Fundamental Set Research Articles

Meeting report of the annual workshop on Principles and Techniques for Improving Preclinical to Clinical Translation in Alzheimer's Disease research.

The second annual 5-day workshop on Principles and Techniques for Improving Preclinical to Clinical Translation in Alzheimer's Disease Research was held October 7-11, 2019, at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine, USA, and included didactic lectures and hands-on training. Participants represented a broad range of research across the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field, and varied in career stages from trainees and early stage investigators to established faculty, with attendance from the United States, Europe, and Asia. In line with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) initiative on rigor and reproducibility, the workshop aimed to address training gaps in preclinical drug screening by providing participants with the skills and knowledge required to perform pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics, and preclinical efficacy experiments. This innovative and comprehensive workshop provided training in fundamental skill sets for executing in vivo preclinical translational studies. The success of this workship is expected to translate into practical skills that will enablethe goals of improving preclinical to clinical translational studies for AD. Nearly all preclinical studies in animal models have failed to translate to successful efficacious medicines for Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. While a wide variety of potential causes of these failures have been proposed,deficiencies in knowledge and best practices for translational research are not being sufficiently addressed by common training practices. Here we present proceedings from an annual NIA-sponsored workshop focused specifically on preclinical testing paradigms for AD translational research in animal models aimed at enabling improved preclinical to clinical translation for AD.

Artificial Neural Network Dual Hesitant Fermatean Fuzzy Implementation in Transportation of COVID-19 Vaccine

This article, in order to address impreciseness, initiated the notion of dual hesitant fermatean fuzzy sets (DHFFSs), as a generalization of the combination of dual hesitant fuzzy set (DHFS), dual hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy set (DHPFS) and Fermatean fuzzy set (FFS). The authors defined the fundamental set of operations for DHFFS. Additionally, the authors have also proposed two ranking functions and an accuracy function for the ordering of this novel set. In order to facilitate the pragmatic implementation of DHFFS in optimization, the authors formulated three types of transportation problem with dual hesitant Fermatean fuzzy (DHFF) parameters. To optimize the DHFF-TP, an algorithm was proposed with the help of one of the proposed ranking functions. Artificial neural network is also applied to the transportation problems in DHFF environment. A numerical example based on the transportation of COVID-19 vaccine with DHFF cost has also been carried out to validate out to validate our technique. In this article the proposed fuzzy system is included into this model to control uncertainties in Time, Quality, Cost, Reliability, and Availability induced in the transportation interruptions. The paper illustrates implication of the proposed fuzzy based model using a simulation in the context of a transportation process. The proposed model seeks to satisfy customers' demands for high-quality products and services, on a timely manner, at lowest cost possible. These characteristics are essential during times of disturbance, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Professional Pledge in Social Work: Implications for Professional Identity and Value Integration

The social work profession lays a strong emphasis on internalizing and reinforcing core social work values and ethical standards in order to create a cadre of social workers who can withstand the criticalities of any crisis and commit themselves to firmly stand with those whose survival and well-being is fragile and “on the brink”. The performance of this role not only requires a dynamic and contextual knowledge base and evolving skills set, it mandates a deep rooted acquiescence with a fundamental set of values that shape the profession’s vision and mission, and establish the goals and priorities of the practitioners. The transition from an entry level neophyte to a competent social work professional entails a journey which is characterized by the assumption and bolstering of a professional persona that grounds the incumbent within the functional niche of social work. The present paper looks at the integration of a social work pledge as a viable means for social work incumbents to establish identification with social work values, don a professional identity, and assimilate with professional peers. It looks at the existing practice of pledge taking by highlighting the experience of a distinguished school of social work. It envisions the ‘pledge’ and the tradition of ‘taking the pledge’ evolving as a strong and more universal medium for creating an emotional connect of social work students with the value driven profession of social work. Keywords: Pledge, values, ethics, social work, profession

Collective dynamics of dense hairy surfaces in turbulent flow

Flexible filamentous beds interacting with a turbulent flow represent a fundamental setting for many environmental phenomena, e.g., aquatic canopies in marine current. Exploiting direct numerical simulations at high Reynolds number where the canopy stems are modelled individually, we provide evidence on the essential features of the honami/monami collective motion experienced by hairy surfaces over a range of different flexibilities, i.e., Cauchy number. Our findings clearly confirm that the collective motion is essentially driven by fluid flow turbulence, with the canopy having in this respect a fully-passive behavior. Instead, some features pertaining to the structural response turn out to manifest in the motion of the individual canopy elements when focusing, in particular, on the spanwise oscillation and/or on sufficiently small Cauchy numbers.

