Set Of Countermeasures Research Articles

تحسين المناطق الحضرية من أجل معالجة حوادث الطرق والمخاطر: التدابير اللازمة لمواجهة ذلك في طرابلس

In recent years, there has been a gradual increase in the need for private vehicle ownership in Libya due to the lack and weakness of public transport infrastructure, which has led to the growth of traffic accidents, especially in Tripoli. Traffic accidents often occur as a result of driver negligence in terms of speed, hesitation, failure to give priority, using the phone while driving, and incorrectly handling turns. Data collected from traffic accident records from the period (01/01/2015 to 31/12/2019) on 12 main roads showed the occurrence of 1827 traffic accidents. 19% of the accidents were on the airport road and the Al Shat road. Each of the selected roads had a Severity Index (SI) higher than 10. Increasing the width of the median, pedestrian crossings, pedestrian bridges, as well as the number of lanes and traffic signs would significantly increase road safety, by following the systematic approach stipulated by the Federal Highway Administration (FHA) which "focuses on installing countermeasures to reduce crashes at a large scale or a number of locations that share high-risk factors. In this study, a set of countermeasures and measures will be proposed based on the CRF (Crash Reduction Factors) to reduce traffic accidents and how to apply a systematic approach for safer roads in Tripoli. Keywords: Crash reduction factors, Road Safety, Severity Index, Road black spots, Road Accident.

USING SHIP ROUTE OPTIMIZATION DURING ICE NAVIGATION IN TERMS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The main international rules and conventions which set requirements to passage planning process are considered in the paper. A number of factors influencing the choice of ship safe speed in polar waters have been listed. Increasing a volume of merchant shipping in the Russian Arctic region is highlighted. Stable growth of maritime shipping along with development of new oil and gas projects require a detailed study of sea transport routes to ensure efficient export of mineral resources, including liquid hydrocarbons. It is observed that vessels quite often deviate from the recommended routes on the Northern Sea Route when ice conditions are prevailing. This causes the necessity of using optimization algorithms which would take into account variable ice conditions. The use of such algorithms should increase economical efficiency of Arctic merchant shipping. However, these algorithms should meet international regulations regarding safety of navigation and passage planning, ensuring safe navigation during the whole passage. It is underlined that use of optimization algorithm should be considered as one of the factors influencing safety of navigation therefore it should be included in the standard risk assessment prior commencement of the voyage. To ensure proper level of navigation safety, the safety management system onboard should be effective. This should include a number of amendments, which are listed in the paper for the situation when optimization tools are used operatively for passage planning. Mandatory risk assessment should take into account the use of such tools. A set of countermeasures, which involve ensuring the safe application of the optimization method, within the risk assessment procedure are presented in the paper.

China’s contestation of the liberal international order

The concept of ‘revisionism’ has caught the attention of international relations scholars amid intensifying rivalry between the United States and China. It is a trademark of rising powers, and China was likewise expected to become a revisionist power, intent on changing the status quo. However, history tells us that not all rising powers necessarily become revolutionary states, seeking to overturn the prevailing order and replace it with another through hegemonic wars. This paper presents a novel understanding of revisionism by distinguishing between strategic ‘contestation’ and ‘challenge’. In the context of declining unipolarity, a dissatisfied rising power will contest the rules and principles of issue-specific regimes and demand legitimate adjustments that better reflect the new distribution of power. A challenge emerges when demands are rejected, and a contestation leads to ‘deconcentration’ and ‘delegitimation’ of the established order. The establishment of the AIIB can be examined as an example of contested multilateralism that falls short of a challenge. This paper concludes that China is ‘contesting’, not ‘challenging’ the liberal international order and suggests a set of countermeasures that the U.S. can think of: selective accommodation, reinforcement of alliances and partnerships, and overcoming domestic challenges such as populism that undermine the liberal values, constitutive of the liberal international order.

