Set Of Tests Research Articles

Does carbon emission trading scheme inhibit corporate executives' pursuit of excess compensation? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Carbon regulation, which affects corporate management's carbon reduction and related decisions, has the potential to influence corporate executives' pursuit of excess compensation. Using the pilot policy of the carbon emissions trading scheme (CETS) in China as a quasi-natural experiment, we examine the impact of this policy shock on corporate executives' excess compensation through data from listed manufacturing companies from 2007 to 2020. Our findings show that the executives' excess compensation of manufacturing companies in the pilot regions shows a significant decline owing to the policy shock of CETS, which is supported by a rich set of robustness tests. Furthermore, the mechanism tests indicate that reducing agency costs and stimulating employment demand are two channels for CETS to inhibit excess compensation of corporate executives, and that the factor marketization and the nature of firms' property rights play moderating roles in this inhibitory effect. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the inhibitory effect of CETS on the excess compensation of corporate executives also varies depending on the differences in corporate governance characteristics. Overall, these findings provide evidence for the regulatory effect of CETS in the contract design of corporate executives' compensation and also provide empirical support for emerging economies to alleviate income inequality by achieving carbon equality.

Application of <i>in vitro</i> studies to predict the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban tablets

Introduction. The most important stage of pharmaceutical development of a generic drug is a clinical trial involving humans – a bioequivalence study. Considering the importance of finding rivaroxaban drugs in the list of vital and essential drugs, as part of ensuring technological sovereignty, the use of scientific robust and effective methods for determining the quality of the dosage form is required.Aim. Conduct a study of rivaroxaban tablets on a physiologically relevant tester to predict pharmacokinetic profiles.Materials and methods. The objects of the study are "Xarelto®, film-coated tablets, 10 mg" (series BXJS871, with an expiration date of October 31, 2024, Bayer AG, Germany), "Xarelto®, film-coated tablets, 20 mg" (series BXKDF32, with an expiration date of May 17, 2026, Bayer AG, Germany) and "Rivaroxaban, film-coated tablets, 10 mg" and "Rivaroxaban, film-coated tablets, 20 mg", domestically produced, with valid expiration dates. During the study, reagents were used to prepare dissolution media and perform quantitative determination. The physiologically relevant test was performed on the SC PRT-6 device (LLC "Scientific Compliance", Russia). The quantitative content of released rivaroxaban within the comparative dissolution kinetics test in a medium of 0.1 in a medium of 0.1 % sodium lauryl sulfate solution in a phosphate buffer solution pH 6.5 was carried out on a SF-2000 spectrophotometer (LLC "OKB Spektr", Russia). The quantitative content of released rivaroxaban within the comparative dissolution kinetics test in biorelevant dissolution media and physiological relevance test was assessed on a high-performance liquid chromatograph "Chromatec-Crystal HPLC 2014" (CJSC "Chromatec", Russia). Pharmacokinetic profiles were modeled in the PK-Sim® (Systems Biology Software Suite 11.2, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Germany) program based on the data obtained within the physiologically relevant test. The clinical study of rivaroxaban tablets was a prospective, open-label, randomized, crossover, two-stage comparative study in two groups of volunteers with a single dose of drugs on the fast condition. The study randomized 30 healthy male volunteers aged 18–45 years.Results and discussion. A complex of in vitro tests was conducted, profiles were obtained that allow us to evaluate the dynamics and degree of release of the studied drugs in various parts of the human gastrointestinal tract. A comparison of the sequential and hybrid schemes for conducting the physiological relevance test was carried out. Within the framework of the set of tests, qualitative and quantitative correlation with the clinical trials data was observed only for the hybrid physiological relevance test scheme. Based on the results of physiological relevance test using different schemes, pharmacokinetic profiles for a pair of drugs were predicted and the prediction error was assessed.Conclusion. A set of scientific in vitro tests was conducted for the drugs "Xarelto®, film-coated tablets, 10 mg and 20 mg", "Rivaroxaban, film-coated tablets, 10 mg and 20 mg". Based on the physiological relevance test results, pharmacokinetic profiles for a pair of drugs were predicted with low error and high reliability. As part of the comparison of data obtained during clinical trial and modeling, the smallest prediction error was noted when performing physiological relevance test using a hybrid scheme.

