers optimality, efficiency, structuring) along with personal and motivational (insights into the demands, values, interests and motifs).

Assessment of Hazardous Cryogenic Processes Impact on Engineering Facilities in the Arctic

Comprehensive studies of the state of the infrastructure in the Russian Arctic were carried out. The degree of deformation of objects and the impact of dangerous cryogenic and nival-glacial processes on the stability of build- ings and constructions were assessed. It was established that a number of cryogenic processes that are dangerous for the infrastructure were developing in urbanized areas of the permafrost zone. They are caused (or activated) by anthropogenic impact or by climatic changes. Thermokarst, thermal erosion and thermal abrasion of banks, icings formation are activating. The tangential forces of frost heaving increase due to the increase of the active layer depth. Almost all the buildings and the life support systems at the territories of the national settlements of the Polar re- gion are in an emergency or pre-emergency state. The percentage of deformation of the engineering infrastructure varies from 20% to 80% in industrial centers, which is often caused by the development of dangerous cryogenic processes. A methodic was developed to assess the negative impact of the most destructive processes on the infra- structure of settlements. It takes into account the degree of damage to the territory, the duration, and repeatability of processes. The risk assessment was carried out for one and a half dozen settlements in the Russian Arctic, with special attention paid to the infrastructure of the north of Western Siberia. The impact of waste disposal on the infrastructure of the Arctic was analyzed. A classification was proposed based on the degree of their influence on permafrost foundations. Proposals on stabilization of geotechnical situation in Arctic cities are given.

Перспективы использования национальных валют в международных расчетах с участием России и Китая

Today, world currencies reserves occupy an important place in the structure of international settlements, and, despite the continued dominance of the US dollar and the euro, due to their high liquidity and investment attractiveness, under the influence of the processes of globalization, integration, regionalization and digitalization, there is a tendency to gradually move away from the use of world reserve currencies and the expansion of the use of national currencies of countries in international settlements. The authors analyze dynamics of changes in the currency structure of international settlements; identify and list trends in the use of world reserve currencies, the Russian ruble, and the Chinese yuan, in international settlements and, in particular, in trade between Russia and China for the period from 2013 to 2021. They consider strategic importance of foreign trade relations between Russia and China is noted, and the existing prospects for expanding the use of the ruble and the yuan in settlements between Russia and China, as well as factors preventing this. The authors have found that, in order to effectively switch to the use of national currencies of Russia and China in mutual settlements, it is necessary to develop and implement projects and regional trade agreements that facilitate the organization of direct settlements in national currencies, develop exchange, banking and payment infrastructure together with the identification and elimination of regulatory obstacles in the use of currencies. The authors draw conclusions about the expediency and prospects of increasing the share of the ruble and the yuan in foreign trade settlements in the context of the current geopolitical situation, foreign economic pressure from the United States, imposed and current sanctions, as well as the policy of dedollarization.

Spined Loache Settlements Structure (Cobitidae) of the Eastern Ukraine River Systems and Alternative Character of Diploid and Polyploids Populations

The structure of spined loaches diploid-poliploid complex of Cobitis genera representatives as well as Sabanjeewia aurata of the Eastern Ukraine river systems were investigated by allozyme analysis and cytometry. In total 39 samples and 1412 specimens from the upper left tributaries of the Dnieper River, the Donets Basin, the coastal rivers of the Azov Sea and the Lower Dnieper were studied. We identified the representatives of C. (superspecies taenia) (51,6% of all researched specimens). C melanoleuca (4,1%), S. aurata (1,1%), allodiploids C. (superspecies taenia) × C melanoleuca (0,3%) and two groups of polyploid hybrids (46,4%). EET-group includs mainly C. elongatoides – 2 taenia and C. elongatoides – taenia – tanaitica. EET-group (2,8%) is represented only by C. elongatoides – 2 tanaitica biotype. In the Lower Donets and the Lower Dnieper, there is a zone of introgressive hybridization between C. taenia and C. tanaitica. The structure of settlements differs accordingly to the river basins and has a tendency to decreasing of polyploids frequency respetivly to meridional direction. The analysis of loaches samples from the coastal rivers of the Azov Sea collected in 1938 and samples from the Middle part of the Donets River in 1971 leads to the conclusion that polyploids in mentioned above regions appeared in 1960-1970s. The structure of diploid-polyploid settlements has an alternative character. More often, there is a predominance of diploids or polyploids. The reason of such bipolarity of settlements could be as reproductive displacement so a relatively strong tolerance of polyploids to anthropogenic climate change.