Provably Efficient Reinforcement Learning with Linear Function Approximation

Modern reinforcement learning (RL) is commonly applied to practical problems with an enormous number of states, where function approximation must be deployed to approximate either the value function or the policy. The introduction of function approximation raises a fundamental set of challenges involving computational and statistical efficiency, especially given the need to manage the exploration/exploitation trade-off. As a result, a core RL question remains open: how can we design provably efficient RL algorithms that incorporate function approximation? This question persists even in a basic setting with linear dynamics and linear rewards, for which only linear function approximation is needed. This paper presents the first provable RL algorithm with both polynomial run time and polynomial sample complexity in this linear setting, without requiring a “simulator” or additional assumptions. Concretely, we prove that an optimistic modification of least-squares value iteration—a classical algorithm frequently studied in the linear setting—achieves [Formula: see text] regret, where d is the ambient dimension of feature space, H is the length of each episode, and T is the total number of steps. Importantly, such regret is independent of the number of states and actions. Funding: This work was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency program on Lifelong Learning Machines.

Estimating the real exchange rate misalignment of the Algerian dinar during the period (1980-2019) : an empirical study (Arabic)

The aim of this study is to estimate the long-run Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate (ERER) and to assess the degree of misalignment of the Algerian Dinar for the period (1980-2019) using ARDL approach. Considering that the equilibrium exchange rate of the Algerian dinar is determined by a set of fundamentals of the national economy, the study reached the following main results: In the long run, there are positive relationships between the real effective exchange rate and the differential productivity, real oil price and net capital flows. Whereas, there are inverse relationships between the dependent variable and each of the trade openness, General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). The second result is that the REER registered a number of deviations from its equilibrium level, that vary between overvaluation and undervaluation. The third result is that the exchange rate cannot be the only adjustment variable, given the extent of macroeconomic imbalances (internal and external). Parallel efforts at fiscal consolidation and deep structural reforms to diversify the economy and accelerate growth are also essential.

Experimental and numerical investigation of the damping properties of adhesively bonded tubular steel joints

ABSTRACT A large number of structures in various fields are repeatedly subjected to dynamic loading during their lifetime. To avoid or reduce vibration amplitudes possibly occuring, the use of vibration damping measures is necessary. Due to their inherent material damping, viscoelastic adhesives show a potential to reduce the dynamic effects of structures. This has not yet been comprehensively investigated for adhesively bonded joints. This paper reports on experimental and numerical investigations of damping properties of adhesively bonded tubular steel joints in a scale relevant for construction industry and thus represents a fundamental data set. Different adhesive joint geometries and test parameters were investigated experimentally and their influence on the damping properties of adhesively bonded specimens is discussed and evaluated. The test results show that the damping properties of adhesively bonded joints can be enhanced by increasing the adhesive layer thickness and reducing the overlap length. In addition, the damping properties of the test specimens increase with a rise in the stress on the adhesive layer. The influence of the test frequency on the loss factor is of secondary importance. Furthermore, material models of the adhesives used were developed and validated successfully on the basis of the experimental test result presented.

Local observables in SUq(2) lattice gauge theory

We consider a deformation of 3D lattice gauge theory in the canonical picture, first classically, based on the Heisenberg double of $\mathrm{SU}(2)$, then at the quantum level. We show that classical spinors can be used to define a fundamental set of local observables. They are invariant quantities that live on the vertices of the lattice and are labeled by pairs of incident edges. Any function on the classical phase space, e.g., Wilson loops, can be rewritten in terms of these observables. At the quantum level, we show that spinors become spinor operators. The quantization of the local observables then requires the use of the quantum $\mathcal{R}$ matrix, which we prove to be equivalent to a specific parallel transport around the vertex. We provide the algebra of the local observables, as a Poisson algebra classically, then as a $q$ deformation of ${\mathfrak{so}}^{*}(2n)$ at the quantum level. This formalism can be relevant to any theory relying on lattice gauge theory techniques such as topological models, loop quantum gravity or of course lattice gauge theory itself.