Developing a Low‐Cost Safety Improvement Program for Intersections in an Urban Roadway Network: A Case Study

In the US, about 40% of all crashes involve intersections. As improving safety at intersections and nonintersections are significantly different, it is important to manage them separately within a limited budget. In this study, a safety improvement program was developed for intersections and implemented in the city of Fort Wayne, Indiana, as a case study. Intersections included in the safety improvement program were selected using the following criteria and constraints: averaging more than 3 crashes per year during the study period, crash rate, and fatal and injury crash rate, limited budget, and safety benefits. Selected intersections were analyzed to characterize their crashes by type and frequency. Countermeasures were proposed and analyzed to address those crash types identified in the crash characterization. Linear integer optimization technique was employed to identify the best set of countermeasures within a limited budget. A safety improvement program was proposed based on this analysis that would cost $81,232 and provide a 5‐year crash reduction benefit of more than $15 million preventing approximately 164 total crashes and 61 fatal or injury crashes.

Analysis of risks methodology in information systems

A method of risk analysis in information systems is being developed. The ways of ensuring the efficiency of control systems in the conditions of information confrontation with the use of the game theory apparatus are investigated. The desire to ensure high efficiency of modern management information systems, minimize financial costs, provide energy and information protection of the management system, highlights the creation of a system of analysis and risk management in information systems. It is assumed that the control system can implement the following behavioral strategies in a conflict situation: the control system does not change the algorithm, but changes the class of algorithms used to achieve the maximum value of the average quality by choosing the probability Pij for a given set of countermeasures, the control system changes the algorithm operation, the class of operating algorithms used to maximize the average quality of fixed countermeasures, the control system changes the operating algorithm and the class of operating algorithms used depending on the countermeasure strategy in order to achieve maximum quality. Using the apparatus of game theory, an analysis was performed and a method for estimating the average value of the quality of the communication system with different strategies of the conflicting parties was developed. The technique of estimation of average value of an indicator of quality of functioning of a control system is developed and expressions for an estimation of average value of an indicator at various strategies of behavior are received. It is shown that the solution to the problem of improving the quality of the control system is possible through the use of a mixed strategy of system behavior and the choice of structure and parameters of the control system that increase the partial quality of its operation.

Research on the Mechanism of Multi-resource Mapping Matching and Transmission of Road System Based on Meme Theory

Because of the inefficiency and unscientific use of existing urban road traffic facilities, this paper sorts out the problems and optimization methods of domestic and foreign road traffic system, establishes the “set of problems” and “set of countermeasures”. Put forward the replication factor and mutation factor of optimization methods based on Meme theory, carry out the matching and transmission of multiple resource mapping, and feedback the implementation effect of the plan through simulation application and evaluation, so as to improve the mechanism of multi-resource mapping matching and transmission model. Cases study proved that Meme theory can be better applied to the automatic matching and selection of urban road traffic system optimization schemes and guided the optimization of urban road traffic systems more efficiently.

Data handling as a basis for local antimicrobial resistance surveillance

Continuing trends of antimicrobial resistance growth require a set of countermeasures, of which antimicrobial resistance surveillance at the global, national, and local levels plays one of the most important roles. Local surveillance systems are the most significant in controlling the changes in susceptibility of microorganisms in specific settings and contribute to the necessary activities, including prevention of epidemics. This paper presents basic principles and recommendations for handling antimicrobial resistance surveillance data, provides examples of table completion and metadata quick guide. A focus is made on specific issues and problems associated with surveillance data handling and the ways to resolve those problems are proposed.