Устойчивое развитие приморских регионов: географические и геополитические факторы и ограничения

Having formed at the end of the 20 th century, the concept of spatial development retains its relevance today. Yet, it is associated with a range of problems with its practical implementation and theoretical vindication, especially at a regional level. Attaining sustainable regional development, understood as a steady progress balanced across the economy, social industries and environmental protection, has been deemed impossible without identifying and considering regional development factors, such as geographical and economic-geographical position, environmental conditions and their geographical diversity, natural resource and their location, spatial features of the economy and the settlement structure. Coastal regions are affected by sundry other factors, such as the presence of a seacoast, viewed as a special resource, access to maritime transport and the availability of marine resources, including renewable ones, which are essential for sustainable development. The geopolitical situation of a region and the components of this situation are considered as geopolitical factors. Other limitations include extreme natural processes and events (large waves, tsunamis, typhoons etc.) The article aims to show that an integral geographical system or a combination thereof covering a region should be considered as the most appropriate object for assessment, planning and management of sustainable development, which is based on regional nature management including water and land resources. It is proposed that sustainable development criteria include economic, social and environmental metrics of regional development. Strategic marine and spatial planning and the monitoring of regional environmental management and development are identified as principal tools for attaining and maintaining sustainable development.

Urban vs rural – Prevalence of self-reported allergies in various occupational and regional settings

BackgroundAllergies have an enormous individual and economic impact worldwide and affect more than one quarter of the population in Germany. Various factors influence the development of allergies: besides genetic predisposition the environment in which a person is raised and living also plays a role. The aim of the study was to evaluate differences in allergy prevalence in relation to age, sex, occupation, and living area (settlement structures). MethodsA cross-sectional study using a paper-based questionnaire about allergies was performed at the Munich Oktoberfest 2016. Participants were divided into 4 occupational groups and compared using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. ResultsOverall, 2701 individuals (mean age 51.9 ± 15.3 years; 53.5% women) participated in the study. The overall rate of any self-reported allergy was 27.3% in the study population, in which women were more likely to be affected than men (OR = 1.82; 95% CI [1.50; 2.22]). Compared to farmers, all other occupational groups had a higher risk of reporting pollen allergies. Participants from rural areas (OR = 0.38; 95% CI [0.26; 0.58]) and suburban areas (OR = 0.44; 95% CI [0.30; 0.64]) were significantly less affected by allergies than participants from urban areas. Around 45.2% of the participants affected by allergies reported not receiving any treatment at all. ConclusionDifferences in the self-reported prevalence of allergies were shown for age groups, sex, living area, and occupation. Especially the reported pollen allergy prevalence ranged widely between different occupations, indicating that those individuals with an occupational exposure to pollen may have a lower risk than indoor workers. Overall, there remains a high need for sufficient treatment of allergies.

Refugees from Syria and Iraq in Sweden: resettlement during the migration crisis

The vast increase in the number of forced migrants during the European migration crisis has compelled the receiving countries to concentrate on the issues of migrant reception and accommodation. This study aims to demonstrate how the patterns of settlement of Syrian and Iraqi migrants changed in 2014—2019. We propose a new methodology, building on the Her­findahl-Hirschman index, an indicator of the level and direction of the spatial concentration—deconcentration of migrants, and the Ryabtsev index, which is used to measure the proximity between the settlement structures of migrants and the Swedes. It is established there was a deconcentration of migrants during the crisis (espe­cially in its ascendant phase), carried out by the Swedish authorities. However a reverse process took place in the descendant phase, as a result of self-arranged migrants’ resettlement. The deconcentration of Iraqis and Syrians led to the convergence between the settlement structure typical of immigrants and the Swedes, whilst concentration resulted in divergence accompanied by the emergence of close-knit immi­grant communities on the outskirts of Sweden’s largest cities. The formation of such communi­ties, seen as vulnerable by the national authorities and marked by a high crime rate, impedes the integration of Syrian and Iraqi immigrants into Swedish society.

