Set Of Words Research Articles

Jumping Automata over Infinite Words

AbstractJumping automata are finite automata that read their input in a non-consecutive manner, disregarding the order of the letters in the word. We introduce and study jumping automata over infinite words. Unlike the setting of finite words, which has been well studied, for infinite words it is not clear how words can be reordered. To this end, we consider three semantics: automata that read the infinite word in some order so that no letter is overlooked, automata that can permute the word in windows of a given size k, and automata that can permute the word in windows of an existentially-quantified bound. We study expressiveness, closure properties and algorithmic properties of these models.

What makes a word a good representative of the category of "emotion"? The role of feelings and interoception.

The words we use to describe emotions vary in terms of prototypicality; that is, some of these words may be more representative of the semantic category of emotion than others (e.g., anger refers more clearly to an emotion than boredom). Based on a multicomponential conception of emotions, the aim of the present study was to examine the contribution of several variables to emotion prototypicality. Some of those variables are related to the distinct components of emotions: evaluation, action, body expression, internal body sensations (interoception), and feelings. Other variables are related to the concreteness/abstractness distinction: sensory experience, social interaction, thought, and morality. We collected ratings for these variables for a large set of words (1,286) which varied in emotion prototypicality. A regression analysis revealed that the variables that most contributed to emotion prototypicality were feelings and interoception. Furthermore, a factor analysis identified two underlying factors: socioemotional polarity and emotional experience. The scores of each word in both factors were used to create a two-dimensional space and a density plot which provides relevant information about the organization of emotion concepts in memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Machine learning for text document classification-efficient classification approach

<p>Numerous alternative methods for text classification have been created because of the increase in the amount of online text information available. The cosine similarity classifier is the most extensively utilized simple and efficient approach. It improves text classification performance. It is combined with estimated values provided by conventional classifiers such as Multinomial Naive Bayesian (MNB). Consequently, combining the similarity between a test document and a category with the estimated value for the category enhances the performance of the classifier. This approach provides a text document categorization method that is both efficient and effective. In addition, methods for determining the proper relationship between a set of words in a document and its document categorization is also obtained.</p>

Promotional language in radiology publications: increasing use of "excellent", "favorable", "promising", "robust", and "unique".

To investigate if radiology researchers are increasingly promoting their scientific findings by more frequently using positive words in their publications. This study included all articles that were published in 14 general radiology journals between 2003 and 2022. The title and abstract of each article were assessed for the presence of positive, negative, neutral, and random words, according to predefined sets of words for each category. Usage of positive, negative, neutral, and random words was calculated for each year and corrected for the total number of articles in each year. Temporal trends between 2002 and 2023 and the relationship between positive word usage and journal impact factor (IF) were assessed. Positive word usage (Mann-Kendall tau of 0.895, P< 0.001) and neutral word usage (Mann-Kendall tau of 0.463, P = 0.005) showed significant upward temporal trends. Negative word usage and random word usage did not show any significant temporal trends. Five positive words showed significantly increased usage over time and were present in more than 1 % of titles/abstracts in at least one year: "excellent" (Mann-Kendall tau of 0.800, P< 0.001), "favorable" (Mann-Kendall tau of 0.547, P< 0.001), "promising" (Mann-Kendall tau of 0.607, P< 0.001), "robust" (Mann-Kendall tau of 0.737, P< 0.001), and "unique" (Mann-Kendall tau of 0.747, P< 0.001). There was no significant association between positive word usage and journal IF. Radiology researchers appear to increasingly promote their scientific findings by more frequently using positive words in their publications over the past two decades. · Positive word usage in titles/abstracts has strongly increased between 2003-2022. · "Excellent", "favorable", "promising", "robust", and "unique" were most often used. · This trend occurred in all general radiology journals, regardless of impact factor. · Kwee T, Kwee R. Promotional language in radiology publications: increasing use of "excellent", "favorable", "promising", "robust", and "unique". Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; 196: 945 - 955.

Paraprofessionals’ Implementation of Constant Time Delay Procedures With Elementary Students With High-Intensity Behavioral Support Needs

Paraprofessionals play a significant role in the education system. However, they often need more training on specific instructional strategies to use with the students they work with. In this study, we trained two paraprofessionals working in a self-contained elementary classroom for students with high-intensity behavioral support needs. Each paraprofessional used constant time delay to support students’ learning to read grade-level sight and science words. Paraprofessionals also gathered maintenance and generalization sessions using individualized social stories created by the classroom teacher. Not only did the four student participants meet mastery of their personalized word sets but paraprofessionals also implemented all phases with high fidelity. We discuss limitations, implications for practice, and recommendations for future research.

