Set Of Beliefs Research Articles

Technology and Discipline: Examining the Use of Apps for Classroom Behavior Management

Background/Context: In thousands of classrooms throughout the United States and internationally, behavior management apps have become an integral part of schools’ discipline machineries. Such apps are designed to help teachers enforce rules, especially when it comes to rewards and punishments within school token economies. To understand how these apps are beginning to shape and reshape schooling, research is needed that sheds light on the values and beliefs underpinning their use. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze three schools’ discipline practices involving behavior management apps. Our two research questions focused on the paradigms underpinning schools' discipline models and on the influence of these paradigms on schools’ app uses. Our investigation is informed by the scholarship on classroom management, as well as key concepts from Foucault’s (1977) Discipline and Punish. Research Design: This qualitative, comparative case study drew on data gathered at three urban schools. In total, 34 interviews were conducted with campus administrators and teachers. Within-case portraits described paradigms and practices at each school, and cross-case analyses addressed patterns across the schools. Findings: Schools’ behavior app uses were underpinned by differing school discipline paradigms. Although all three schools saw behavior apps as fostering orderly classroom environments, schools’ practices were underpinned by differing sets of values and beliefs (e.g., accountability/social control; neoliberalism; positivity and fun). In this way, the look and feel of app practices, and, ultimately, schools’ overarching discipline systems, also varied. Conclusions: This study examines a widespread, yet understudied, educational technology. By problematizing the values and beliefs underpinning teachers’ behavior app practices, the present study invites scholars and practitioners to question how rewards, punishments, and relationships manifest in schools. In doing so, it highlights opportunities to join with students, parents, and other stakeholders in broader conversations about schooling and discipline.

Anecdata: children’s and adults’ evaluation of anecdotal and statistical evidence

Pseudoscientific beliefs, including vaccine-related and other types of conspiracy theories, are often formed through reliance on personal anecdotes shared by people with similar belief sets. In the present study, we explore one aspect of pseudoscientific versus scientific reasoning by studying the development of the use of anecdotal versus statistical evidence. To do so, we asked 7- and 10-year-olds and adults to help an agent solve a problem by choosing one of two potential solutions, one supported by an anecdote and one by a graph. Results revealed significant age differences, with older participants more likely to value the graphical over the anecdotal evidence. Participants who chose the anecdotal solution frequently justified their choices by referring either to an inferred causal relationship between the chosen solution and the outcome or to characteristics of the person who provided the anecdote. Participants who chose the graphical solution frequently referred to quantity. Our findings suggest that both a greater valuation of statistical information and an increased ability to reflect critically about causal relationships may be critical in resisting the persuasive power of anecdotes, and hence, making valid evidence-based decisions.

Whiteness hurts society: How whiteness shapes mental, physical, and social health outcomes

AbstractConfronting whiteness could complement and amplify the study of Critical Race Theory and enhance psychologists’ capacity to effectively study and address health and social issues. Whiteness is a racialized social system and a set of beliefs that uphold White American social supremacy and the oppression of populations of color. We discuss how prior scholarship has addressed whiteness and we illustrate how whiteness can harm health and well‐being among White Americans and broader society. By documenting the negative effects of whiteness, we encourage divestment from the construction of reality that inequitably produces power and privilege, and ultimately, threatens society. Understanding how whiteness operates will aid the development of interventions and policies that reduce the inequity that results from whiteness and the enduring nature of racism. Finally, we call on psychologists to actively divest from systems of whiteness within our field; otherwise, we are complicit in how whiteness hurts society.

Communication Styles of the Non-Teaching Personnel of St. Paul University Iloilo: Basis for Future Training Programs

Communication styles, as representation of individuals, exhibit the culture of a particular organization or institution. It can be viewed as a process of comprehending the set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors of each member and, at the same time, shared by everyone in the organization. This study was conducted to determine the communication styles of the non-teaching personnel of St. Paul University Iloilo. Specifically, it determined the profile of the respondents according to sex, age group, and length of service and the predominant communication style among the non-teaching personnel when taken as an entire group and when grouped according to sex, age group, and length of service. The Communication Style Measure constructed by Norton (1983), comprised of 11 styles, was utilized for this study. The results revealed that the 73 non-teaching personnel each utilized different communication styles. The Friendly communication style was regarded as the most predominant approach among the non-teaching personnel when classified as an entire group. When classified according to sex, age group, and length of service, the Friendly communication style still emerged as the most prevailing among the majority of the respondents. It is recommended that the school administrators nurture the amiable and pleasant communication atmosphere that prevails in the workplace. The friendly communication style that occurs in this working environment is an indication of a smooth interaction among its members and a collegial approach in the way the administrative staff and other employees interact with one another. Policies and activities, including the conduct of training programs that would cultivate this setting should be continuously implemented and enhanced.