Археологическая ГИС Северо-Западной Колхиды: инструмент для сохранения и исследования объектов историко-культурного наследия

The territory of Northwestern Colchis, which today includes both the territory of Abkhazia and the territory of Russia (the Greater Sochi region, Krasnodar Krai), in ancient times was the most important contact zone of many peoples, but has been poorly studied archaeologically. Therefore, full-fledged field research and the creation of a specialized GIS of this territory is an urgent problem. Currently, the territory of Northwestern Colchis is a rapidly developing resort region, which threatens the destruction of historical and cultural heritage sites by anthropogenic activities. The existing GIS today includes 1,780 monuments (dolmens, temples, fortresses, settlements, individual locations and burial grounds without architectural remains above the surface) in the form of point objects. But in recent years, with the development of technologies, orthophotoplanes and DEMs have been included in the GIS structure. Shooting from a UAV and including the obtained models in the GIS structure can solve two problems at once: displaying an archaeological monument in the form of a polygonal theme and obtaining detailed layers displaying landscape conditions. This data will significantly expand the capabilities of GIS. The technique of obtaining an orthophotoplan of an archaeological object was worked out during a series of experiments that helped to identify the basic principles for photogrammetric photography in conditions of dense subtropical vegetation. Another important layer in GIS is historical maps. Their analysis, taking into account the analysis of the semantics of toponymy, the analysis of settlement structures in GIS, and analogies with already known monuments, made it possible to localize a number of toponyms with a high degree of probability. In addition to the analysis of historical maps, the settlement structure itself was analyzed, the main clusters were identified, and a predictive model of the missing fortresses of the Pontic Limes was created.

The impact of a rise in the Baikal level on engineering structures of coastal settlements

The impact of a rise in the Baikal level on engineering structures of coastal settlements

«Служебная чертежная книга» Ремезовых как источник для изучения культурного ландшафта слобод Урала (конец XVII — начало XVIII в.)

«Sluzhebnaya chertezhnaya kniga» is well known to researchers, but not all of its parts have been equally studied. The article is devoted to the analysis of the plans of 15 settlements of the Tobolsk uezd, placed in this unique source under the heading «These are examples of the described settlements». Assessing the artistic performance of the drawings, the author comes to the conclusion that they were not made by S. U. Remezov. It is suggested that they are based on the materials of descriptions of the buildings, the areas for trade, the bridges and ferries, compiled by the 1703 decree. The author considers the information potential of the plans for the reconstruction of the layout of the 17th century Ural settlements, as well as the spatial strategies of their inhabitants. The drawings correlate with the budget list of 1701/1702 and the 1683 census book of the Tobolsk uezd, which confirm the accuracy of the information of the plans. A comparative analysis of the placement on the plans of such objects of the cultural landscape as a fortress, administrative buildings, a church, a chapel, grain storages, residential courtyards, roads and bridges is carried out. The generally accepted compositional solutions and situational deviations from them during the development of settlements are revealed. It is concluded that the considered plans not only visualize the available information about the structure of Russian settlements in the Urals in the 17th – early 18th centuries, but also complement it. In particular, this applies to the placement of the churches and the chapels.