Generalized Frame for Orthopair Fuzzy Sets: (m,n)-Fuzzy Sets and Their Applications to Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods

Orthopairs (pairs of disjoint sets) have points in common with many approaches to managing vaguness/uncertainty such as fuzzy sets, rough sets, soft sets, etc. Indeed, they are successfully employed to address partial knowledge, consensus, and borderline cases. One of the generalized versions of orthopairs is intuitionistic fuzzy sets which is a well-known theory for researchers interested in fuzzy set theory. To extend the area of application of fuzzy set theory and address more empirical situations, the limitation that the grades of membership and non-membership must be calibrated with the same power should be canceled. To this end, we dedicate this manuscript to introducing a generalized frame for orthopair fuzzy sets called “(m,n)-Fuzzy sets”, which will be an efficient tool to deal with issues that require different importances for the degrees of membership and non-membership and cannot be addressed by the fuzzification tools existing in the published literature. We first establish its fundamental set of operations and investigate its abstract properties that can then be transmitted to the various models they are in connection with. Then, to rank (m,n)-Fuzzy sets, we define the functions of score and accuracy, and formulate aggregation operators to be used with (m,n)-Fuzzy sets. Ultimately, we develop the successful technique “aggregation operators” to handle multi-criteria decision-making problems in the environment of (m,n)-Fuzzy sets. The proposed technique has been illustrated and analyzed via a numerical example.

The Influence of Echo Train Duration on Heavily T2-weighted-dimensional MR Cholangiopancreatography Using Turbo Spin-echo Technique: A Phantom Study

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a valuable non-invasive technique that depicts bile or pancreatic juice as hyperintense in heavily T2-weighted images. Data acquisition in the three-dimensional multi-slice MRCP method is acquired with respiratory triggered. Echo train duration (ETD) is the data acquisition time every breath is in inverse proportion to total acquisition time, and has influence of image contrast and spatial resolution in turbo spin echo (TSE) imaging. Therefore, the effects of image contrast and spatial resolution of three-dimensional heavily T2-weighted variable refocusing flip angle TSE images on ETD in fundamental and clinical settings were measured using a phantom. No significant difference was detected with regard to image contrasts. Increasing ETD reduced spatial resolution, but no significant difference was detected regarding visual evaluation in the fundamental setting. On the other hand, in some of the clinical settings, increasing ETD with phase partial Fourier (PPF) reduced spatial resolution. The study result indicates that changing ETD fitting respiratory state of individual examinee without PPF is useful for optimized acquisition time without sacrificing image contrast and spatial resolution.

Circular Pythagorean Fuzzy Sets and Applications to Multi-Criteria Decision Making

In this paper, we introduce the concept of circular Pythagorean fuzzy set (value) (C-PFS(V)) as a new generalization of both circular intuitionistic fuzzy sets (C-IFSs) proposed by Atannassov and Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) proposed by Yager. A circular Pythagorean fuzzy set is represented by a circle that represents the membership degree and the non-membership degree and whose centre consists of non-negative real numbers μ and ν with the condition ${\mu ^{2}}+{\nu ^{2}}\leqslant 1$. A C-PFS models the fuzziness of the uncertain information more properly thanks to its structure that allows modelling the information with points of a circle of a certain centre and a radius. Therefore, a C-PFS lets decision makers to evaluate objects in a larger and more flexible region and thus more sensitive decisions can be made. After defining the concept of C-PFS we define some fundamental set operations between C-PFSs and propose some algebraic operations between C-PFVs via general triangular norms and triangular conorms. By utilizing these algebraic operations, we introduce some weighted aggregation operators to transform input values represented by C-PFVs to a single output value. Then to determine the degree of similarity between C-PFVs we define a cosine similarity measure based on radius. Furthermore, we develop a method to transform a collection of Pythagorean fuzzy values to a C-PFS. Finally, a method is given to solve multi-criteria decision making problems in circular Pythagorean fuzzy environment and the proposed method is practiced to a problem about selecting the best photovoltaic cell from the literature. We also study the comparison analysis and time complexity of the proposed method.

Q-Cesàro double sequence space ℒ˜sq$$\tilde {\cal L}_s^q$$ derived by q-analog

Abstract This study includes the new Banach space ℒ ˜ s q $$\tilde {\cal L}_s^q$$ designed as the domain in 𝓛 s space of the 4d (4-dimensional) q-Cesàro matrix obtained as the q-analog of the well-known 4d Cesàro matrix. After showing the completeness of the aforementioned space, giving some inclusion relations, determining the fundamental set of this space and calculating the duals, finally, some matrix transformations related to the new space were characterized.

OSVRT NA DVA LIKA SUVREMENOSTI HRVATSKOG PJESNIŠTVA 1990. – 2022.