HCl-induced emulsion and sludge formation affected by asphaltene type

Asphaltene may cause severe challenges during acid stimulation of oil wells. In the course of contact between crude oil and the injected acid (i.e. HCl), dispersed asphaltene molecules in the organic medium chemically adsorb and accumulate onto the surface of acid droplets due to interaction with acid ions. This causes forming a shear-resistance interfacial layer, known as acid-induced sludge, that prevents droplet coalescence and stabilizes the unwanted acid in oil emulsion. In this study, a set of compatibility tests was conducted to discern the emulsion stabilizing affinity of various asphaltene samples and sludge formation as a function of experimental variables including acid-to-mixture volumetric ratio (AMR) and pH, ferric ion, and asphaltene concentrations, aromaticity of the model oil, and shear (mixing speed). The utilization of heptol model oils (a mixture of heptane, toluene, and asphaltene) would help to focus on asphaltene behavior while isolating the other crude oil components. Five asphaltene samples (A1 to A5) having different structures were used in this study. Regardless of asphaltene properties, the emulsion stability was decreased approximately 70 % by increasing AMR. In addition, more aromaticity of the model oil resulted in 80 % less emulsion stability. There is a minimum range for emulsion stability in the interval of 500–1000 ppm asphaltene concentration for all samples. Up to 50 % emulsion stability was detected in the case of asphaltene A3 because of basic properties and higher colloidal instability. The effect of ferric ion concentration on intensifying emulsion stability and sludge formation was noticeable up to 500 ppm. HCl-model oil emulsion and the formed sludge had no sensitivity to shear force in the range of 500–1500 rpm due to the very low viscosity of the model oil. Therefore, in the studied shear range, emulsion and sludge formation have been more chemically controlled instead of being physically limited due to mixing. Moreover, sludge formation is not affected by pH of the HCl solution higher than 2 and mixing speed.

Gamma Spot Monitor at SLEGS beamline

The Gamma Spot Monitor(GSM) at SLEGS beamline is designed to provide a direct view of the gamma beam profile. The main part of the GSM is a LYSO crystal and an astronomical camera. A set of experimental tests on its performance were carried out. The results show that the magnification are 21.0% in X and 21.2% in Y direction, and the relative distortion is proved to be lower than 0.7%. The spatial resolution of the GSM evaluated by the Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) is better than 6.4 lp/mm. The contrast resolution is better than 14%. Beamline alignment is essential in beam modulation, and there are several ways for beamline alignment. In this paper, alignment capability of the GSM is demonstrated, also, the absorption coefficient distribution of a model composed of different materials is shown.

Experimental behavior of connection between composite columns and reinforced concrete flat slab

The combination of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns and reinforced concrete flat slabs provides a suitable structural solution that can be used to replace traditional structures in high-rise buildings. The connection between the CFST column and the RC flat slab is an important factor for this construction system to operate efficiently. In this study, a new form for the connection between the CFST column and the RC flat slab has been proposed. This connection has more constructability, where the steel tube is cut at the level of the slab to prevent the separation between the slab and the concrete inside the steel tube as the slab reinforcement is allowed to continue in the connection zone. The joint zone is strengthened with rebar rings to compensate for the loss in confinement caused by cutting the steel tube at the slab level. In addition to using longitudinal rebar in the joint zone to bear part of the vertical load and to ensure bending rigidity. The behavior of the proposed connection was investigated by testing three sets of small-sized samples. In addition, an equation based on the outcomes of the second set of tests has been carried out to determine the joint bearing capacity for the vertical load.

Characterization of different longitudinal shear transfer mechanisms for profiles embedded in concrete walls