Remote Check Truncation Systems: Vulnerability Analysis and Countermeasures

All major banks in the USA and around the world offer remote check deposit services. Consumers can use their smart phones to deposit checks remotely. This new online check truncation system is vulnerable to a wide range of attacks, including digital check forgery. Shifting trust from a human teller or an automated teller machine (ATM) to a smart device (cell phone) provides new attack surfaces. This paper exploits security vulnerabilities in the existing remote check deposit system and presents an attack vector for existing remote check truncation systems. The proposed attack vector exploits vulnerabilities in the untrusted client-side check-deposit system that enables an attacker to instrument the check deposit application library. The instrumented library allows the attacker to induce digital check forgery with minimized tampering artifacts. It has been observed through this investigation that digital check forgery-based attacks are more powerful than conventional paper-based check forgery attacks. The effectiveness of these attacks is evaluated by targeting three leading banks in United States, finding that all three of the targeted banks are vulnerable to the proposed attacks. A set of countermeasures based on digital check verification is also proposed to combat digital check forgery attacks on existing remote check deposit systems. The proposed countermeasures rely on tamper detection in digital images and expert-system based decision fusion. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is evaluated using tampered check images. The tampered images used for performance evaluation also include set of tampered images used for successfully attacking the remote check deposit systems(being using by leading banks around the world today). Experimental results show that the proposed expert system-based framework is capable of detecting digital check forgery attacks.

A practical application of game theory to optimize selection of hardware Trojan detection strategies

A wide variety of Hardware Trojan countermeasures have been developed, but less work has been done to determine which are optimal for any given design. To address this, we consider not only metrics related to the performance of the countermeasure, but also the likely action of an adversary given their goals. Trojans are inserted by an adversary to accomplish an end, so these goals must be considered and quantified in order to predict these actions. The model presented here builds upon a security economic approach that models the adversary and defender motives and goals in the context of empirically derived countermeasure efficacy metrics. The approach supports formation of a two-player strategic game to determine optimal strategy selection for both adversary and defender. A game may be played in a variety of contexts, including consideration of the entire design lifecycle or only a step in product development. As a demonstration of the practicality of this approach, we present an experiment that derives efficacy metrics from a set of countermeasures (defender strategies) when tested against a taxonomy of Trojans (adversary strategies). We further present a software framework, GameRunner, that automates not only the solution to the game but also mathematical and graphical exploration of “what if” scenarios in the context of the game. GameRunner can also issue “prescriptions,” a set of commands that allows the defender to automate the application of the optimal defender strategy to their circuit of concern. Finally, we include a discussion of ongoing work to include additional software tools, a more advanced experimental framework, and the application of irrationality models to account for players who make subrational decisions.

Betting Practices Among Players in Portuguese Championships: From Cultural to Illegal Behaviours.

The growth of the online sports betting market has generated new risk areas and threats to sport integrity, such as match-fixing. In recent years, institutional concern to fight against the phenomenon has been intensified and a set of countermeasures has been adopted. One of the most widely implemented measures to protect integrity in sport is to ban athletes and sports players from betting on the competitions in which they are involved. In some countries, such as Portugal, this practice has become a crime under the new legislation. Despite the legal and sporting restrictions and the prevention programmes carried out for sport institutions to explain the gambling rules, there are many athletes who are putting bets on their own competitions and even in their own games. Through interviews with key informant actors and ethnographic fieldwork, this article describes betting patterns among sports actors in Portugal and explains the perceptions and incentives that lead them to bet in their own sports, competitions and games. The results show different conceptions of integrity between the normative discourse on legal and sport governance institutions and sports actors' opinion, essentially, the premise that suggest a direct link between betting on one's own games and manipulation of these games. In some cases, betting in one's own games helps to strengthen fair play values. However, the spreading of online betting, together with the perception of inefficient controls in the implementation of sporting and legal regulations, creates opportunity structures for fixing matches and taking financial profit though gambling activities.

Eavesdropping and countermeasures for backflash side channel in quantum cryptography.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) promises information theoretic secure key as long as the device performs as assumed in the theoretical model. One of the assumptions is an absence of information leakage about individual photon detection outcomes of the receiver unit. Here we investigate the information leakage from a QKD receiver due to photon emission caused by detection events in single-photon detectors (backflash). We test commercial silicon avalanche photodiodes and a photomultiplier tube, and find that the former emit backflashes. We study the spectral, timing and polarization characteristics of these backflash photons. We experimentally demonstrate on a free-space QKD receiver that an eavesdropper can distinguish which detector has clicked inside it, and thus acquire secret information. A set of countermeasures both in theory and on the physical devices are discussed.