When more is more: effect of context and stimulus set size on orthographic learning

ABSTRACT Orthographic learning was measured over two experiments after adults trained words written with unfamiliar symbols. Participants were randomly assigned to read a set of either 24 or 86 target words, both in context and in isolation. Training took place over six trials, followed by delayed reading and spelling post-tests. Reading in context consistently bolstered reading accuracy during and after training. In contrast, the highest spelling scores were noted following reading in isolation. The number of words to be learned (stimulus set size) moderated the effects of isolation training. Self-teaching a large set of diverse words in isolation increased reading accuracy, closing the gap with context. Overall, training in context helped establish orthographic representations that were good enough to support reading accuracy, especially when training with a small set of words. Whereas, reading in isolation refined orthographic representations to be precise enough to support later spelling accuracy.

Last Symbol Distribution in Pattern Avoiding Catalan Words

We study the distribution of the last symbol statistics on the sets of Catalan words avoiding a pattern of length at most three. For each pattern p, we provide a bivariate rational generating function where the coefficient cp(n,k)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\varvec{c}_p(n,k)$$\\end{document} of xnyk\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$x^ny^k$$\\end{document} in its series expansion is the number of length n Catalan words avoiding p and ending with the symbol k. We deduce recurrence relations or closed forms for cp(n,k)\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\varvec{c}_p(n,k)$$\\end{document} and we provide asymptotic approximations for the expectation of the last symbol on all Catalan words avoiding p. We end this paper by describing a computational approach using computer algebra.

Identification of Safety Risk Factors in Metro Shield Construction

Among the construction methods for subway projects, shield method construction technology has become a more widely used construction method for urban subway construction due to the advantages of a high degree of construction mechanization, low impact of the construction process on the environment, and strong adaptability of the shield machine to the stratum, etc. However, because of the complexity of the surrounding buildings (structures) in the subway construction, coupled with the diversity of the subway shield method construction activities and the uncertainties in the construction environment, to a certain extent, it is determined that the subway construction process is very complicated. The purpose of this study is based on the text mining method, where text is mined and utilized to realize the identification, extraction, and display of safety risk factors. Thus, it guides the safety management on site and provides a basis for knowledge reuse in other metro shield construction projects. Firstly, we analyze the shortcomings of safety risk management in domestic and international metro shield construction via a literature review, especially the utilization of safety risk text data. Secondly, we collect the risk reports submitted by all parties via the “Metro Project Safety Risk Early Warning System”, and manually screen the hidden danger statements with risk characterization to establish a corpus. Thirdly, we use the Jieba word separation package to extract and display the safety risk factors, so as to guide the on-site safety management. Subsequently, with the help of the Jieba word segmentation package for Chinese word segmentation, we develop a professional thesaurus to improve the effect of word segmentation; then, we use the TF-IDF parameter assignment to achieve the structural transformation of the text to extract high-frequency vocabulary; finally, from the high-frequency vocabulary to screen words containing the semantics of the risk to establish the risk of an initial set of words, we use the existing standards and norms to form the collection of safety risk factors of subway shield construction and generate the cloud diagram for visual display.

The role of speech style, frequency, and density in recognition memory for spoken words.

What determines whether listeners remember a spoken word? The Effortfulness Hypothesis claims that memory is modulated by a word's intelligibility during real-time processing, while the Distinctiveness Hypothesis claims that it is modulated by a word's distinguishing characteristics. We tested these differing predictions using American English words that varied along three dimensions known to affect both intelligibility and distinctiveness: speech style (clear versus casual), frequency (high versus low), and neighborhood density (high versus low). In a recognition memory experiment, participants (n = 66) listened to a set of study words, and then gave yes/no judgments to indicate whether or not they had heard the word earlier. Results showed that those words which exhibited distinctive characteristics - whether due to clear speech style, low frequency, or low density - were remembered better. The finding supports the Distinctiveness Hypothesis, suggesting that our capacity for remembering words relies on their distinctiveness, rather than on our capacity for recognizing them in real time.

Online processing and vocabulary learning in massed versus spaced repeated reading

The present exploratory study analyzed the effect of two different implementations of repeated reading (massed vs. spaced) on the online processing of the text and unknown vocabulary, as well as on incidental vocabulary learning. The relationship between processing and learning of target vocabulary in massed versus spaced repeated reading was also examined. A group of Spanish undergraduate students read the same text in English three times under either a massed (three times consecutively) or spaced (once a week) schedule, while their eye movements were recorded. Knowledge of a set of target words from the text was assessed in immediate and delayed multiple-choice, meaning-recognition tests. The results of this study suggest that repeated reading led to a decrease in total reading time and number of fixations in the massed group but not in the spaced group. However, there were no significant differences between the two conditions in the processing of target words or immediate vocabulary gains. Finally, it was observed that longer processing time on the target words was related to larger immediate vocabulary gains, but only in the spaced group.