Concrete walls or columns reinforced by one or multiple embedded steel profiles have gained popularity due to their improved strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity. However, certain gaps in information are remaining in the available standards regarding the design of such non-conventional reinforced concrete systems. In particular, a proper characterization of the longitudinal shear transfer properties at the steel-concrete interface is required for a reliable design. Although sufficient information is available regarding mechanical connectors like shear studs, detailed information is required for any other types of mechanical connectors such as welded steel plates or for configuration without mechanical connectors. Moreover, even for cases with mechanical connectors, the orientation of the profile – and hence the distance to the face of the concrete – and the tying system can have a significant influence on the load transfer mechanisms. To this purpose, this article presents the outcomes of a set of push-out tests with the objective of comparing the force transfer mechanisms from the steel profile to the surrounding concrete wall for different types of interfaces. 13 tests specimens are investigated, with flexible (shear studs) and/or rigid (steel plates) shear connectors, considering different orientations of the profile and tying mechanisms, as well as a comparison with profiles without mechanical connectors. Based on the test results and subsequent analytical assessment, relevant conclusions are drawn regarding the longitudinal shear transfer at the steel-concrete interface. If necessary provisions are followed, welded steel plates prove to be an effective alternative to the shear stud connectors in terms of connector strength. The orientation of the embedded steel profile, consequent position of the mechanical connectors and their distance to the concrete face are observed to have a significant influence on the compression strut evolution, which therefore dictates the necessity (or not) of horizontal confinement or ties. Furthermore, combining the shear strength offered by different types of mechanical connectors and the steel-concrete bond offer a precise estimate of the longitudinal shear strength and therefore indicates towards the conservative nature of the design provisions suggested by the available standards.

Effects of Carbohydrate and Caffeine Mouth Rinsing Methods on Repetitive Kick Force and Duration, and Hand Reaction Time in Karate Athletes

The effect of carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) solutions rinsing in the mouth in combat sports where high-intensity movements are performed intermittently despite fatigue is unknown. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of rinsing CHO and CAF solutions in the mouth on kick force, duration, and hand reaction time in karate athletes. 16 male trained karate players (average age 21.6 years, weekly training time 8.4 hours, training experience 7.8 years) voluntarily participated in the study. In a replicated, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover design study, after the 10 seconds mouth rinsing of CHO (6.4% maltodextrin), CAF (1.2%), and placebo (water) solutions in sessions, repeated sprint test (6sec sprint ×10 repetitions, with 30sec rest) on a bicycle ergometer, after light stimuli kick test (consecutive 5 times), hand reaction time test (consecutive 5 times), kick test (consecutive 5 times), hand reaction time test (consecutive 5 times) were performed respectively. The results obtained from the tests in the constructed protocol by causing fatigue (peak power, average power, minimum power, power drop; kicking reaction time, strength, power, and time; hand reaction time) were compared between sessions. The highest peak power and average power outputs (W/kg) obtained from the repeated sprint test were obtained in the CAF session, and the best kick and hand reaction times (ms) were obtained in the CAF session in the 2nd set of tests. The results obtained from this study suggest that the CAF mouth rinsing method can improve kick and hand reaction time despite fatigue in karate competitions.

Experimental Study on the Mechanical Properties of Nano-Silicon-Modified Polyurethane Crack Repair Materials

This study aims to solve the problem of dynamic crack repair in concrete. Although conventional polyurethane has good strength, its tensile and shear properties are poor. It was found that nano-silicon had an overall enhancing effect on the mechanical properties of polyurethane; therefore, five sets of tests with different dosages (0%, 2%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) were designed. The compressive, tensile, and shear mechanical properties of nano-silicon-modified polyurethanes were tested by compression, tensile, and straight shear tests, and the microscopic appearance of the materials was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that nano-silicon could enhance the mechanical properties of polyurethane. The best filling effect on polyurethane was achieved at a dosage of 5%, which increased the compressive, tensile, and shear strengths by 29.4%, 257.6%, and 202.1%, respectively, compared with the substrate. The compressive and tensile moduli in the small strain range were enhanced by 268.5% and 511.8%, respectively. After exceeding 5%, the mechanical properties of the materials decreased due to the enhanced nanoparticle agglomeration effect, which led to the appearance of voids inside the materials. The comprehensive analysis shows that nano-silicon can better enhance the mechanical properties of polyurethane with an optimal dosage of 5%, which is stronger relative to other repair materials and does not require time maintenance.

