Settlement Organization Research Articles

НООСФЕРНА ОСВІТА ЯК БІОАДЕКВАТНА МЕТОДИКА АВТЕНТИЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ

The essence and methodological approaches of noospheric education as a bioaddative technique are illustrated. Practical experience of implementing the noospheric education system in educational institutions is presented. It is proposed to form mechanisms for effective training based on the environment of forming activities, in particular the organization of ecological and family homestead settlements.

Перспективы использования национальных валют в международных расчетах с участием России и Китая

Today, world currencies reserves occupy an important place in the structure of international settlements, and, despite the continued dominance of the US dollar and the euro, due to their high liquidity and investment attractiveness, under the influence of the processes of globalization, integration, regionalization and digitalization, there is a tendency to gradually move away from the use of world reserve currencies and the expansion of the use of national currencies of countries in international settlements. The authors analyze dynamics of changes in the currency structure of international settlements; identify and list trends in the use of world reserve currencies, the Russian ruble, and the Chinese yuan, in international settlements and, in particular, in trade between Russia and China for the period from 2013 to 2021. They consider strategic importance of foreign trade relations between Russia and China is noted, and the existing prospects for expanding the use of the ruble and the yuan in settlements between Russia and China, as well as factors preventing this. The authors have found that, in order to effectively switch to the use of national currencies of Russia and China in mutual settlements, it is necessary to develop and implement projects and regional trade agreements that facilitate the organization of direct settlements in national currencies, develop exchange, banking and payment infrastructure together with the identification and elimination of regulatory obstacles in the use of currencies. The authors draw conclusions about the expediency and prospects of increasing the share of the ruble and the yuan in foreign trade settlements in the context of the current geopolitical situation, foreign economic pressure from the United States, imposed and current sanctions, as well as the policy of dedollarization.

Обзор дачного строительства Петербургской губернии с XVIII до начала XX века (типология по-селений и периодизация)

The historical and architectural heritage of St. Petersburg dacha (summer residence) as part of Russia’s cultural heritage was studied. The research methods included on-site inspections and architectural measurements, photo-fixation of studied objects, archive and museum search, historico-bibliographical search in the repositories of rare ancient books and cartographic divisions of scientific libraries. As a result, the phenomenon of "dacha recreation" was studied. Specific features of the St. Petersburg dacha environment were revealed. On the one hand, the dacha environment is associated with the traditions of spatial organisation of cities and rural settlements in Russia. On the other, the dacha environment is characterised by originality and the absence of a rigid hierarchy in its planning and composition, with the natural environment representing the major formative factor. The determined periodisation of dacha construction included the 1703–1830s, 1830s–early 1860s, 1860s–1890s and 1890s–1917 periods. Areas of active dacha construction were revealed. Thus, dacha construction in the St. Petersburg province was performed predominantly along highways, waterways, railroads and coastline of the Gulf of Finland. A typology of dacha settlements was proposed, including dacha suburbs, dacha villages, dacha resorts and dacha settlements. These types were differentiated in terms of size and population, title and organisation of living activities, type of foundation and administrative status, as well as principles of 3D-planning structure. Particular attention is paid to the unique historical and architectural value of dacha settlements of the St. Petersburg province and importance of its exploration and preservation. It is proposed to use the traditions of creating highly-artistic and optimally-organised dacha recreation environments during the design of contemporary suburban recreational spaces.