CITIES OF THE TYUMEN REGION IN THE 1970S: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRENDS IN FERTILITY AND MORTALITY

In the post-war period, industrial development in the east of the country was often carried out through the formation of territorial production complexes. They were distinguished by the size of capital investments, the pace of industrial growth, and the number of settlements being created. In this regard, it is of great interest how such economic development influenced the nature of demographic processes. The formation of the population of the Tyumen region during the formation of the West Siberian oil and gas complex has already been well studied, many works have been published in which the personnel problems of enterprises and the growth rates of its cities were studied. However, the reproduction of the population has not been studied enough, it is not entirely clear how much the birth rate and mortality changed at different stages of industrial growth. This work is a logical continuation of the article published earlier and devoted to the analysis of demographic trends in the previous inter-census period (1959-1970). The main purpose of the article is to study the total fertility rate and life expectancy, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the social, economic, cultural and everyday life of the population. To solve it, the methods of conditional generation, index, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were used in a complex. The article reveals for the first time that demographic trends in the cities of the Tyumen region, in general, corresponded to the processes taking place in Western Siberia. Nevertheless, the nature of socio-economic development in the period under review had a certain impact on the reproduction of the urban population. The growth of investments in housing construction, the development of public utilities, social and household infrastructure contributed to the fact that life expectancy decreased slightly. Moreover, the situation with mortality has improved to the greatest extent in the northern regions. Due to the spread of urban culture, changes in the socio-educational structure of society, migration flows and urban settlement, the birth rate has decreased. In this regard, the nature of reproduction of the urban population in the 1970s became closer to the average Western Siberian indicators.

Late Antique Reuse of the Blockhouse at Kephalari in the Argolid, Greece

Excavations at the Classical or Hellenistic blockhouse at Kephalari, southwest of Argos, recovered a small group of artifacts datable to the mid-6th to early 8th century a.d. This material was not published in the original 1939 report, and its restudy demonstrates its importance for shedding new light on the topic of Late Antique reuse of rural structures. This assemblage is then contextualized within current debates about the structure and function of rural settlement, the chronology of change during late antiquity, and the persistence of interregional connectivity in the northeast Peloponnese in the 7th and 8th centuries a.d.

ЛІТОПИСНЕ МІСТО ГЛИНЕСЬК І ГЛИНЩИНА ЗА ДАНИМИ ПИСЕМНИХ ТА АРХЕОЛОГІЧНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ

The article is devoted to one of the historical settlements of Upper Posullya, namely Glynesk. This city arose at the beginning of the 10th century as one of the military-administrative centers of the Severian tribe, and in the Old Russian times it turned into a full-fledged city. The break in his life is connected with the Mongol pogrom of Chernihiv-Sivershchyna in the fall and winter of 1239–1240. But unlike the vast majority of settlements in the south of Severshchyna, it was restored as one of the centers of feudal ownership, known as Hlynshchyna. The analysis of the stages of development of Glynesk as a fortress and settlement and its place in the history of Southern Severshchyna is relevant. The aim of the work is the reconstruction of the early stages of the city's development, which will allow us to determine its place in the history of the left-bank Ukrainian lands of the times of the Golden Horde and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The author used the method of combining data from archaeological and written sources and modern cartography and creating separate layers of information displayed on the corresponding maps. The history of the study of chronicled Glynesk dates back more than 150 years and is associated with the names of O. Shafonskyi, M. Arandarenka, M. Makarenko, Yu. Morgunov, and others. The author analyzed the main stages of the development of Glynsk as a hundred Cossack town of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Sources from the history of the family of the Glynskyi princes were analyzed in the context of the goals of this study, which made it possible to create three virtual layers of information: historical data, archeological data, and the modern topography of the area. As a result, two plans were created.One is large-scale, where the structure of the populated settlement itself is reflected, the second is smaller-scale, where the conventional boundaries of the feudal formation of Hlynshchyna are drawn. The history of the settlement of Glynsk ends after the unsuccessful rebellion of Mykhailo Glynsky with the complete desolation of Southern Severshchyna until the first half of the 17th century, when Glynsk was restored on the initiative of the Vishnevetsky princes.