Missile Fault Detection and Localization Based on HBOS and Hierarchical Signed Directed Graph

The rudder surfaces and lifting surfaces of a missile are utilized to acquire aerodynamic forces and moments, adjust the missile’s attitude, and achieve precise strike missions. However, the harsh flying conditions of missiles make the rudder surfaces and lifting surfaces susceptible to faults. In practical scenarios, there is often a scarcity of fault data, and sometimes, it is even difficult to obtain such data. Currently, data-driven fault detection and localization methods heavily rely on fault data, posing challenges for their applicability. To address this issue, this paper proposes an HBOS (Histogram-Based Outlier Score) online fault-detection method based on statistical distribution. This method generates a fault-detection model by fitting the probability distribution of normal data and incorporates an adaptive threshold to achieve real-time fault detection. Furthermore, this paper abstracts the interrelationships between the missile’s flight states and the propagation mechanism of faults into a hierarchical directed graph model. By utilizing bilateral adaptive thresholds, it captures the first fault features of each sub-node and determines the fault propagation effectiveness of each layer node based on the compatibility path principle, thus establishing a fault inference and localization model. The results of semi-physical simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is independent of fault data and exhibits high real-time performance. In multiple sets of simulated tests with randomly parameterized deviations, the fault-detection accuracy exceeds 98% with a false-alarm rate of no more than 0.31%. The fault-localization algorithm achieves an accuracy rate of no less than 97.91%.

Optimization of synthesis method for carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) from agro-food wastes by response surface methodology (RSM) using D-Optimal algorithm

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) has wide commercial applicability for oil drilling fluids, cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries, but the current industrial process for its synthesis from eucalyptus wood has low sustainability and efficiency. This work reports the statistical optimization for the synthesis of CMC from waste biomass celluloses with special reactivity, extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SB) and corn cob (CC). The combined mild acid/peroxide-alkali (APA) treatment, followed by bleaching, was efficient for the extraction of low-crystallinity pulps, which were further converted into CMC. A set of carboxymethylation tests with variable reaction conditions determined by a D-Optimal design of experiments (DoE) were carried out by assessing the factors Activation Time (AT), Reaction Time (RT), NaOH concentration (NaOH%) and Cellulose (SBCel or CCel). Characteristic CMC absorption features were observed via FTIR and Raman spectra, and the deconvolution of X-ray diffractograms showed that the mild APA treatment is able to produce pulps with significant content of amorphous and type II celluloses, whose have higher reactivity and reflects in the optimal results of the DoE. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and response surface methodology (RSM) results from DoE data proved with high precision (F=184.81; p-value<0.0001; R2=0.9911; SD<1.0×10–5) and accuracy (low regression residuals) that the waste celluloses extracted are promising to produce CMC under milder conditions in comparison to literature, yielding up to 227 % (w CMC/w cellulose) of water-soluble CMC at lower AT and RT. The optimized process is more sustainable, low-cost, and efficient for producing this high valued-added cellulose derivative in the concept of biorefinery.

Digital technology adoption and investment sensitivity to stock price

This paper investigates whether and how digital technology affects the sensitivity of corporate investment to stock price in China. Employing text analysis, we measure firm-level adoption of digital technology. Our findings show that digital technology has a strong positive effect on the investment-to-price sensitivity. After addressing endogeneity problems and conducting a set of robustness tests, the main effect remains consistent. Mechanism tests suggest that digital technology enhances stock price informativeness, thereby increasing the investment sensitivity to stock price. Furthermore, this positive effect is more pronounced among firms with lower information transparency, higher institutional ownership, and higher managerial ownership. Our paper contributes to the literature by demonstrating that digital technology helps to improve the investment-to-price sensitivity.

Assessing the influence of welding-induced mechanics on oxidation and stress corrosion cracking in an Alloy 600-Alloy 152 M weldment under simulated PWR primary water

The impact of welding-induced mechanics on the oxidation and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of Alloy 600 in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) primary water was investigated using an Alloy 600-Alloy 152 M weldment. The microstructural analysis found a 0.05 mm-wide composition transition zone from welding. The Alloy 600 heat-affected zone (HAZ) grain size matches the Alloy 600 base (600B). Deformation hardening initially decreases and stabilizes from the fusion boundary (FB) to the 600B Comparing the microstructural characteristics of the specimen from the HAZ at about 0.5 mm from the FB with specimen 600B shows identical composition, but the former exhibits higher Vickers hardness (HV), kernel average misorientation (KAM), dislocation density, and residual stresses. Results from both short- and long-term oxidation tests indicate that the specimen from the HAZ exhibits a greater thickness of the inner oxide film, a higher number of local oxidation sites, and an increased maximum depth of intergranular (IG) oxidation compared to the 600B specimen. Multiple sets of SCC test results demonstrate that the crack growth rate (CGR) in the specimens from the HAZ is higher than that in the base, with the former showing longer IG cracks and a greater proportion of IG cracking.

