Set Of Meters Research Articles

Gavriil Derzhavin’s logoaedic verse

The poetic works of Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin (1743–1816) published from 1777 to 1790 demonstrate a rather limited set of meters — mostly iambic (iambic tetrameters, аlexandrines, free iambic verse); the presence of trochees (exclusively tetrameters) is modest, and ternary meters are completely absent. The year 1791 was a turning point. In that year, Derzhavin published his polymetric cantata “To a Patron of the Arts”, which, although predominantly iambic, contains two dactylic passages. After that year, the poet often used iambic trimeter as well as trochaic tetrameter, which was inspired by his sudden interest in anacreontics. A year later, Derzhavin published his first version of “The Swallow” in The Moscow Journal, written in ternary trimeters with variable anacrusis, which was apparently the first experiment of this kind in Russian poetry. Soon afterwards, Derzhavin began to experiment with the dactylic tetrameter, resembling similar work by N. P. Nikolev, I. I. Dmitriev and N. M. Karamzin beginning in the late 1780s. Like those poets, he initially omitted one syllable in the second foot, and then two syllables, which led to the emergence of logoaedic structures in his poems. He uses these meters in their pure form (“Snowbird”), and also combined them in stanzas with syllabo-tonic meters (“Spring”, “On Atheists”, “To the Publisher of My Songs”, “The Rainbow”). He also created “logoaedized dolniks”, irregularly combining logoaedic lines with syllabo-tonic ones (“On the capture of Warsaw”, the sixth stanza of “The Encounter of Orpheus with the Sun”, “Autumn”). In the poems “On G. Ozerov, Who Dedicated ʻOedipus’ to Me” and “To Polyhymnia”, Derzhavin loosened the principle of isometric stanzas. One of the sources of inspiration for these experiments was Derzhavin’s enthusiastic and rather vague conception of the great rhythmic diversity of ancient poetry (primarily of Sappho’s and Horace’s poems) compared to modern European lyric poetry.

Protection Against False Data Injection Attacks Considering Degrees of Freedom in Attack Vectors

In a false data injection attack to compromise the results of state estimation, the attacker intends to alter the meter readings communicated to the control center to his/her desired values to realize an objective. However, to avoid detection, the manipulated readings should not violate physical laws. Therefore, even if an attacker is able to attack a set of meters, he/she may not be able to inject an arbitrary magnitude of attack into all meters of this set. In this paper, we study the degrees of freedom in the attack vectors available to the attacker; higher degrees of freedom pose a higher risk to the utility. We propose an algorithm to determine the degrees of freedom in attack vectors and a method to find the set of meters to be secured in order to minimize the degrees of freedom in all attack vectors. Our results show that a significant reduction in degrees of freedom in all attack vectors is possible by securing a small set of meters.

Managing False Data Injection Attacks During Contingency of Secured Meters

One major cyber-threat to energy management system is false data injection attack, where an attacker corrupts a set of meters maliciously in such a way that the conventional methods cannot detect it. For an $n$ bus power system, a method to prevent such threats is by securing a set of $(n-1)$ meters, called a basic measurement set (BMS). We prove, in this paper, that the failure in the protection system of a single meter in a BMS is sufficient to create the most vulnerable form of attacks, if the BMS is not chosen appropriately. Selecting the appropriate BMS (called optimal BMS) is formulated as a multi-objective combinatorial optimization problem. First, a greedy algorithm is developed to find the optimal BMS. Second, if all the necessary meters cannot be secured, a greedy algorithm is developed for securing less than $(n-1)$ meters in an optimal BMS, in such a way that the vulnerability of attack is minimum. Our simulation results confirm that there is a significant improvement in security when the optimal BMS is chosen.