Wireless Sensors Network for Traffic surveillance and management in Smart Cities

The efficiency of a city’s own transportation system heavily influences its economic growth due to the increasing need to transport labour force, consumers and cargo. The use of the latest technologies to solve traffic problems is the main theme of ITS “Intelligent transportation system”, several solutions are already in use in many cities around the world and it is an indispensable part of the smart cities project. Our research focuses on developing a solution to manage road traffic in a smart city environment by utilizing wireless sensor network as medium to surveille the traffic. In this paper, we propose a set of countermeasures to avoid congestion and improve the flow of the traffic. The proposed countermeasures were simulated, and the results showed that our plan reduced the traffic congestion, minimized gases emission and increased fuel usage efficiency.

Development of a statistically-based methodology for analyzing automatic safety treatments at isolated high-speed signalized intersections

Crashes at isolated rural intersections, particularly those involving vehicles traveling perpendicularly to each other, are especially dangerous due to the high speeds involved. Consequently, transportation agencies are interested in reducing the occurrence of this crash type. Many engineering treatments exist to improve safety at isolated, high-speed, signalized intersections. Intuitively, it is critical to know which safety treatments are the most effective for a given set of selection criteria at a particular intersection. Without a well-defined decision making methodology, it is difficult to decide which safety countermeasure, or set of countermeasures, is the best option. Additionally, because of the large number of possible intersection configurations, traffic volumes, and vehicle types, it would be impossible to develop a set of guidelines that could be applied to all signalized intersections. Therefore, a methodology was developed in in this paper whereby common countermeasures could be modeled and analyzed prior to being implemented in the field. Due to the dynamic and stochastic nature of the problem, the choice was made to employ microsimulation tools, such as VISSIM, to analyze the studied countermeasures. A calibrated and validated microsimulation model of a signalized intersection was used to model two common safety countermeasures. The methodology was demonstrated on a test site located just outside of Lincoln, Nebraska. The model was calibrated to the distribution of observed speeds collected at the test site. It was concluded that the methodology could be used for the preliminary analysis of safety treatments based on select safety and operational measures of effectiveness.

ОЦЕНКА РИСКА БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМ, ОБРАБАТЫВАЮЩИХ КОНФИДЕНЦИАЛЬНУЮ ИНФОРМАЦИЮ

Confidential information processing in information systems under conditions of the universal informatization in both stateowned and private companies is an urgent problem.
 Many operators processing a trade secret or per-sonal data underestimate possible damage caused by the disclosure, deletion or change of confidential in-formation and afterwards become victims either of deliberate criminals or suits of workers whose rights were violated. In such a way, the safety risk assessment of confidential information processed in information systems is a priority trend both for an operator and for a subject of confidential information. As a result of the investigation carried out there was developed a procedure for risk assessment of information systems processing confidential information in which it is possible to define and process a critical group of threats, and also a system for the definition of sufficient and the best set of countermeasures among possible ones. At the intermediate and final stage there is defined a significance of an information safety risk witnessing of measures carried out for the assurance of confidential information safety.

Improvement of the Relation between Existing Techniques of Product and Food Protection and Drugs Safety Management

The goal of this paper is to assess the existing methods of food and drugs safety man-agement from the standpoint of product packaging and labeling. Several methods of safety management have been introduced in order to protect both supply chains and consumers from fake commodities, yet their effectiveness is a relevant question since counterfeiters keep up with the development and implementation of advanced protec-tive means. Since verifying drugs’ authenticity is a crucial issue nowadays and fake commodities represent significant economic and societal challenges, a new set of counter-measures must be put in place to address the advancing growth of the counterfeit threat. A conceptual model will be used to assess the existing problems of food and drug safety, and practical implications will be derived out of the real life situations that occurred with pharmaceutical manufactures. Analysis of the existing ways of how essential commodities are protected and propositions on how these ways could be upgraded will improve the understanding of food and drugs safety management. The improved system of food and drug safety management implies a set of actions that have to be undertaken in order to form a solid, unified system and thus provide complete assurances of a product’s safety. Not only does the security of supply chains and product traceability systems need improvement, but also existing public policies regarding compulsory food and pharmaceutical certifications need to be reviewed.