Enhancing Highway Driving: High Automated Vehicle Decision Making in a Complex Multi-Body Simulation Environment

Automated driving is a promising development in reducing driving accidents and improving the efficiency of driving. This study focuses on developing a decision-making strategy for autonomous vehicles, specifically addressing maneuvers such as lane change, double lane change, and lane keeping on highways, using deep reinforcement learning (DRL). To achieve this, a highway driving environment in the commercial multi-body simulation software IPG Carmaker 11 version is established, wherein the ego vehicle navigates through surrounding vehicles safely and efficiently. A hierarchical control framework is introduced to manage these vehicles, with upper-level control handling driving decisions. The DDPG (deep deterministic policy gradient) algorithm, a specific DRL method, is employed to formulate the highway decision-making strategy, simulated in MATLAB software. Also, the computational procedures of both DDPG and deep Q-network algorithms are outlined and compared. A set of simulation tests is carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested decision-making policy. The research underscores the advantages of the proposed framework concerning its convergence rate and control performance. The results demonstrate that the DDPG-based overtaking strategy enables efficient and safe completion of highway driving tasks.

Common Non-Rheumatic Medical Conditions Mimicking Fibromyalgia: A Simple Framework for Differential Diagnosis.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic non-inflammatory disorder mainly characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and a constellation of other symptoms. For this reason, delineating a clear distinction between pure FM and FM-like picture attributable to other common diseases can be extremely challenging. Physicians must identify the most significant confounders in individual patients and implement an appropriate diagnostic workflow, carefully choosing a minimal (but sufficient) set of tests to be used for identifying the most plausible diseases in the specific case. This article discusses prevalent non-rheumatological conditions commonly observed in the general population that can manifest with clinical features similar to primary FM. Given their frequent inclusion in the differential diagnosis of FM patients, the focus will be on elucidating the distinctive clinical characteristics of each condition. Additionally, the most cost-effective and efficient diagnostic methodologies for accurately discerning these conditions will be examined.

Cash flow uncertainty, ownership structure and corporate real estate holding

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between cash flow uncertainty and corporate real estate holdings and investigates the role of ownership structure. Using a dataset of A-share listed companies in China, we find that there is a significantly negative association between cash flow uncertainty and corporate real estate holdings, and this effect is more pronounced for private enterprises (non-SOEs). The results hold firmly after performing various methods to address potential endogeneity and a set of related robustness tests. From the perspective of supply-led and debt cost discrimination, we also demonstrate that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) can benefit from favourable credit discrimination, which mitigates the impact of cash flow uncertainty.

Experimental study on the performance of geogrid-reinforced soil (GRS) walls under monotonic footing loading

Geogrid-reinforced soil (GRS) is a widely employed compound material in the construction of retaining walls. This paper presents a set of reduced-scale model tests to study the performance of GRS walls with dry backfill under monotonic footing loading, varying parameters such as wall inclination angle and the number of reinforcement layers. Lateral deflections of the retaining wall, bearing capacity of the footing and the failure mode of the soil were analysed. The results indicated that augmenting the reinforcement layers will lessen wall lateral deflections, and increasing the angle of inclination could significantly enhance ultimate bearing capacity of the footing. A linear relationship was found between the overall lateral deflections of the retaining wall and the footing settlement. The failure of geogrid could lead to a breakdown in the connection between the geogrid and the soil, consequently causing local failure. The failure modes of the GRS wall under strip footing was composed of shear failure in the reinforcement layer and spiral failure in the weak layer. At last, the logarithmic spiral analysis method was modified slightly to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity. The analytical solution and the outcomes derived from experimental models exhibit a high level of concordance.

