Settlements In Cities Research Articles

Recycling inorganic domestic solid wastes: results from a pilot study in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

Abstract Solid waste recycling and recovery approach can be a sustainable and effective waste management system in many growing cities of the least developed countries. In the course of achieving proper solid waste management, a lot of efforts in these countries have, however, been focused more on collection and disposal and ignored waste recycling which can result into income generation, employment creation and reduction of the waste quantities that will finally require disposal in the existing municipal landfills or disposal sites. This paper reports the findings of a study on solid waste recycling in a selected semi-planned settlement in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. The objective of the study was to describe the existing solid waste management in the study area with a view to identifying the waste generation rates, types of the wastes and determine the amount of waste from the settlement that can be recycled for the purpose of income generation and reduction of the total amount of waste to be disposed of. Findings from this study revealed that waste generation rate in the study area was 0.36 kg per person per day, and that out of the 14 600 kg of recyclable waste generated per year, 8030 kg or 55% can be recycled and generate a per capita income of Tsh 834 000 for waste recyclists which is more than twice the official minimum annual wage (Tsh 360 000) in Tanzania at the time of the study. The study also revealed that effective waste recycling in the study area would result in the reduction of the total waste that need to be transported for final disposal by 11%.

平地部水田作集落の宅地空間における母屋の改変と連関変化に関する研究 : 千葉県佐原市新島地区を事例として

In this paper, we considered the structure on the changes of the main house in housing lot and the influence to clear relationship between elements of settlement in rural area of paddy field on flatlands. On Shinshima settlement of Sawara city in Chiba prefecture, we analyzed the relative changes with the renewal of the main house on the buildings, the open spaces and the border spaces in housing lot, and as other elements, the spaces out of housing lot, life style, agriculural management and employment form. The main contents of this paper are as follows. 1) As relationship on open space in housing lot, the day yard and the vegetable garden are replaced to the planting garden and the gravel vard from residential demands with the renewal of the main house. 2) On border space of housing lot, the relations to addjoining buildings change the hedges and the walls. And the entrance, the gate and the fences are changed with the relations on the change of the path of flow. 3) As relationship on buildings in housing lot, the materials of buildings relate the main house to the open spaces, the hedges and other buildings. And with the constructions of the main house, there are the relative changes to the buildings, the open spaces and the border spaces in housing lot.

High Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in an Urban Settlement in Kerala, India

Background. Prevalence of type 2 or non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is high among Indians living in India as well as abroad. Prevalence among persons of Indian origin in many countries is greater than that of people of other ethnic extraction. The Indian state of Kerala is distinguished by a high level of achievement in the health sector, characterised by both lower mortality rates and greater density of health care institutions that ensure access to most people. These attributes make the prevalence of diabetes and the pattern of its management in Kerala worth studying. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of diabetes among persons 20 years or older in an urban housing settlement in Trivandrum city, the capital of Kerala, as well as study the management of the disease in subjects affected. Design. Cross sectional survey for detecting diabetes and other chronic diseases in all willing residents of an urban housing settlement in Trivandrum, the capital city of Kerala, as part of a preventive campaign against lifestyle diseases. Fasting plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, cholesterol, height, weight and blood pressure were measured, and a detailed questionnaire administered to ascertain previous diabetic status and management. Results. Overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes is 16.3%. In the 30-64 age group, age standardised prevalence is 13.7%. Gender differences in prevalence are negligible. Greater prevalence is associated with advancing age, body mass index above 24.99, sedentary habits, serum total cholesterol > 239, serum triglycerides > 149, hypertension and smoking. Compared to non-diabetics, diabetics have greater mean and range of fasting plasma glucose values (8.87 + /-3.6 mM/l as against 4.34 + /-0.53 mM/l). 32 out of 38 diabetics among the subjects (82.4%) were already diagnosed even before the survey; of them, 89% were on medication. 3% of subjects had impaired fasting glucose, or FPG level between 110-125 mg/dl. Conclusion. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes among a group of urban residents in Trivandrum city in Kerala is very high. This is associated also with a high detection rate and compliance to treatment.