Сравнительный анализ пространственных структур Московской и Санкт-Петербургской агломераций

The article provides a comparative analysis of the existing spatial structure of urban settlement of the two largest agglomerations of our country – Moscow and St. Petersburg. Quantitative (dynamics of the number of settlements with the status of a city, dynamics of the population of cities, the number of houses under construction and the total area of residential units under construction) and qualitative (analysis of the automobile and railway networks) indicators are used. The following scientific methods are used in the work: statistical, geostructural, cartographic modeling, grouping method. 2002–2021 the two agglomerations are characterized by positive trends in population growth, which are associated with migration growth. The supporting framework of the Moscow agglomeration is represented by a uniform radial-circular type with a mixed monopolycentric model with a dominant core and the presence of large sub-centers, while the St. Petersburg agglomeration is a coastal type with a pronounced monocentric model and exclusive dominance of the core. On the basis of the existing supporting frames, to determine the stages of development of two agglomerations, a spatial typology of cities was carried out depending on the degree of their remoteness from the corresponding central points (nuclei). As a result, five orders (belts) with averaged transport availability isochrones were identified. Transformation processes of staged agglomeration development proceed most intensively within the entire Moscow agglomeration, which is at the stage of suburbanization. In the St. Petersburg agglomeration, the most active urbanized zone are cities located at distances of up to 50 km from the central point of the core, and it is characterized by a transition from the urbanization stage to the suburbanization stage

Топонимическая структура поморских поселений

The paper analyzes the architectural and spatial design and toponymic structure of Pomor settlements based on authors archival and field data. It also updates structure and elements of cultural landscape, identifies and describes regional features of the architectural and spatial organization of the settlement and the type of its spatial perception by local residents. The authors come to the conclusion about the dominant role of the category of space. Economic factors determine the image of space for the bearers of traditional culture. The category of space reflects the inner world of the people who experience it. Toponymic contexts analyzed from the point of view of language semantics and culture demonstrate typical morphological and morphemic models of word formation, which indicate both the universality of settlement structures, and universal toponyms with a rich internal form generating a vast interpretational field and semantic contamination of a spatial type. The toponyms, formed from anthroponyms, showing territorial belonging and marking the “space — person” relationship, are frequently found. The toponyms that appeared by transition of common names into the proper ones (reverse antonomasia) are of special interest in terms of interpretation. At the same time, reverse antonomasia did not result from the loss of the object’s main function of indicating a specific geographical object, rather, it represented itself in acquiring additional connotations (for example, Volchikha (from the word ‘wolf’), Popov Ruchei (the priest’s creek) withinthe spatial category and use in a generalized way (for example, Niz (bottom), Verkhov’ye (upper reach), Konets (end), Posad (trade quarter). The analysis of toponymic data confirms that, on the one hand, there is a rigidly defined center in the mental image of space — the habitable territory. On the other hand, the image of space for commercial fishermen was characterized by vastness, and their “striving outside” attitude did not only have a pragmatic, but also an existential character.

Экологические аспекты многолетнего распределения камчатского краба Paralithodes camtschaticus в заливе Анива (о. Сахалин)

Regularity of localization and distribution of clusters of commercial individuals of the Red King Crab Paralithodes camtschaticus in Aniva Bay (Sakhalin Island) and possible reasons for the transformation of the range of this species in the bay are considered in the interannual aspect. The prospects of restoring this species in the bay have been assessed, the changes in habitat conditions being taken into account. Available reporting (SakhNIRO) and literature data on trawl (trap) catches of the Red King Crab in this area are analyzed and summarized in order to solve these problems. The analysis of the location of the main concentrations of larvae during the period of the highest number of the object is performed. The functional structure of the Red King Crab settlements in Aniva Bay is analyzed according to literary sources, and an assessment of possible problems in the implementation of the reproductive strategy proper to the Red King Crab by the population is carried out. Significant negative changes in the distribution and functional structure of this crab species in Aniva Bay are noted. It is shown that the aggregations of commercial individuals of the Red King Crab have been widespread in both the western and eastern parts of Aniva Bay until 2001. Both parts of the bay were self-sufficient in terms of reproduction, with each showing the signs of juvenile production processes. First of all, this can be seen by the distribution of the places of catching of non-migratory juveniles and larvae. From 2004 to the present, even single catches of the Red King Crab have disappeared in the eastern part of Aniva Bay. At the same time, the dynamics of its reserve recovery is observed in the west of the bay, although in general this process is noticeably slow. We believe that the reason for the deterioration of living conditions and reproduction of the Red King Crab in Aniva Bay is a critical transformation of substrates in the eastern part of the bay, namely, a sharp reduction in the area of soils suitable for the development of epifauna, the presence of which is one of the conditions for the survival of crab juveniles. This transformation became possible due to a significant expansion (up to 20 %) of silty soils in the bay caused by soil dumping in 2003–2006 during the construction of a liquefied natural gas plant.