Agglomeration and the Italian North–South divide

Abstract This article offers new evidence on agglomeration economies by examining the link between total factor productivity (TFP) and employment density in Italy. We investigate whether and how the TFP–density nexus contributes to explaining a relevant share of the marked productivity gap between the northern and the southern Italian regions. We estimate TFP for a large sample of manufacturing firms and then aggregate it at the level of local labour market areas. We tackle the endogeneity issues stemming from the presence of omitted covariates and reverse causation with an innovative set of diagnostic tests and an instrumental variable approach that relies on geological and historical data. Our estimate of the TFP elasticity to the spatial concentration of economic activities is about 0.045, a magnitude comparable to those measured for other developed countries. We also show that no significant heterogeneity emerges in the intensity of agglomeration economies across the country and that the positive TFP difference in favour of the firms located in the North is not due to the tougher competition taking place in those areas.

Navigation benchmarking for autonomous mobile robots in hospital environment

The widespread adoption of robotic technologies in healthcare has opened up new perspectives for enhancing accuracy, effectiveness and quality of medical procedures and patients’ care. Special attention has been given to the reliability of robots when operating in environments shared with humans and to the users’ safety, especially in case of mobile platforms able to navigate autonomously. From the analysis of the literature, it emerges that navigation tests carried out in a hospital environment are preliminary and not standardized. This paper aims to overcome the limitations in the assessment of autonomous mobile robots navigating in hospital environments by proposing: (i) a structured benchmarking protocol composed of a set of standardized tests, taking into account conditions with increasing complexity, (ii) a set of quantitative performance metrics. The proposed approach has been used in a realistic setting to assess the performance of two robotic platforms, namely HOSBOT and TIAGo, with different technical features and developed for different applications in a clinical scenario.

Biaxial seismic response of base-column connections in sub-standard steel buildings: dataset.

Existing steel frames not complying with modern seismic codes are often vulnerable to earthquakes due to inadequate seismic detailing. These types of framed structures typically feature semi-rigid and partial strength column-base connections; the behaviour of such connections may significantly affect their seismic performance. However, current code provisions offer limited guidance for the assessment and retrofit of column-base connections To fill the knowledge gap, the H2020 EU-funded Earthquake Assessment of Base-Column Connections in Existing Steel Frames (HITBASE) project experimentally investigated, the response of exposed column-base plate connections. Bi-directional Pseudo-Dynamic tests were carried out at the Structures Laboratory (STRULAB) of the University of Patras within the framework of Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies (ERIES). The case-study steel frame featured two types of column-base plate connections, i.e., stiffened and unstiffened, representing respectively the base connections of an external moment-resisting frame and an internal gravity frame. The experimental programme comprised free vibration tests to identify the modal properties of the sample steel frame. A set of quasi-static cyclic tests and Pseudo-Dynamic tests were then carried out to investigate the performance of the steel frame under bi-directional earthquake sequences. The response of each component constituting the column-base plate connections was monitored during the tests to fully capture the behaviour of the connections. Such experimental results allow model calibration and further parametric investigation on column base plate connections.

Evaluating densification effect of ideal compaction grouting in unsaturated soils by volumetric water content

Compaction grouting is primarily applied based on empiricism, and it is challenging to quantify its densification effect. To address this issue, five sets of laboratory model tests on ideal compaction grouting were conducted, with varying pressures from 400 kPa to 800 kPa, to quantitatively evaluate the densification effect in unsaturated soils. The response of surrounding soil during compaction grouting was monitored. The changes in dry density and void ratio induced by compaction grouting were obtained by monitoring volumetric water content to determine compaction efficiency. In addition, a model was developed and validated to predict the effective compaction range. The results show that soil dry density increased rapidly during compaction grouting before being stabilized at a consistent level. As expected, it is positively correlated with grouting pressures (GPs) and negatively correlated with the distance from the injection point. At higher GPs, the difference in densification effect around the injection point after compaction grouting was significant. Interestingly, variations in ultimate dry density and peak earth pressures perpendicular to the injection direction exhibited axisymmetric behavior around the injection point when comparing the dry density and earth pressure results. Furthermore, soil densification resulted in a decrease in suction. However, no significant effect of GP on suction at different soil positions was observed. Moreover, compaction efficiency decreased with increasing distance from the injection point, showing a strong linear relationship. In addition, the model results for the effective compaction range were basically consistent with the extrapolated values from the experimental results.