Using Different ML Algorithms and Hyperparameter Optimization to Predict Heat Meters’ Failures

The need to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, as well as the use of local renewable heat sources has caused heat meters to be used not only to calculate the consumed energy, but also for the active management of central heating systems. Increasing the reading frequency and the use of measurement data to control the heating system expands the requirements for the reliability of heat meters. The aim of the research is to analyze a large set of meters in the real network and predict their faults to avoid inaccurate readings, incorrect billing, heating system disruption, and unnecessary maintenance. The reliability analysis of heat meters, based on historical data collected over several years, shows some regularities, which cannot be easily described by physics-based models. The failure rate is almost constant and does depend on the past, but is a non-linear combination of state variables. To predict meters’ failures in the next billing period, three independent machine learning models are implemented and compared with selected metrics, because even the high performance of a single model (87% true positive for neural network) may be insufficient to make a maintenance decision. Additionally, performing hyperparameter optimization boosts the models’ performance by a few percent. Finally, three improved models are used to build an ensemble classifier, which outperforms the individual models. The proposed procedure ensures the high efficiency of fault detection (>95%), while maintaining overfitting at the minimum level. The methodology is universal and can be utilized to study the reliability and predict faults of other types of meters and different objects with the constant failure rate.

Level of economic security of NATO Eastern flank countries

In the modern world an undoubted increase in the economic factor of maintaining the security of states is observed. Economic security is an important element of the functioning of national economies, including the states of the eastern flank of NATO. Perceiving economic security as a balance of development needs of these states we can identify several areas of activity of its quantifiers, which can include development, infrastructure and balance opportunities and needs. To determine the levels of these quantifiers, we must use a carefully selected set of meters. One of them is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which clearly describes the measurable features present in the analyzed national economies. The objective of this article is to attempt to indicate the level of the economic security of NATO’s eastern flank states in terms of the level of economic growth measured by GDP. From an autonomous perspective, this meter does not give grounds for expressing value judgments in the context of the widely understood level of economic security, but it constitutes their necessary component and basis for further analyzes and evaluations. For the needs of the elaboration, an assumption was made, being a simplification of the economic reality, indicating that changes in annual GDP will show the level of the economic security of NATO’s eastern flank states. Hence, an increase in GDP growth lower than 1.9% in a period, which the analysis refers to, is a sign of a decrease in the level of economic security of a given state and vice versa. In all the states of NATO’s eastern flank, an improvement in its level was observed, where in 2017 in all the states of NATO’s eastern flank the rate of GDP growth was higher than the assumed critical threshold level of 1.9%. Years 2014–2016 also constitute a period of improvement in the level of the economic security of the analyzed states, except for Bulgaria in 2014, Estonia and Lithuania in 2015 and Estonia in 2016. While the period from 2008 to 2013 is a period when the level of the economic security of the states of NATO’s eastern flank is diverse and there are no indications that it improved. In the context of the analyzed problem, the best years were 2008 and 2011, for which GDP growth was the highest. In 2008 Estonia, Latvia and Hungary were those that did not reach the critical threshold (decline in economic security). The other six states were characterized by an increase in the level of economic security. The following year is a period when all the states (except for Poland) did not register any improvement. This resulted from a general economic recession, which was observed in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. Considering the number of years for which the assumed critical threshold level of 1.9% was not reached, we can claim that the economy of Poland (2 periods: 2012–2013), and then Czech Republic, Lithuania, Latvia and Slovakia (3 periods), Romania (4 years) and Bulgaria, Estonia and Hungary (5 years) were characterized by the highest level of economic security in the analyzed period.

Robust Meter Network for Water Distribution Pipe Burst Detection

A meter network is a set of meters installed throughout a water distribution system to measure system variables, such as the pipe flow rate and pressure. In the current hyper-connected world, meter networks are being exposed to meter failure conditions, such as malfunction of the meter’s physical system and communication system failure. Therefore, a meter network’s robustness should be secured for reliable provision of informative meter data. This paper introduces a multi-objective optimal meter placement model that maximizes the detection probability, minimizes false alarms, and maximizes the robustness of a meter network given a predefined number of meters. A meter network’s robustness is defined as its ability to consistently provide quality data in the event of meter failure. Based on a single-meter failure simulation, a robustness indicator for the meter network is introduced and maximized as the third objective of the proposed model. The proposed model was applied to the Austin network to determine the independent placement of pipe flow and pressure meters with three or five available meters. The results showed that the proposed model is a useful tool for determining meter locations to secure high detectability and robustness.