Initial Syllable Vowel Duration as a Temporal Measure in Persons with Stuttering: Implication for Speech Motor Control

Stuttering is a fluency disorder characterized by involuntary repetitions, prolongations and hesitation. “Relational Speech Timing Task (RST)” refers to a phenomenon where in, when a set of words with a common base word, is used with progressively increasing length of suffixes it results in progressive reduction in the duration of vowel of the initial syllable. Since individuals with stuttering are reported to have difficulties in the temporal aspects of speech, this study aimed to assess and compare the Initial Syllable Vowel Shortening(ISVS) among individuals with stuttering and Fluent age matched controls. Eight males with stuttering and eight age and gender matched fluent adults served as subjects. Eight sets of meaningful Tamil words were developed for the RST tasks. The subjects were asked to repeat the modelled stimuli and only the stutter free responses were taken for the analysis. The duration of the initial vowel in the words were measured and compared between the two groups. Results revealed that individuals with stuttering exhibited difficulties for multisyllabic words, demonstrating the subtle timing difficulties in individuals with stuttering.

استعمال الألوان في الكتاب المدرسي بقطر: بين التفضيلات الشخصية للمتعلم والاستعمالات التربوية

This study examines the educational principles that guide the choice of colors in textbooks. It aims to find out what colors of sentences and words the learner generally likes, and what colors are used in the textbook specifically, as well as to explore how color choice is related to situational (presentation), personal (gender, and academic level), and emotional (preference) factors. 120 boys and girls from the preparatory stage and the first and second grades were tested, with an average age of 82.26 months. The tool consisted of six pairs of simple sentences, with a blank for adding a missing word, one written in black and the other in blue, along with six sets of words that will fill the blank of the sentence, written in seven different colors (red, yellow, blue, green, orange, purple, black), and the examinee chooses a sentence, and chooses a word with their preferred color, to put it in the empty part of the sentence. Through statistical analysis of the data, the results showed that children tend to like the blue color used in writing sentences, and that there is a difference between boys and girls in choosing the color of words, with some agreement between them on some of them. We also found a decrease in the level of interest in colored words in the second-grade primary.

Consecutive pattern-avoidance in Catalan words according to the last symbol

We study the distribution of the last symbol statistics on the sets of Catalan words avoiding a consecutive pattern of length at most three. For each pattern p, we provide a bivariate generating function, where the coefficient cp(n,k) of xnyk in its series expansion is the number of length n Catalan words avoiding p and ending with the symbol k. We deduce recurrence relations or closed forms for cp(n, k) and we provide asymptotic approximations for the expectation of the last symbol on all Catalan words avoiding p. Finally, we characterize the sequence cp(n, k) using Riordan arrays.

Leksykograficzne historie wyrazów – słowniki w słownikach.Słownik – część II

The article is a continuation of research dealing with the problem of dictionary history of names of lexicographic collections. The considerations concern the history of the lexeme dictionary in Polish lexicography in terms other than the basic meaning of a word, i.e. ‘an ordered set of words of a language’. The history of the following meanings recorded in Polish dictionaries is presented in a chronological order: ‘man of words, honorable’, ‘editor's office; the premises where the editorial office of the dictionary is located’, ‘a certain set of words; vocabulary’, ‘a book containing an ordered collection of words of a language’ and ‘a publication containing texts informing about specific issues, arranged alphabetically according to selected words or terms’. Often, the emergence of some meanings results from the principles adopted by the authors of the dictionary, from the detail in extracting meanings and underlinings.

SLANG WORDS USED IN NOVEL “HARRY POTTER AND THE CHAMBER OF SECRETS” BY J.K. ROWLING

The purpose of this research was to identify the different types of slang words and their meanings. Slang is an informal word that is often used by a certain group of people and usually differs in each region, so it is necessary to be researched to enjoy reading novel from a foreign country. The data was analyzed by reading the whole novel and looking for phrases that reflected slang words. The method used in this research was qualitative textual analysis and theories from experts. The theories used in this research were based on (Leech, 1974) seven types of slang word meaning: conceptual, connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic meaning, as well as (Connie C. Elbe, 1996) examines that slang is an ever-changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speaker use to establish or reinforce a social identity of cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. The result of the research showed that there are sixty eights slang expressions were examined, and the slang words meanings discovered in this research were mostly expressed by their denotative meanings.