Landscape and settlement diversity in the high himalayan regiona case study of Har Ki Dun

The high mountain settlements are often described by the diversity of their geographical spaces. This diversity is defined by differences in land use. In fact, the landscape shapes the land use and it gets shaped by the land use. The rural communities adopt a diversity of livelihood strategies and adapt the land use according to the diversity of the landscape. Therefore, every village has a diversity of landscapes with a diverse mosaic of land use. The multifunctionality of the landscape adds to the sustainability of mountain settlements. These landscapes are shaped to enhance economic possibilities or opportunities. The economic possibilities or opportunities of the mountain settlements are further enhanced by the spatial organization of settlements at different landscapes. Landscape diversity influences livelihood diversification and diversity of crop production and animal husbandry. It enhances the economic viability and sustainability of the mountain communities and also the settlements.This research presents the spatial and functional diversity of the high mountain settlements. This research also presents the relationship between landscape diversity, adaptability, in the form of land use diversity and consequent sustainability of mountain settlements. To present the relationship between spatial and functional diversity of mountain settlements it makes an intensive study of the mountain settlements of Harki Dun (Uttarakhand Himalayas).

Поселение Черталы в Тарском Прииртышье: некоторые итоги изучения

The article presents some results of the archaeological study of the settlement of Chertaly I, located in the middle reaches of the Tara River, left by the historical ancestors of the Siberian Tatars. Some information about the history of the monument research is provided as well as characterization of its current state. The settlement has been excavated for several seasons, with the total area of the digs equated to 660 m2. As a result, the remains of two residential buildings, the utility zone and the adjacent space have been studied. On the basis of the data collected, some construction technologies are described, the issues of the planographic organization of settlements are touched upon, the special characteristics of the economy of the indigenous population are discussed. The data obtained convincingly connects the archaeological complex with the historical settlement of Chertaly, which existed until the middle of the XIX century. Additionally, the data allows us to conclude that the studied complexes represent the final stage of the settlement's existence

TYPOLOGY OF APPROACHES TO THE ARCHITECTURAL ORGANIZATION OF LUNAR SETTLEMENTS

Problem statement. Humanity is inching closer to the technical possibility of establishing outer space settlements on the Moon. The space club nations have joined their potential or move ahead with their own space exploration efforts to work on outer space projects of Lunar habitats. The new Moon Race has begun with its first stage of architectural design played out on Earth. The Internet resources and research publications in printed journals suggest different approaches to lunar settlement designs, which can be explained by extreme surface conditions and configurations of the Moon, as well as various goals and objectives set by the states seeking to gain a foothold on our nearest neighbor in space. In cooperation with other nations, Ukraine participates in the exploration of the Moon. However, the global expert comunity has not yet come up with clear and unambiguous concepts of the typology of the organizational architecture for lunar settlements. The goal of this paper is to give insight into the typology of objective timeless approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements. Conclusions. Colonisation of other planets, as an immediate objective of the humankind, will begin with the exploration of the Moon, where various adaptation methods could be developed relevant to the conditions of other worlds. Nevetherless, there are some common objective factors affecting the settlements of pioneers from Earth. Thus, the need for identifying and systematising an objective typology of approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements as a condition for the subsequent colonisation of more distant planets has become important.

Mapping Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire

ABSTRACTIn the thirteenth century AD, the city of Karakorum was founded as the capital of the Mongol Empire. Relatively little archaeological attention, however, has been directed at the site and the phenomenon of steppe urbanism. The authors report new magnetic and topographic surveys of the walled city and the surrounding landscape. The resulting maps reveal the city in unprecedented detail. Combining the magnetic and topographical data with aerial photographs, pedestrian surveys and documentary sources reveals the extent, layout and organisation of this extensive settlement. Road networks and areas of variable occupation density and types of activities deepen our understanding of this important commercial hub and royal palace, which is conceptualised as a form of ‘implanted’ urbanism.

Agricultural landscapes and rural spatial configurations in the Peruvian Central Rainforest

ABSTRACT The Peruvian Central Rainforest is a territory delimited by socio-cultural affinity and economic dynamics. The diversity of ecological zones in this territory has allowed agriculture to be the main activity of its rural population. This research seeks to analyse the factors that influence the spatial configuration of agricultural landscapes in the Peruvian Central Rainforest. The Río Negro district was selected as a case study to analyse three factors groups: settlements, ecosystems, and housing. Mapping, photo-interpretation, and field data collection were used to carry out the study. As a result, three types of agricultural landscapes have been identified, which include four modes of settlement organisation, three types of agricultural ecosystems, and eight types of agricultural housing. The discussion shows different heterogeneity levels in each type of agricultural landscape determined by the various configurations of its elements that should be considered for future territorial planning and studies in the Peruvian Central Rainforest.