Data integrity attack in smart grid: optimised attack to gain momentary economic profit

The cyber-physical security of power grid has gained more attention in the research community due to integration of information and communication technologies. Smart meters are vulnerable to cyber threats and if the security of these meters is compromised then the consequence can be devastating. It is necessary to study all the possible impacts that cyber attacks may have on the power grid in order to make the grid immune to such intrusions. With more and more renewable energy and information technology integration, electricity companies must make sure that they are not paying for spoofed electricity. In this study, the authors propose a new attack through which a private actor injects false data into multiple meters to deceive the system operator with new modified system state to gain momentary profit by projecting higher energy export than actual. Assuming real power injection measurement to be secured at all the generator buses, the attack is simulated for IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus system. From the system operator's perspective, the most vulnerable buses are obtained and ranked based on the severity and minimum set of meters required to launch an attack.

Electromagnetic interference in electrical systems of motor vehicles

Electronic ignition system affects the electronic equipment of the vehicle by electric and magnetic fields. The measurement of radio electromagnetic interference originating from the ignition system affecting the audiovisual test bench was carried out with a variable speed of the ignition system. The paper presents measurements of radio electromagnetic interference in automobiles. In order to determine the level of electromagnetic interference, the audiovisual test bench was equipped with a set of meters for power consumption and assessment of the level of electromagnetic interference. Measurements of the electromagnetic interference level within the audiovisual system were performed on an experimental test bench consisting of the ignition system, starting system and charging system with an alternator and regulator.

Sparse Causal Temporal Modeling to Inform Power System Defense

The accurate estimation of system state variables at buses in the power-grid is crucial for determining the operational state of the power system. Spoofing attacks on meters at buses can bypass bad data detectors in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and undetectably manipulate state estimates. Existing methods for protection of the state estimate of critical buses against spoofing attacks assume the existence of a given set of set of critical buses/meters to be protected. Given budget constraints, determining the critical set of meters/buses to be protected against spoofing attacks is a crucial problem. In this paper, we address the issue of how best to determine the set of meters to be protected. We suggest the use of two sparse temporal modeling methods from the machine learning literature to evaluate the influence of each meter measurement on the power grid network. Based on the influence distribution as indexed by these methods we can populate a set of meter measurements which serves a dual purpose. First, this set can serve as the initial collection of nodes that is a required input for methods developed to defend against false injection attacks on power system state estimation. Second, the high influential power of meters in the set incentivizes their protection since they are pivotal for making real-time prediction in the absence of complete real-time data from other meters. Thus, we introduce influence as one of the primary criteria to be considered in the process of selecting nodes to protect. We also suggest a novel way to measure influence based on sparse structure learning. We provide results on a publicly available simulated dataset and discuss how to use the notion of the N50 statistic to calibrate the number of meter measurements that should be protected under a specified budget.

Privacy-Preserving Mining of Association Rules for Smart Grid

The widespread deployment of smart meters for the modernization of the electricity distribution network has been associated with privacy concerns due to the potentially large number of measurements that reflect the consumers’ behavior. At the same time, how to extract important knowledge from the potentially large of measurements — these measurements are spilt among various parties, has already became a hot topic in the field of data mining. In this paper, we present protocols that can be used to compute meter measurements over defined sets of meters without revealing any additional about the individual meter readings, and address secure mining of association rules. Thus, most of the benefits of the smart grid can be achieved without revealing individual data.

On False Data-Injection Attacks against Power System State Estimation: Modeling and Countermeasures

It is critical for a power system to estimate its operation state based on meter measurements in the field and the configuration of power grid networks. Recent studies show that the adversary can bypass the existing bad data detection schemes, posing dangerous threats to the operation of power grid systems. Nevertheless, two critical issues remain open: 1) how can an adversary choose the meters to compromise to cause the most significant deviation of the system state estimation, and 2) how can a system operator defend against such attacks? To address these issues, we first study the problem of finding the optimal attack strategy--i.e., a data-injection attacking strategy that selects a set of meters to manipulate so as to cause the maximum damage. We formalize the problem and develop efficient algorithms to identify the optimal meter set. We implement and test our attack strategy on various IEEE standard bus systems, and demonstrate its superiority over a baseline strategy of random selections. To defend against false data-injection attacks, we propose a protection-based defense and a detection-based defense, respectively. For the protection-based defense, we identify and protect critical sensors and make the system more resilient to attacks. For the detection-based defense, we develop the spatial-based and temporal-based detection schemes to accurately identify data-injection attacks.