Ten steps to sustainable infrastructure

Urban infrastructure, particularly water supply, sanitation, drainage and solid-waste management, is essential if improvement is to be made to the urban environment. Unforturnately, in too many cities of the developing world the majority of residents do not have access to these basic urban services. Infrastructure is an essential element if urban sustainability is to be achieved. In order to provide infrastructure to low-income settlements in such cities, it is necessary to design programmes which involve the progressive improvement of on-site facilities. There are parallels in this approach to that which, since the 1960s, has been increasingly accepted as the most efficient way of meeting housing needs in low-income situations. The role of outside organisations that might assist in this progressive improvement of infrastructure process, as well as the required role of governments, are explored. The paper considers the approaches used by a number of countries that have attempted to facilitate local infrastructure. These are evaluated, based on case study evidence, in terms of their abilities to meet local infrastructure needs in a cost-effective manner while at the same time including the communities to be served in the planning, decision-making, implementation and management processes. The result is a 10-principle model that can be interpreted as a means of facilitating the meeting of local needs in a sustainable and environmentally-friendly manner.

City life in the Village of Ghosts: A case study of popular housing in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

The cities of Vietnam have been undergoing tremendous change since the introduction of doi moi (economic reform) policies in the late 1980s. One significant outcome has been the growth of ‘informal’ or ‘popular’ housing settlements. Popular housing can be looked upon as intrinsically a doi moi phenomenon as it arises from such policy changes as the loss of housing subsidy, the relaxation of controls on population movement and the institutionalisation of land markets to stimulate urban development. This paper reports on research on one recently established popular settlement in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam's largest city. The experiences of this settlement — Xom Ma, or the ‘Village of Ghosts’ — illustrate the socio-economic and physical effects of these changes and give a picture of an important component of Vietnam's urban future.

Is ‘integrated environmental management’ feasible in the informal settlements of South Africa's cities?

We have put a case for re-thinking how ‘the environment’ is addressed in development strategies for urban informal settlements. Although our argument can be read as a programmatic solution to the question, we have attempted to highlight the slender base for such a reading, in view of the lack of data and theoretical rigour in the relevant research, literature and policy formulations. Accordingly, our principal aim has been to emphasise why re-thinking of ‘the environment’ is necessary. In setting out a position that leans more towards conceptual and theoretical considerations than towards procedures, we have raised more questions than answers. This is necessary, we believe, if official and popular interest in environmentalism is to achieve substantial results, not only in terms of improvement in environmental quality but also in the creation of new knowledge.

The Residential Mobility of Ethnic Minorities: A Longitudinal Analysis

Studies of ethnic minority settlement in major cities usually depend upon snapshot evidence derived from periodic population censuses. The objects of such research are usually city regions, neighbourhoods or census tracts, and changes through time can not be undertaken as process studies but only as comparisons between given dates. In discussing the residential mobility experiences of ethnic minority populations it would be extremely valuable to be able to use individuals as the research units instead of geographical areas. This possibility exists for the study of ethnic minority residential mobility in the Paris region through the secondary analysis of a major survey carried out in 1986 by the French National Demographic Research Institute (INED). The results of such an analysis lead to a questioning of certain established ideas on the importance of the inner city for residence, but provide confirmation of higher-than-average mobility rates.

Development within Development: Distribution of Responsibilities in Aided Self-help in Egypt's New City Settlements

Development within Development: Distribution of Responsibilities in Aided Self-help in Egypt's New City Settlements

Housing in Benghazi city∗

One of the three cardinal aspirations of Libya's 1973–1975 Three-Year Development Plan was to build regime support by redistributing her oil wealth as extensively as possible among the various segments of her population. Housing was a key redistributive mechanism, with 18.4% (the highest) of the total budget for the Plan Period being allocated to it. Similarly, the Five-Year Transformation Plan of 1976–1980, which was designed as a rational supplement to the 1973–1975 Plan, used housing programmes to perform dual operations: a redistributive function by providing heavily subsidized mass housing and a productivity role by encouraging Libyans to acquire building construction skills. Housing investment by the Libyan State has thus intrinsically been a function of political and social, rather than economic, considerations. Benghazi City has been a major beneficiary of this subsidized mass housing policy. This is because Libya's settlement pattern, which is marked by a high degree of primacy and intense spatial inequalities among regions, is fundamentally separated into two disjointed urban systems polarised on Tripoli and Benghazi. It is against this background that this paper explores the context in which housing activity has been undertaken in the city especially during the 1973–1975 and 1976–1980 Development Plan Periods. A proper understanding of the city's settlement system in its social, spatial and hierarchical dimensions is essential for the definition of programmes for spatial expansion and in appraising the repercussions of alternative housing programmes.