The spatiotemporal evolution of ancient cities from the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains, China

The Central Plains has a long history, rich culture, unique geographical advantages, and profound cultural heritage. The occurrence of ancient cities in the Central Plains marks the formation of Chinese state-level societies. The number, size, and distribution of ancient cities have changed greatly from the late Yangshao to the Xia and Shang Dynasties, which reflects the evolution of settlement and social organization. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial database technology was used to establish a spatiotemporal database of ancient cities in the late Yangshao, Longshan, as well as Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains. This paper uses GIS spatial analysis technology to analyze the relationship between the ancient city distribution and the geographical environment, as well as the evolution of ancient city's shapes and sizes. Furthermore, by using the method of the nearest neighbor distance and gravity center analysis, this paper discusses the agglomeration characteristics and gravity center evolution of ancient cities. The results show that: (1) Most of the ancient cities were distributed in areas below 500 m and within 3 km from the river during the time interval from the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties; (2) The shape of the ancient cities gradually changed from circles to squares in the Central Plains, which became a unified model for the later ancient city design; (3) The sizes of the 18 ancient cities in the Yangshao period shared high similarity, with an average area of 20 hectares. The sizes of 24 ancient cities in the Longshan period increased significantly, with an average of 39 hectares. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, there were 22 ancient cities with an average size of 340 hectares, and the grade of sizes became obvious, marking the entrance into Chinese state-level societies; (4) Cities were scattered in the decentralized pattern during the late Yangshao and Longshan periods, whereas they became agglomerative in Xia and Shang Dynasties. This reflects the evolution of the spatial scopes and social organizational forms; and (5) From the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties, the gravity center of ancient cities moved around the Songshan Mountain from the northwest to the southeast and again to the northeast.

The New Trade Order: Conflicts, Internet Standards and Human Security

It is tempting to think of trade war as an innocuous conflict between the big economic interests of states with scant implications for the rest of the international system and citizens’ rights. This could not be further from reality. This study chronicles the collapse of the Appellate Body of the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the end point of a long process tarnished by deep ideological disputes ill-suited for adjudication. These disputes, frequently expressed through tit-for-tat litigation, have eroded the legitimacy of the WTO as a dispute settlement organization. The resulting vacuum has been exacerbated by the United States (US) – China trade war that has been conducted through imposition of tariffs, embargoes and unilateral sanctions. The trade war has spilled over to other areas and has created fierce antagonism over the establishment of international technology standards and the governance of the internet. Global institutions have been forced to take sides undermining their authority as neutral arbiters. Other spillovers have undermined the global economic welfare and have chipped away at citizens’ rights. China shock, economic war, internet governance, internet standards, market economy, sanctions, subsidies, trade conflicts, trade embargoes, world trade organization

PREREQUISITES AND RELEVANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC AND SETTLEMENTS

The relevance of the study is due to the need to develop a settlement system for sustainable development of Kyrgyzstan, which is interconnected with the organization of settlements on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic. To solve the problem of territorial asymmetry, possible ways of development of the settlement system have been investigated and proposed. The authors identified the main factors hindering the process of suburbanization in Kyrgyzstan: lack of comfortable and affordable housing, underdeveloped infrastructure and low living standards of the country's population. The prerequisites for the formation of rural and urban areas in the Kyrgyz Republic have been determined. Strengthening the interaction between urban and rural areas is highlighted among the basic principles of sustainable development of the settlement system; sustainable development of settlement systems, consisting in the balanced development of urbanized and natural-ecological frameworks; determination of the historically established directions of development of settlement systems and optimization of transport accessibility. According to the authors, the main approach to the development of the settlement system can be the formation of model development centers. In this connection, the priority task of urban planning policy at the state level is the formation of an innovative model for the development of rural and urban areas.