The Kazakh farmstead of the ethnographic settlement of Kozykosh

The issue of study of the settled culture of nomads in recent decades has been actively developed by various archaeological teams in Kazakhstan. This new field known as paleo-ethnographicgot a scientific formalization in the 70s of the XX century. In 2021, excavation soft helater-medieval settlement of Kozykosh of the late XIX – early XX centuries began in Akmola Ishim region. The purpose of this article is to define the planning and compositional structure of the ethnographic settlement of the Kazakhs, to describe the housing and utility complexes, architecture, construction business based on the records of the excavated dwelling No.3, to demonstrate the changes ofspatial layout and planning conceptof the settlementsdue to the social and political changes of the early XX century in Kazakhstan.The research materials are based on the archaeological excavations of the housing and utility complex of the farmstead No. 3 of the settlement of Kozykosh; the remote, geophysical, historical and ethnographic methods of study were used for the research. The significance of the excavations of the settlement of Kozykosh lies in the first large-scale experience of obtaining the materials, which confirm and describe the ethnographic information concerning the Kazakh wintering areas

The Network of Rural Settlements of the Tomsk District in the 1920s: Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics

The paper presents the characteristics of the rural settlement network of the Tomsk District of the Siberian Territory, which existed in 1925–1930 as an independent administrative-territorial unit formed from the territories of the former Tomsk and part of the Mariinsky uezds, as well as five districts of the Narym Region of the Tomsk province. For the first time, data on the number, typology, and size of rural settlements of the district by the number of yards and the number of inhabitants in the 1920s are presented. The dvornost’ and population size of settlements of different statuses are analyzed, the average size of a peasant yard is determined depending on the type of settlement by the number of persons living in it. The obtained statistical data on the state of the network of rural settlements of the Tomsk district are compared with similar indicators of the pre-revolutionary period. The conclusion is made about quantitative and qualitative changes in the development of the rural settlements network of the district in the first years of Soviet power, expressed in the appearance in the typical structure of settlements with a new status — communes, state farms, agricultural artels, experimental fields, as well as in an increase in the share of hutor, vyselki, zaimka in the total number of rural settlements. The influence of socio-economic modernization on the network of settlements, an increase in the number of new types of settlements along the Trans-Siberian railway (stations, booths, barracks, sidings) is traced. There was a reduction in the size of farmsteads in rural areas, an increase in the density of the settlement network due to the spread of individual land management in the form of farms.

ПЕРВЫЕ ПОСЕЛЕНЧЕСКИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ЧЕРНОМОРСКИХ КАЗАКОВ

The article analyses the initial stage in the settlement of the Kuban at the end of the XVIII century. The study of the history of the first settlements of the Black Sea Cossacks allows one to recreate a historical picture of the settlement in the Black Sea region, to identify the features that are characteristic to the development of the first Cossack settlement structures in the south of Russia. The settlements’ modus vivendi was largely predetermined by the type of settlement and the moment of its creation in the regional historical space, although given some special conditions of the Kuban (South Russian) frontier, the importance of consolidation and sustainability of the Cossack settlements has grown quite largely. The process of peopling an extensive territory of the Black Sea originally did not meet with a noticeable success and broad scale, since for the first ten years after the resettlement there was not a single new settlement with a new Cossack community. Particular attention is paid to the Cossack commercial villages and kuren settlements, as primary residential units, as well as their arrangement and planning

Questioning a grid-planned settlement structure at ancient Larisa (Buruncuk)

Questioning a grid-planned settlement structure at ancient Larisa (Buruncuk)