The author begins by presenting the standpoint that it is important to differentiate between two fundamental sets of facts in contemporary Croatian poetry (1990 – 2022).The first set arose due to the pressure of external factors. The author mentions five such factors. These are: the revival of "public knowledge" about Croatian poetry due to lifting the ban on certain author names; an increase in the number of female authors; a surge of works in the chakavian and kajkavian "varieties"; a change in public attitudes towards religious poetry; the founding of a specific publishing infrastructure where the work of both public and private publishing houses is combined. The second set of facts emerged due to the internal dynamics of contemporary Croatian poetry itself. Within this set, the author distinguishes between two levels. A special technical pragmatism has been established at the first level, thus allowing authors to freely employ different layers of modern literary heritage. This technical pragmatism is supported by the strive towards authorial singularity and a specific resistance towards the act of reducing poetic autonomy to the existing social context. At the second level, the author describes the presence of four distinct lyrical subject in the practices of contemporary Croatian poetry. These are: the chronicler of existence; the cartographer of enigmatic everyday life; the creator of linguistic boundaries; the advocate of spirituality. Dynamic relationships between these two levels create a "pluripoetic" field where different technical approaches intersect with certain traces of these mentioned lyrical subjects. The author points towards an intricate "conclusive" image of contemporary Croatian poetry. However, it is suggested that the reliance on the outlined analytical foundations may lead to the appropriate critical and research approaches which could deal with this complexity. Their point of emergence is literary criticism, that also started as a literary text.

New generalization of fuzzy soft sets: $ (a, b) $-Fuzzy soft sets

<abstract><p>Many models of uncertain knowledge have been designed that combine expanded views of fuzziness (expressions of partial memberships) with parameterization (multiple subsethood indexed by a parameter set). The standard orthopair fuzzy soft set is a very general example of this successful blend initiated by fuzzy soft sets. It is a mapping from a set of parameters to the family of all orthopair fuzzy sets (which allow for a very general view of acceptable membership and non-membership evaluations). To expand the scope of application of fuzzy soft set theory, the restriction of orthopair fuzzy sets that membership and non-membership must be calibrated with the same power should be removed. To this purpose we introduce the concept of $ (a, b) $-fuzzy soft set, shortened as $ (a, b) $-FSS. They enable us to address situations that impose evaluations with different importances for membership and non-membership degrees, a problem that cannot be modeled by the existing generalizations of intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets. We establish the fundamental set of arithmetic operations for $ (a, b) $-FSSs and explore their main characteristics. Then we define aggregation operators for $ (a, b) $-FSSs and discuss their main properties and the relationships between them. Finally, with the help of suitably defined scores and accuracies we design a multi-criteria decision-making strategy that operates in this novel framework. We also analyze a decision-making problem to endorse the validity of $ (a, b) $-FSSs for decision-making purposes.</p></abstract>

Infological modeling of the space for software engineering education

It is determined that the quality of software engineering education is influenced by modern industrial trends and IT trends, software technology tendencies, as well as the dynamics of software development teams. Given the wide range of technologies faced by groups of developers, it is determined that teaching should be based not only on the characteristics of technologies and projects, but also on the personal characteristics of programmers in accordance with the methodology of group dynamics and communications. In general, this leads to the fact that learning tasks are usually multifactorial and information overloaded. This produces educational problems related to expansion the fundamental (traditional) sets of competencies and skills and requires methodological delineation for the prospect of their wider application in pedagogical systems of software engineering. To support this area, the target audience should include industry employers and other actors. It was revealed that current issues also include problems of quality and completeness of information collected and submitted to support educational problems, questions to acquaint students with information support of decision-making processes. The approach to software engineering education is improved by modelling the integration of the requirements of current industry and IT industry trends, international recommendations, and the potential of soft skills. An ontological model of the subject area of software engineering as a basis of knowledge base of intelligent information system for application within pedagogical systems of higher education is offered. The following researches are planned, focused on the further development of the ontological model, filling it with content, creating an appropriate knowledge base and improvement of methodical materials.

CONSISTENT SPECTRAL CLUSTERING OF NETWORK BLOCK MODELS UNDER LOCAL DIFFERENTIAL PRIVACY.

The stochastic block model (SBM) and degree-corrected block model (DCBM) are network models often selected as the fundamental setting in which to analyze the theoretical properties of community detection methods. We consider the problem of spectral clustering of SBM and DCBM networks under a local form of edge differential privacy. Using a randomized response privacy mechanism called the edge-flip mechanism, we develop theoretical guarantees for differentially private community detection, demonstrating conditions under which this strong privacy guarantee can be upheld while achieving spectral clustering convergence rates that match the known rates without privacy. We prove the strongest theoretical results are achievable for dense networks (those with node degree linear in the number of nodes), while weak consistency is achievable under mild sparsity (node degree greater than ). We empirically demonstrate our results on a number of network examples.