Global Warming as Evolution: Rebuttal of Two Extreme Positions

In the global meetings among governments, IGO and NGO, a hidden premise is that the process of climate change can be not only halted but reversed, if and only if there could finally be coordination of a global warming set of counter-measures. Somehow, glob...

Mitigating Type Confusion on Java Card

One of the challenges for smart card deployment is the security interoperability. A smart card resistant to an attack on a given platform should be able to guarantee the same behavior on another platform. But the current implementations do not comply with this requirement. In order to improve such standardization the authors propose a framework based on annotations with an external pre-processing to switch the Java Card Virtual Machine (JCVM) into a secure mode by activating a set of countermeasures. An example has been proposed in this paper for implementing a countermeasure against type confusion with a fault attack. Smart cards are often the target of software, hardware or combined attacks. In recent days most of the attacks are based on fault injection which can modify the behavior of applications loaded onto the card, changing them into mutant applications. This countermeasure requires a transformation of the original program byte codes which remain semantically equivalent. It needs a modification of the JCVM which stays backward compatible and a dedicated framework to deploy these applications. Thus, the proposed platform can resist to a fault enabled mutant.

Exploring the determinants of pedestrian–vehicle crash severity in New York City

Pedestrian-vehicle crashes remain a major concern in New York City due to high percentage of fatalities. This study develops random parameter logit models for explaining pedestrian injury severity levels of New York City accounting for unobserved heterogeneity in the population and across the boroughs. A log-likelihood ratio test for joint model suitability suggests that separate models for each of the boroughs should be estimated. Among many variables, road characteristics (e.g., number of lanes, grade, light condition, road surface, etc.), traffic attributes (e.g., presence of signal control, type of vehicle, etc.), and land use (e.g., parking facilities, commercial and industrial land use, etc.) are found to be statistically significant in the estimated model. The study also suggests that the set of counter measures should be different for different boroughs in the New York City and the priority ranks of countermeasures should be different as well.

ADEQUATE TRUST AVAILS, MISTAKEN TRUST MATTERS: ON THE MORAL RESPONSIBILITY OF DOCTORS AS PROXIES FOR PATIENTS' TRUST IN BIOBANK RESEARCH

In Sweden, most patients are recruited into biobank research by non-researcher doctors. Patients' trust in doctors may therefore be important to their willingness to participate. We suggest a model of trust that makes sense of such transitions of trust between domains and distinguishes adequate trust from mistaken trust. The unique position of doctors implies, we argue, a Kantian imperfect duty to compensate for patients' mistaken trust. There are at least three kinds of mistaken trust, each of which requires a different set of countermeasures. First, trust is mistaken when necessary competence is lacking; the competence must be developed or the illusion dispelled. Second, trust is irrational whenever the patient is mistaken about his actual reasons for trusting. Care must therefore be taken to support the patient's reasoning and moral agency. Third, some patients inappropriately trust doctors to recommend only research that will benefit them directly. Such trust should be counteracted by nurturing a culture where patients expect to be asked occasionally to contribute to the common good.

Fingerprinting Mobile User Positions in Sensor Networks: Attacks and Countermeasures

We demonstrate that the network flux over the sensor network provides fingerprint information about the mobile users within the field. Such information is exoteric in the physical space and easy to access through passive sniffing. We present a theoretical model to abstract the network flux according to the statuses of mobile users. We fit the theoretical model with the network flux measurements through Nonlinear Least Squares (NLS) and develop an algorithm that iteratively approaches the NLS solution by Sequential Monte Carlo Estimation. With sparse measurements of the flux information at individual sensor nodes, we show that it is easy to identify the mobile users within the network and instantly track their movements without breaking into the details of the communicational packets. Our study indicates that most of existing systems are vulnerable to such attack against the privacy of mobile users. We further propose a set of countermeasures that redistribute and reshape the network traffic to preserve the location privacy of mobile users. With a trace driven simulation, we demonstrate the substantial threats of the attacks and the effectiveness of the proposed countermeasures.