Territoriality and Settlement in Southern France in the Early Neolithic: Diversity as a Strategy?

AbstractIn the western Mediterranean, the question of the settlement patterns of the first farming communities remains a much debated issue. Frequently compared with the LBK model, based on hundreds of well-documented villages, the settlement organization of the Impressed Ware complex is still poorly characterized and highly diversified. New data obtained in Southern France (Languedoc) may shed light on this matter, based on new excavations, revised data, and a multi-proxy perspective (site type, domestic area, food supply strategies, activities, spheres of acquisition of raw material, and so forth). Rather than reproducing a pattern of site locations and settlement structuring, it seems that these Early Neolithic groups sought to optimize the location and structuring of their settlements in relation to the specific characteristics of the surrounding environment and available resources. We therefore propose that the diversity observed in the settlement organization of these first farming communities is a reflection of a social organization well-adapted to the diversity of the ecosystem.

Planning of settlements in timber-producing areas (on the example of the Arkhangelsk region)

Introduction. The Arkhangelsk region is one of the largest domestic timber-processing regions with the most modern production complex. This region has a great raw material potential (the total wood stock is 2,573 million m3) and has a unique position for the export of target products. However, the existing potential in this timber industry area, as in other regions of Russia, is used irrationally. Only 20 % of the harvested wood is processed at the enterprises of the domestic timber industry complex (hereinafter –– TIC), and the rest is exported in unprocessed form. The irrational use of resources is due to a number of reasons, including the peculiarities of the existing territorial and spatial organization of industrial territories and settlements, which does not correspond to the changed technologies of harvesting, transportation and processing of wood, as well as reproduction of forest resources. As a result of this discrepancy and the old ways of explaining it, extensive forest use is carried out, significant disturbed territories are formed, the boundaries of logging activities are constantly shifting, which leads to the removal of forest resource base sites from settlements where the production territories of TIC enterprises are located. All this negatively affects the functioning of these enterprises and, as a result, the viability of settlements whose population participates in the processes of processing and processing of wood. A change in the approach to the territorial and spatial organization of settlements can contribute to solving these problems.
 Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of publicly available data, published works of foreign and domestic authors. During the research, the method of system analysis and the methodology of the territorial and spatial organization of settlements in the region were used.
 Results. The classification and identification of interconnected settlements of the timber industry district is proposed, based on their role in the planning organization of the district and in the implementation of technological processes of wood processing. The existing production functions of settlements are defined and possible options for their expansion are proposed. On the example of the Arkhangelsk region, a scheme for expanding the production functions of settlements has been prepared. Measures have also been identified to bring the areas of the forest resource base of timber processing enterprises closer to the production territories of settlements, which must be implemented during the territorial and spatial organization of settlements.
 Conclusions. In the current socio-economic conditions, there is a need for a planning system that makes it possible to develop a TIC that ensures the relationship of the processes of harvesting, consistent waste-free processing of wood and reproduction of forest resources with the territorial and spatial organization of settlements in the timber industry district.

Stone Age dwellings, sites and environment in coastal northern Norway: surveys and documentation of house-pit sites

The northernmost parts of Europe has a large number of sites with Stone Age house-pits, the majority of which date from c. 5000 BC onwards. Remarkably, the remains of these dwellings are many places still visible on the surface. In northern Norway, such dwellings concentrate in the coastal areas, with a more limited number found on inland sites. In order to use these in analyses of settlement duration, distribution and organization a more uniform and coherent documentation of both individual structures and site characteristics must be ensured. In an ongoing research project on Stone Age Demographics, we have developed and tested different levels of settlement site documentation, scaling from single structures over site topography to reconstruction of past environments. Through substantial surveying in our study region in coastal western Finnmark, northern Norway, we have collected extensive and uniform documentation of dwellings, sites and environment. This systematic documentation allows us to not just discuss dwellings within one specific site, but to consider also regional and supra-regional patterns and variability. This is required if we are to consider both spatial variation and temporal developments in the use and role of pit-houses.