(2,1)-Fuzzy sets: properties, weighted aggregated operators and their applications to multi-criteria decision-making methods

Orthopair fuzzy sets are fuzzy sets in which every element is represented by a pair of values in the unit interval, one of which refers to membership and the other refers to non-membership. The different types of orthopair fuzzy sets given in the literature are distinguished according to the proposed constrain for membership and non-membership grades. The aim of writing this manuscript is to familiarize a new class of orthopair fuzzy sets called “(2,1)-Fuzzy sets” which are good enough to control some real-life situations. We compare (2,1)-Fuzzy sets with IFSs and some of their celebrated extensions. Then, we put forward the fundamental set of operations for (2,1)-Fuzzy sets and investigate main properties. Also, we define score and accuracy functions which we apply to rank (2,1)-Fuzzy sets. Moreover, we reformulate aggregation operators to be used with (2,1)-Fuzzy sets. Finally, we develop the successful technique “aggregation operators” to handle multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems in the environment of (2,1)-Fuzzy sets. To show the effectiveness and usability of the proposed technique in MCDM problems, an illustrative example is provided.

A natural cortical axis connecting the outside and inside of the human brain.

What structural and connectivity features of the human brain help to explain the extraordinary human cognitive abilities? We recently proposed a set of relevant connectomic fundamentals, some of which arise from the size scaling of the human brain relative to other primate brains, while others of these fundamentals may be uniquely human. In particular, we suggested that the remarkable increase of the size of the human brain due to its prolonged prenatal development has brought with it an increased sparsification, hierarchical modularization, as well as increased depth and cytoarchitectonic differentiation of brain networks. These characteristic features are complemented by a shift of projection origins to the upper layers of many cortical areas as well as the significantly prolonged postnatal development and plasticity of the upper cortical layers. Another fundamental aspect of cortical organization that has emerged in recent research is the alignment of diverse features of evolution, development, cytoarchitectonics, function, and plasticity along a principal, natural cortical axis from sensory ("outside") to association ("inside") areas. Here we highlight how this natural axis is integrated in the characteristic organization of the human brain. In particular, the human brain displays a developmental expansion of outside areas and a stretching of the natural axis such that outside areas are more widely separated from each other and from inside areas than in other species. We outline some functional implications of this characteristic arrangement.

К вопросу о социальной онтологии

The article raises the question of the relationship between ontology and heterology, whether they are synonyms or opposed to each other. Ontology, in the classical sense, is, according to Aristotle, “the first philosophy”, or metaphysics, or the doctrine of being. At the same time, being was understood as something supergiven, transcendent, absolute, existing a priori before any concrete being. Such an understanding of being exhausted any manifestation of essence, including social. This is the fundamental setting of the classical type of philosophizing. Non-classical philosophy, on the contrary, seems to refuse such a search for an objective, transcendent foundation and turns to another ontological subject, a person, placing him at the center of his research, at the center of ontology. There is a radical change in emphasis from the absoluteness of truth to its relativity, excluding the position of an absolute, abstract observer as a subject deprived of his own, immanent world, their common cognitive attitude is revealed — the search for a single ontological foundation. The post-non-classical social paradigm, to which we refer social heterology, on the contrary, conceives sociality as a sociation, not as a pre-established one, but as a way of linking singular units devoid of commonality. The post-non-classical social paradigm overcomes metaphysics. Sociality is not a common being, not distributed among all, but divided between events. Such sociality manifests in ontology — heterology.

The Effect of a Topcoat with Amorphous Polymer Layers on the Mesogen Orientation and Photoalignment Behavior of Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymer Films

The mesogen orientations of liquid crystals are sensitive to the nature of the contacting surface. For side chain liquid crystalline polymer (SCLCP) films, most investigations have been conducted for thin films formed on a solid substrate surface such as glass, quartz and metal oxides, and little knowledge has been accumulated for SCLCP films whose top surface is covered by amorphous polymers. This work presents the effect of a topcoat with amorphous polymers placed on SCLCP films on the mesogen orientation and photoalignment behavior. When an SCLCP film that adopts a homeotropic mesogen orientation is covered with a glass plate or polymer layer, the mesogens turns to a random planar orientation. This planar orientation is favorable for efficient in-plane photoalignment by irradiation with linear polarized light. An in-plane order parameter exceeding 0.5 is readily obtained. Unexpectedly, a significant stabilization of the liquid crystal phase by over 10 °C is observed above the isotropization temperature of the SCLCP. These fundamental sets of knowledge should be significant in the fabrication of various polymer LC devices.