Sentiments of solidarity: Varying conceptions of nationhood in Turkey

AbstractStudies on nationalism have recently transitioned from macro‐level analyses of large structural factors to micro‐level examinations, emphasizing nationalism as a set of cultural and political beliefs held by individuals. Such works that use opinion measures to explore heterogeneity in national self‐understandings show that nationalist beliefs distribute among the public in particular and non‐random ways, though the extent to which these heterogeneities induce variation in behavioural outcomes remains relatively unexplored. In this article, we argue that varying conceptions of nationhood inform ethnonational boundary‐making strategies and social action. Using latent class analyses and a resource allocation task in original representative survey data (N = 1,460), we ask whether varying cultural positions on nationhood covaries with preferential behaviour. We found that nationalist cultural models provide heterogeneous cultural templates and lead to preferential treatment of ethnonational ingroups.

Domestic imperative of the Philippines’ South China Sea policy: personality-driven policymaking and constant shifts between China and the United States

This article aims to explain the oscillations of the Philippines’ South China Sea policy vis-à-vis China between accommodation and confrontation from 1991 to 2022. It argues that the Philippines’ personality-driven foreign policymaking was conducive to dramatic shifts in position on the South China Sea issue. The presidential system of government and patronage politics in the Philippines give the presidential inner circles considerable leeway to shape and reshape the country’s foreign policy. Despite being constrained by domestic socio-political conditions at a given time as well as the political and security thinking embedded in its domestic politics, individual Philippine presidents and/or the presidential circles managed the South China Sea issue vis-à-vis China and the United States in particular ways according to their different sets of personal beliefs, professional expertise, and practical experience. This explains why the power transitions in the Philippines often caused major shifts in its management of the South China Sea disputes over time.

Potential Problems with Having a Culture that is Too Strong in Modern Organizations

In each and every society today, culture is a very important concept for both individuals and organizations because it identifies the fundamental set of ideas, rituals, beliefs, meaning, values, norms and language, the way in which things are to be done in an organization and in the life of an individual. Therefore, organization’s culture encompasses what has been good and what has worked in the past. These practices can often be accepted within the organization by long serving members of an organization due to the fact that they have a collective interest towards building of a unified organization through shared system of beliefs, habits and traditions. In organizations there are deep-set beliefs about the way in which work should be organized, the way in which authority should be exercised and punished (Cole and Kelly, 2011). Organizational culture is not something that is written down or necessarily is easily stated. Rather, it is an intangible mixture of rules, relationships, values, custom which when taken together describe the distinctive feel of the organization. It is within this culture that individuals work and from which they learn the norms and values to which they are expected to subscribe. This is the arrangement and inter-relationship of the components parts position of an organization. Whereas culture is a hidden structure that can be seen and drawn in organization charts. Thus the organization Structure may reflect culture. This essay will describe three potential problems with having an organizational culture that is too strong.

Domestic Violence against Women in the Name of Set of Beliefs, Culture, and Traditions in ‘A Woman is No Man’ by ‘Etaf Rum’

The study explores the depiction of assault against women within the framework of profoundly ingrained beliefs, cultural standards, and traditions as represented in Etaf Rum's novel "A Woman is No Man." The story depicts the obstacles experienced by three generations of Palestinian women who reside in America. The study adopts a multidisciplinary approach, relying on gender studies, anthropology of culture, and postcolonial literary ideas. The research investigates characters' which attempts to navigate the complicated convergence of ethnicity, household responsibility, and personal autonomy via detailed observation of character interactions, conversations, and narrative developments. The study shed light on the resilience and agency displayed by the female characters as they address the oppressive forces that seek to enclose them as well as demonstrate the complex relationship among cultural mores as well as the perpetuation of violence against women through examining the nuanced nuances of Rum's storytelling. The study contributes to the wider discussion on gender, culture, and domestic abuse by highlighting the importance of nuanced and culturally sensitive treatments to meet the particular issues encountered by women in societies where traditional values collide with current reality.

Epistemic Logic Programs: A Study of Some Properties

Abstract Epistemic logic programs (ELPs), extend answer set programming (ASP) with epistemic operators. The semantics of such programs is provided in terms of world views, which are sets of belief sets, that is, syntactically, sets of sets of atoms. Different semantic approaches propose different characterizations of world views. Recent work has introduced semantic properties that should be met by any semantics for ELPs, like the Epistemic Splitting Property, that, if satisfied, allows to modularly compute world views in a bottom-up fashion, analogously to “traditional” ASP. We analyze the possibility of changing the perspective, shifting from a bottom-up to a top-down approach to splitting. We propose a basic top-down approach, which we prove to be equivalent to the bottom-up one. We then propose an extended approach, where our new definition: (i) is provably applicable to many of the existing semantics; (ii) operates similarly to “traditional” ASP; (iii) provably coincides under any semantics with the bottom-up notion of splitting at least on the class of Epistemically Stratified Programs (which are, intuitively, those where the use of epistemic operators is stratified); (iv) better adheres to common ASP programming methodology.