The Plumed Serpent and the Red Atlantis

Research into the origins of federal-Indian policy most often leads into the prevailing political ideology of the time period under examination. It is odd, then, to find that for a brief time in history the prevailing policy at the official level of the United States and of the majority of the other American nations leads to the basic longterm influences of a British novelist, D.H. Lawrence, a some time New York City settlement worker, John Collier, and a wealthy American collector of social lions, Mabel Dodge Luhan. The novelist and the settlement worker were brought together by the collector of social lions, Mabel Dodge Luhan, one of the great patrons of this century. She was, as Ansel Adams has put it:

Poreklo prebivalstva slovenskih mest

Prikaz porekla prebivalstva slovenskih mest in mestnih naselij temelji na štirih kategorijah njihovega porekla. Glede na to je opravljena analiza po velikosti in funkcijski strukturi naselij.

Transients, Settlers and Refugees: Asians in Britain

This book offers a real contribution to the study of British race relations. It is based on a case study of Asians in Blackburn. However, in a chapter analysing ethnic settlement in British cities from 1971 to 1981 the author produces a typology of settlement which is original and which explains why a case study of Blackburn is significant. Readership: academics and graduates taking courses in race relations, local government and urban social geography; professionals engaged in these fields.

Health manpower allocation in developing countries.

Most developing countries have shortages of health manpower in rural areas. To address this problem, national strategies have included the establishment of salaried posts for rural doctors, construction of rural hospitals and health centres, mandating periods of rural service for all new medical graduates, providing special financial incentives to attract practitioners to rural communities, furnishing transport of personnel, and restricting settlement in major cities. If universal entitlement to health care were legislated for, as in Western Europe and in socialist countries, rural as well as urban populations would be covered. China's development of the “barefoot doctor” dramatised the value of the briefly trained community health worker (CHW) after 1971. Unfortunately, CHWs in many countries proved disappointing, because of inadequate training, poor supervision, and other deficiencies. With political commitment, however, these problems can be overcome.

Settlement Type and Interpersonal Estrangement: A Test of the Theories of Wirth and Gans

In response to Wirth's claim that settlement type influences interpersonal relationships, Gans has argued that such influences can be completely explained by demographic differences between the populations of the various settlement types. However, Gans has ignored the possibility of interaction between settlement type and demographic characteristics. This study tests the influence of city versus suburban settlement type on interpersonal estrangement. In anticipating that interaction effects will be found, it is hypothesized that the influence on estrangement of demographic variables which represent to strangers will differ between city and suburb. This vulnerability hypothesis is supported, particularly as it pertains to the child-rearing lifecycle stage. It is concluded that while the effect of settlement type on estrangement cannot be explained by demographic characteristics, it is largely confined to persons who possess certain characteristics. The relationship between settlement type and the quality of interpersonal relationships has long been debated in urban sociology. The debate rests on two divergent points of view, the first of which is associated with Louis Wirth. Wirth argues that the ecological characteristics of the city settlement type, that is, its great population size, density, and social heterogeneity,. independently reduce the quality of interpersonal relationships generally, and in particular produce interpersonal enstrangement (see also Park; Simmel). Wirth notes that in the city, it is not possible for residents to know all others personally, and those who are known tend to be so in a distant and secondary way. Further, city-dwellers treat each other with indifference and not infrequently with distrust owing to the competitive, exploitive, and predatory social relationships engendered by large population size. The alternative point of view is associated with Herbert Gans. Gans (a) argues that the ecological characteristics of cities have little effect on

British Immigration and Settlement in Australian Cities, 1947–1971

Standard theory on British immigration to Australia has assumed that British immigrants are an extension of the Anglo-Saxon core culture since Australian society has the same language and ancestral origins, the political institutions are similar and the societies have similar sports and folkways. This analysis tests this proposition through an examination of the extent to which British mobility, urbanization, residential segregation and housing patterns resemble those of the Australian born and to what extent the British have become a third culture between the Australian born and other foreign born.