Meter‐testing methods matter

Even though many water utilities in the United States perform some form of water meter testing, little has been published concerning utility meter accuracy–testing procedures. Although AWWA's Manual M6, Water Meters—Selection, Installation, Testing, and Maintenance (2012), provides much useful information concerning accuracy‐testing principles, the recent development of static residential water meters has introduced new questions about accuracy‐testing procedures that are not addressed in the current edition of M6. This article discusses the results of a study performed at the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL) that involved sending a set of meters to various utility meter shops around the country to be tested. The UWRL tested the meters both before and after the tests were performed at each utility. Each utility forwarded a copy of its accuracy test results to the UWRL, and the results from each utility were then compared with the UWRL test results.

On Topology Attack of a Smart Grid: Undetectable Attacks and Countermeasures

Covert data attacks on the network topology of a smart grid is considered. In a so-called man-in-the-middle attack, an adversary alters data from certain meters and network switches to mislead the control center with an incorrect network topology while avoiding detections by the control center. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an undetectable attack is obtained for strong adversaries who can observe all meter and network data. For weak adversaries with only local information, a heuristic method of undetectable attack is proposed. Countermeasures to prevent undetectable attacks are also considered. It is shown that undetectable attacks do not exist if a set of meters satisfying a certain branch covering property are protected. The proposed attacks are tested with IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 118-bus system, and their effect on real-time locational marginal pricing is examined.

System for automatically preventing the raising of ash from dedicated landfills

The paper presents a system for automatic prevention of raising of ashes from dedicated landfills based on a simple mathematical model which has modest entry requirements for meteorological data. Such an approach is efficient enough and enables fast information retrieval, i.e. zones with different concentrations of dust in the air, enabling quick start of counter measures to reduce emissions of ashes into the air. The system hardware consists of an automatic weather station, set of meters that determine moisture of ash, set of remotely managed sprinklers, computers, microprocessor and microcontroller based elements for the local acquisition and management of the executive elements and modules for wireless data transfer. An original software application for the system management has been developed. Within the application there is a module that allows entering of all data necessary to configure the system, as well as data about sensors and sprinklers. Based on the meteorological input data, measured moisture content of the ashes, and on the basis of determined functional dependencies, special software module operates sprinklers for soaking the surfaces from which the ashes is emitted into the air, in order to eliminate these emissions. The system, based on the developed mathematical model, predicts the propagation of ashes through the air, as well as dry and wet deposition, in real-time. The system automatically stores all the data relevant to the future analyses and reporting. The system is designed and implemented as modular and open. A custom developed graphical user interface serves as Man-Machine Interface (MMI). By using the TCP/IP connection it could be easily connected with the other information systems.

Malicious Data Attacks on the Smart Grid

Malicious attacks against power systems are investigated, in which an adversary controls a set of meters and is able to alter the measurements from those meters. Two regimes of attacks are considered. The strong attack regime is where the adversary attacks a sufficient number of meters so that the network state becomes unobservable by the control center. For attacks in this regime, the smallest set of attacked meters capable of causing network unobservability is characterized using a graph theoretic approach. By casting the problem as one of minimizing a supermodular graph functional, the problem of identifying the smallest set of vulnerable meters is shown to have polynomial complexity. For the weak attack regime where the adversary controls only a small number of meters, the problem is examined from a decision theoretic perspective for both the control center and the adversary. For the control center, a generalized likelihood ratio detector is proposed that incorporates historical data. For the adversary, the trade-off between maximizing estimation error at the control center and minimizing detection probability of the launched attack is examined. An optimal attack based on minimum energy leakage is proposed.

Predicted Blood Glucose from Insulin Administration Based on Values from Miscoded Glucose Meters