Recent Geophysical Data on the Extensive Planimetric Diversity of the Cucuteni Archaeological Sites from Northeastern Romania

– The origin of Cucuteni–Trypillia mega-sites. – Complex internal spatial organization of settlements.

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENT ECOLOGICAL SETTLEMENTS, CLASSIFICATION AND WORLD EXAMPLES

The article considers the movement of ecological settlements since the end of the 18th century, namely from the stage of industrial and scientific-technological revolution - industrial revolution, which provoked the eviction of people from rural areas, thus causing intensive development and rapid urban growth in many countries. Poor living conditions and the acute environmental situation have given impetus to scientists in various fields of science, prompted to find ways to overcome this situation. The relevance of the article is due to the need for historical analysis, the invention of the brightest foreign examples of urban formations, namely energy-efficient ecological settlements, which will improve the environmental situation resulting from the industrial revolution, thereby causing severe damage and affecting the living conditions of our society. Recently, scientific interest in energy-efficient ecological settlements, both from a theoretical and empirical point of view, has greatly increased, so first of all, the article cited several terms that clearly describe what is meant by energy-efficient ecological settlements. based on the use of alternative energy sources, trying to change and oppose the main environmental, social, economic and political institutions. Historical data show that each urban planning entity has its own chronology and preconditions for organization. The article analyzes the main stages of the formation of the first settlements, which later evolved into energy efficient and completely independent of external resources of the settlement. The first settlements arose in the illegally occupied territories. Since seas and rivers were an extremely important geopolitical factor for ancient world civilizations and countries, they determined both the directions of migration and settlement, as well as conquests and colonization. The main prerequisites for the organization of settlements were geographical and climatic factors. The settlement required areas with fresh water, recreational areas, fertile land and a warm mild climate. It was found that ecological settlements are classified by type, structure, region and location. Here are some examples of energy-efficient ecological settlements that have been operating successfully since the early 1990s to the present day. The article contains general plans of these settlements, and briefly describes each example. In conclusion, the role of energy-efficient ecological settlements is very large, they regulate many environmental and economic aspects through passive construction, rational use of resources, waste management and application of urban planning principles and design standards.

Urbanization in the eastern seaboard (Haidai) area of northern China: Perspectives from the late Neolithic site of Liangchengzhen

Limited comparative data from different regions has hampered understanding of variation in the development of urbanism during the late Neolithic period of China. This paper evaluates excavation remains from large, Longshan period sites regarded as cities in the Haidai or eastern seaboard area of northern China, highlighting the site of Liangchengzhen (LCZ). We identify differences in construction features, internal settlement organization, and patterns of expansion. At LCZ, moats were especially important for the organization of space. The Liangchengzhen excavations reveal residential patterns not recognized at other Longshan sites, including shared prepared surfaces between structures and construction features likely designed to enhance privacy. We describe the abundant evidence for production of ground stone tools, including assessment of the wide variety of raw materials (local, extra-local, non-local) represented among the lithic production debris and finished tools. We conclude that there was diversification and intensification of lithic production over time. We infer that a large area at Liangchengzhen was devoted to lithic production, with other economic activities focused elsewhere as the settlement expanded in size. Future research should compare the nature of lithic production and consumption at large and small sites on a regional basis to evaluate our hypothesis that incipient market exchange was a factor in the urbanization process in the LCZ area of southeastern Shandong.