Pragmatics of the Language of Law

Introduction. The starting point of the reasoning that makes up the content of this article is the proposition that law is, first of all, a text. The nature and structure of the legal text, as well as the possession of a specific set of words, determined its ability to influence in a special way the consciousness, psyche and behavior of a person. Here we are talking about the connection between the language of law and the phenomenon of NLP, i. e. neuro-linguistic programming. Theoretical Basis. Methods. This article used general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, systematization. In addition, the author turned to linguistic research methods. The judgments and conclusions formulated in the article were based on the achievements of phenomenology, psychology and analytical philosophy. Results. The language of law belongs to the category of artificial languages. It is a means for positing what should be as a result of the will and consciousness of subjects participating in the formation and establishment of prohibitions and permissions in objective reality. The structure of the language of law and its composition are characterized by such features that allowed the author of the article to substantiate its relationship with the phenomenon of neuro-linguistic programming. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results of a study of the relationship between the language of law and the phenomenon of neuro-linguistic programming, it was concluded that the language of law, in comparison with other natural and artificial languages, is primarily characterized by such a property as pragmatics, i. e., a targeted, programmed influence on the psyche and human behavior in order to form a world of law that is most adequate to the value system of society and the individual.

Texnik matnlardagi terminlarni tarjima qilishning etakchiligi va o'zgaruvchanligi

This article describes some of the problems encountered in the translation of scientific and technical terms that are currently relevant and their causes. In fact, not only students, but also specialists face a number of difficulties when translating scientific and technical texts, because it is important to learn the terms of that particular field along with a set of general words in the translation. And it also gives some information about the adequacy in the field of translation and ways of using it in the technical texts. Different views and theories of the equivalence and adequacy concepts are revealed. The problem of technical translation is of great importance nowadays, therefore common difficulties that a translator faces are identified in the article. Moreover, recommendations on technical translation are given.

Specifics of Structuring Ideographic Word Classes Representing Social Spheres (Example of “Education” Sphere)

The sphere of “Education” can be understood in terms of culture, knowledge, axiology, etc. This indicates the integrative and multi-aspect nature of the content behind lexemes such as education, learning, teaching, and studying. The main aspect of this article is lexicographic, with the aim of determining the scope and structure of the lexical set of words comprising the ideographic sphere of “Education” in modern Russian language. The work was carried out as part of the development of the project “Universal Ideographic Dictionary-Thesaurus of the Russian” by the Ural Semantic School under the guidance of L. G. Babenko. Materials from various dictionaries prepared by this team of researchers were used. Methods used included component analysis of lexical meaning and ideographic classification. Various types of relationships organizing this lexical set were identified in order to present a modeling of the “Education” sphere as a fragment of the denotative-ideographic world map. Examples of words and word groups related by hyper-hyponymy, meronymy, synonymy, and antonymy within the denotative-ideographic groups of this sphere are provided. It is shown that the lexical set of words representing the sphere of “Education,” like many other similar classes of words denotatively linked to human social life, is structured not hierarchically, but in accordance with components of represented situations.

FORMATION OF MA- AND PA- ALLOMORPH: THE CASE OF SONORANT SEGMENTS’ CLUSTERING

The maN- and paN- are some affixes in Banjarese language that manifest the occurrence of homorganic nasal assimilation when forming allomorphs. But in some allomorphs, such as ma- and pa-, the nasal segment was completely deleted from the affixes. This study aims to provide a rational explanation for the deletion of the nasal segment in both allomorphs. A set of base words was retrieved from a dictionary, and respondents were chosen to recite each word as well as the derived word after it received the affixes. The ma- and pa- were formed as a result of each prefix being followed by a sonorant segment, both consonant and vowel. This is different from the Malay language, which only allows nasal segments to be deleted when a sonorant consonant follows them. This study is hoped to add some value to the previous studies as well as become a pioneer for upcoming studies.

Linguomedial Reconstruction of an Event: COVID-19 Pandemic Coverage in British and French Quality Press

The article looks at linguistic units applied for creating an image of an event. The first section of the article dwells on the most important works of Russian scholars in the field under investigation. Here, the term “linguomedial reconstruction of an event” is introduced and defined as the creation of an image of an event in mass media, including the analysis of information, its interpretation, creating media texts, and their positioning and functioning in media space. The second section describes in detail the analysis of informational and analytical media texts from British and French quality press dedicated to the Coonavirus pandemic: spread of the new virus, measures taken by the authorities, and vaccination. The analysis was conducted on lexical (identification of key lexical components of the texts) and suprasegmental (identification of key structural elements of the text) levels. The third section contains the results of the study. It was found out that both informational and analytical media texts consist of roughly equal number (usually less than 6) of topic-based sections (TBS). Analytical texts explore each topic more fully than informational ones; besides, the former include such topic as ‘expert opinion’. Seemingly, the larger is the volume of articles describing certain topic, the higher position this topic takes in news agenda. Any TBS may be characterized with a particular set of words and expressions - its lexical base. The lexical base of the TBS differs between cultures; the study shows that British quality press media prefer words describing actions and deeds, while French ones pay more attention to emotional response to the event. Besides, it was noted that military lexical units were widely used in pandemic new coverage, thus conceptualizing anti-coronavirus measures as military actions.