British Immigration and Settlement in Australian Cities, 1947-1971

British Immigration and Settlement in Australian Cities, 1947-1971

Urbanization in Australia: The Post-War Experience

Part I. The Growth of Cities: 1. The urbanization of the Australian population 1947-1971 I. H. Burnley 2. Economic factors and the growth of cities F. J. B. Stilwell 3. Population components in the growth of cities C. Y. Choi and I. H. Burnley 4. Patterns of urbanization in Victoria D. T. Rowland 5. Internal migration and urbanization in South Australia G. J. Hugo 6. International migration and metropolitan growth in Australia I. H. Burnley 7. Future population patterns of Australian cities C. Y. Choi and I. H. Burnley Part II. The Impact and Consequences of Urbanization: Urban Residential and Social Structure: 8. Urbanization and social segregation I. H. Burnley 9. The social structure of large cities R. J. Stimson 10. Social ecology of immigrant settlement in Australian cities I. H. Burnley 11. The social and demographic impact of international immigrants on Melbourne: a study of various differentials H. Ware Part III. The Impact and Consequences of Urbanization: The Role of Planning: 12. Planning the metropolitan areas P. Harrison 13. Urban renewal E. Vanndermark 14. Conclusion: the Australian urbanization process I. H. Burnley.

Self-Development in Native Housing in East London, Cape Province

Opening ParagraphEast London is a rapidly growing port with a population of about 85,000 persons of all races, situated on the south-east coast of Africa. It is the city nearest to the largest Native Reserve in the Union, the Transkei, and hence uniquely situated in respect of its Native labour supply. It was a centre for the urban sociological studies of Professor Monica Wilson in her 1936 acculturation research, and more recently for a series of socio-economic studies by the author as an employee of the Municipality in 1949-50. An historical study of African settlement in the City, and of the relationship of Africans to the European controlled municipal council is presented here.

Zur Siedlungskunde der Stadt Essen

Zur Siedlungskunde der Stadt Essen

Syria and Crete: Further Discoveries

SIR LEONARD WOOLLEY'S further report on his excavations in Syria is a striking justification of the prescience which sought in the area at the mouth of the Orontes evidence for the early relation of the civilizations of Crete and western Asia. The evidence which has been brought to light since the dispatch of his first report (see NATURE of June 13, p. 979) carries the story of the JEgean connexions of Syria from c. 900 B.C., the point at which the settlement at Tell Sheikh Yusuf begins, back to the Middle Minoan age of Crete, somewhere between 1700 and 1580 B.C. At Tell Atchana, a mound near the bank of the Orontes, half-way across the Amk plain in the rear of the Amanus mountains, Sir Leonard reports in The Times of June 25, trial excavations in a single trench, which lasted for no more than a fortnight, produced evidence of the existence in the heart of Syria of a city settlement, which was predominantly Cretan in character, and was deserted entirely not later than the twelfth century B.C. At an earlier stage of its history this city had been ravaged by fire and sword, as was shown by the evidence of the large buildings, of which the fire-scarred remains were uncovered. Here the floors were littered with fragments of pottery, among which Syrian wares were mingled with sherds showing characteristic Minoan motifs, as well as with specimens of the art of, at present, unknown provenance previously reported. The evidence indicates that the destruction of the building took place before the Late Minoan age began. The find of a Minoan bronze sword is balanced by a Mesopotamian bronze axe and chisels and cylinder seals. The link between Crete and the site on the Amk plain has yet to be demonstrated; but a clue is afforded by the ridge-top acropolis site at the head of the delta, where surface finds on one hand match the pottery of various periods at Tell Sheikh Yusuf, and on the other include fragments of Mycenaean and Cypriote bronze age wares corresponding with the later levels of Tell Atchana.