Mangrove Archives: Unravelling Human-environment Interactions from Deeply Buried Deposits at the Site Anse Trabaud, Martinique, Lesser Antilles (1290–780 cal BP)

ABSTRACT The site of Anse Trabaud on Martinique in the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles has yielded valuable information about human occupation from deep beneath its surface. The site is located in the southeastern part of the island, an area vulnerable to extreme wave events. The archaeological deposits are dated to 1290–780 cal BP (2σ). The earliest horizon is buried under thick layers of mangrove sediments. The deeply buried deposits have allowed excellent preservation of inorganic and organic remains providing an unexpected opportunity to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions of past human settlement, and to study human-environment interactions and social adaptation to climate challenges in this part of the Caribbean archipelago. The cultural remains provide invaluable information into the exploitation of the surroundings of the site as well as into the subsistence patterns, material culture repertoires, procurement strategies and use and exchange of raw materials and tools. Additionally, the excellent preservation of organic materials offers new insights into food plants grown and harvested on-site, and then processed and consumed. The environmental challenges incited the Anse Trabaud community to adapt their settlement organisation and procurement strategies over time and underscore the importance of their participation in a regional and social network of mobility and exchange.

The model of formation of the spatial organization of shift settlements

The purpose of the study contains two main aspects: - improvement of the spatial organization of the shift settlement of the oil and gas industry - the potential of the structure-forming component of the country’s settlement system; - development of the optimal functional and planning structure of the morph types of the shift settlements, providing a high level of comfort that meets the increasing needs of a modern, dynamically developing society. Comprehensive review of the existing forms of spatial organization of shift settlements is carried out on the example of foreign and domestic experience in the design, construction and operation of shift settlements at various stages of development in order to identify the intensity of their formation and determine the most perspective type, as a basis for development and the subject of further research. The vector of external and internal, first of all, production -technological and social factors influencing the morphology of shift settlements and the structure of territorial settlement in the system of industrial development of the natural complex is determined. The evolutionary transformations of the morphology of shift settlements in all countries took place taking into account the factors and characteristics of natural-geographical, climatic, socio-economic aspects and functional-industrial affiliation. Considered the circumstances and features of formation of the architectural and planning organization of shift settlements that affect the creation of an algorithm of gradual development through modernization the quality of its internal spatial structure. The increasing technological potential of the territories stimulated to the formation of typological and classification diversity of the territorial structure and spatial organization of shift settlements, their morphological and taxonomic hierarchy. On the basis of a concept formulated a predictive theoretical model of the holistic shift space settlements, with the functional program of the formation of the quality of the environment is comparable to quality of life in large urbanized space with respect to information-technology resource of the modern world, shaping the potential for sustainable development.

Gardens of the Coromandel Coast: Landscape Considerations of Commercial Agriculture in Tamil Nadu, South India

The plantation as a fusion of rural industry and commercial agriculture has become a shorthand for the the intensification of land-use, circulation of commodities, and the organization of labor concomitant with the modern world. While not the only place where plantations existed, the Atlantic is the context in which most archaeological research has taken place leaving untested certain assumptions about the development of the plantation. and the regions which informed its varied materializations in the modern world. By extending the the methods and approaches employed by archaeologists studying plantations to South India, we decenter plantation narratives and show how Indian Ocean commercial agriculture and rural industry also enabled the modern world. This article reports on results from the first phase of the Colonial Tharangambadi Archaeological Survey (CTAS). The goal of CTAS was to document changing settlement patterns, settlement organization, and material assemblage through a systematic landscape survey in the former Danish colonial enclave, Tranquebar (Tharangambadi). Specifically, we documented one South Indian settlement formation devoted to commercial agriculture called “gardens,” which has origins in the sixth century CE, or earlier, and how they were used outside the town’s walls in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. We argue that from historically distinctive agrarian facilities geared to commercial production, these plantation-like rural industries developed quite broadly using vulnerable labor to produce plant commodities in high volume for international markets. The particularities of plantation studies are enriched by considerations of parallel developments under similar conditions, as illustrated by India’s lesser-known Danish colony.