The proper use of many types of self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) meters requires calibration to match strip code. Studies have demonstrated the occurrence and impact on insulin dose of coding errors with SMBG meters. This paper reflects additional analyses performed with data from Raine et al. (JDST, 2:205-210, 2007). It attempts to relate potential insulin dose errors to possible adverse blood glucose outcomes when glucose meters are miscoded. Five sets of glucose meters were used. Two sets of meters were autocoded and therefore could not be miscoded, and three sets required manual coding. Two of each set of manually coded meters were deliberately miscoded, and one from each set was properly coded. Subjects (n = 116) had finger stick blood glucose obtained at fasting, as well as at 1 and 2 hours after a fixed meal (Boost((R)); Novartis Medical Nutrition U.S., Basel, Switzerland). Deviations of meter blood glucose results from the reference method (YSI) were used to predict insulin dose errors and resultant blood glucose outcomes based on these deviations. Using insulin sensitivity data, it was determined that, given an actual blood glucose of 150-400 mg/dl, an error greater than +40 mg/dl would be required to calculate an insulin dose sufficient to produce a blood glucose of less than 70 mg/dl. Conversely, an error less than or equal to -70 mg/dl would be required to derive an insulin dose insufficient to correct an elevated blood glucose to less than 180 mg/dl. For miscoded meters, the estimated probability to produce a blood glucose reduction to less than or equal to 70 mg/dl was 10.40%. The corresponding probabilities for autocoded and correctly coded manual meters were 2.52% (p < 0.0001) and 1.46% (p < 0.0001), respectively. Furthermore, the errors from miscoded meters were large enough to produce a calculated blood glucose outcome less than or equal to 50 mg/dl in 42 of 833 instances. Autocoded meters produced zero (0) outcomes less than or equal to 50 mg/dl out of 279 instances, and correctly coded manual meters produced 1 of 416. Improperly coded blood glucose meters present the potential for insulin dose errors and resultant clinically significant hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. Patients should be instructed and periodically reinstructed in the proper use of blood glucose meters, particularly for meters that require coding.

Blood Glucose Meters That Are Accessible to Blind and Visually Impaired Persons

Blood glucose meters (BGMs) that can be used nonvisually or with a visual limitation were introduced in the mid-1990s, but it was not until 2006 and 2007 that a new set of meters with accessibility features were introduced: Prodigy, Prodigy Autocode, and Prodigy Voice (Diagnostic Devices, Charlotte, NC), and Advocate and Advocate Redi-Code (TaiDoc, Taiwan). Accessibility attributes of the newly introduced BGMs were tabulated, and product design features were examined and documented. The Prodigy Voice was found to be the only one of these new BGMs that is fully usable by blind and visually impaired persons.

Gabriel Ciscar en el Congreso de Unificación de pesas y medidas de París de 1798

En 1798 tuvo lugar en París el Congreso que estableció por vez primera las unidades de longitud y masa del Sistema Métrico Decimal, así como los patrones que las representaban. A las reuniones, celebradas por iniciativa del Instituto Nacional, asistieron los países aliados de Francia o neutrales. Los representantes del Gobierno español fueron Gabriel Ciscar y Agustín de Pedrayes. En este artículo se estudian las causas que motivaron la convocatoria del Congreso, y se reconstruyen los trabajos de las distintas comisiones, a partir de los informes que Ciscar enviaba periódicamente a sus superiores de la Armada. Así mismo se resalta su propia contribución a los trabajos, ya que formó parte de la Comisión que definió la longitud del metro patrón. Concluidas las reuniones, Ciscar dirigió la construcción de cuatro juegos de metros y kilogramos, los primeros patrones decimales españoles, que en 1851 servirían para comparar las antiguas unidades utilizadas en España con las del nuevo sistema métrico recién implantado.

New devices for measuring the moisture content of charge materials in ferrous metallurgy

A specific example of the practical implementation of a program for equipping plants in the sector with moisture meters is the development by the Karaganda branch of the VNIIAchermet special design office of several devices for measuring the moisture content of coke, coke breeze, nut cake, and iron-ore concentrate. The set of meters delivered to plants includes a so-called control-calibrating device. Methods of certifying the latter at the site of use and procedures for calibrating and checking moisture meters with these devices have also been developed.

Modifications of the Ozalid Paper Technique for Measuring Integrated Light Transmission Values in the Field1

The Ozalid paper technique for measuring integrated light values in the field has been modified in several ways. Blue and black Ozalid paper is suggested to replace the traditional sepia because of greater sensitivity and ease in evaluation of the meters. Use of several sheets of neutral gray plastic as filters extends the length of time which a set of meters may be used in the field. Filters may also decrease the variation in gram calorie measuremnts of a replicated series of samples. Plastic boxes, 5 cm ✕ 5 cm, with hinged plastic lids are filled with plastic sponge, and plastic black electrical tape used to exclude lateral light from the region of the meter. These modifications simplify light transmission measurements even under unfavorable weather conditions.