Theoretical approaches to the impact of culture on the economy through the prism of the European course of the countries’ development

This paper tries to synthesize the history of economic thinking regarding the correlation between culture and the economic development during the last centuries. The use of culture to explain the economic performance has not been popular among social science researchers in recent decades. Most economic models are based on the idea that people are essentially rational beings and make decisions in their own interest. What people choose to do depends on their beliefs. But culture can give rise to a set of rational beliefs. In economic history, some economists have questioned the classic concept of the „rational economic man” mentioning the increasing role of non-economic behavior in modern economies. These two positions can be reconciled if we reduce the social norms that govern entire societies based on the actions of individuals who look out for their own interests. Regardless of which models of economic thinking a historical retrospective is based on, an important conclusion is that throughout history, social and cultural factors have been among the important catalysts of the economic life. In the paper, it is argued that some factors such as European culture and European political traditions, etc., have an essential contribution to the economic success of those countries that follow them.

Photographic ways of seeing: corporeal defamiliarizations within the mirror medium

This visual essay investigates two photographic techniques to challenge pre-existing notions of the human body that are derived from people’s locally consistent set of beliefs about bodily proportions, shapes and functions. These techniques centre around the mirror as the medium to investigate peculiar visual representations that take aim at normative concepts of what constitutes the human. The essay includes selective images of defamiliarized bodies that the author has photographed within a studio environment and that are applied within the Freudian context of the Uncanny to convey how humans seek familiarity, which is inherited through lived experience as a form of solace in the face of unfamiliarity. The mirror, with its paradoxical nature as a device of reflection, captures both the reality and its representation in a single image, or of presence and absence, allowing for the defamiliarization of the body. The essay provides an explanation of how this is achieved, demonstrating the mirror’s potential to expand visual representation beyond the limitations of the body itself.

Emerging trends in the literature on psychological and job performance: a bibliometric analysis

The Psychological Contract is a set of beliefs and expectations, based on explicit or implicit promises, that a person exchanges with the organization. The development, evolution and application of this construct in the Human Resources area were described. A bibliometric and network analysis of the records of the Web of Science database from 1984 to September 2023 was carried out. The results show the evolution through time, identifying three lines or streams of work. The dimensions related to health, stress and depression show a high interest for future lines of research; however, the performance and impact of psychological models on work performance show a high density or degree of development, with a relatively low level of relevance. Finally, the contributions and limitations for future research are presented .

Exploration or exploitation orientation, subgroup structure and organizational knowledge creation

ABSTRACT Significant performance differences in the process of knowledge creation may exist between organisations with exploratory and exploitative tendencies due to differences in their inner network structures. This study focuses on the subgroups widespread in intra-organisational networks and their structural characteristics. We construct an agent-based model that describes the two different organisational learning models that exist in organisations – exploration-oriented and exploitation-oriented. We find that higher network density in each subgroup helps increase the speed of knowledge creation but depletes the idiosyncratic sets of beliefs and leads to premature convergence. Only when the network scale is large enough or the organisation tends to focus more on exploration can a sparse network play a positive role in knowledge creation. Moderate levels of cross-group links prevent exploitation-oriented organisations from entering the stagnation stage of knowledge growth and increase the knowledge creation performance of exploration-oriented organisations. Knowledge creation performance in exploitation-oriented organisations depends more on boundary hubs than on internal hubs. The presence of twofold hubs can improve knowledge creation performance without significantly reducing the dissimilarity of collective beliefs.

The Ties That Bind: Protection and Projection in France’s Indian Ocean Islands of Mayotte and Réunion

ABSTRACT The article addresses a two-fold question: first, why does the French state invest so much time and resources in its Indian Ocean islands, Mayotte and Réunion? And why do these ultra-marine regions remain wedded to the French Republic? The high degree of insular buy-in both regions involves a two-level game, connecting state and island actors. Such turning to mainland France represents a form of African agency, however dependent on the mainland these islands appear to be. The causal mechanisms of the integration of the French Indian Ocean territories combine historical legacy (choosing France), institutional evolution (departmentalisation), common economic and military security challenges, the cost calculus of mainland France’s readiness to govern ultramarine territories and a widely shared set of beliefs in the value of remaining French. The islands are acting like rational actors, whose insular and isolated status pushes in the direction of seeking protection in an unstable environment.

Endorsing a Biopsychosocial Perspective of Pain in Individuals With Chronic Pain: Development and Validation of a Scale.

Patients' beliefs about pain play an important role in their readiness to engage with chronic pain self-management. The central aim of this study was to validate a self-report instrument to assess a specific set of pain beliefs, patients' endorsement of a biopsychosocial model of chronic pain (PEB). Interdisciplinary experts in the field of pain were involved in creating an instrument, the PEB Scale, to operationalize patients' endorsement of a biopsychosocial model. A sample of 199 patients with chronic pain was recruited to evaluate the factorial structure (principal axis factoring), the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), the convergent and discriminant validity (correlational analyses), incremental validity (multiple, hierarchical regression analyses), and construct validity (differential population analysis) of the instrument. The factor analysis resulted in a unidimensional, 11-item instrument that explained 51.2% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha (= 0.92) indicated high internal consistency of the created set of pain-related beliefs. Regression analyses demonstrated that PEB is a strong predictor of patients' engagement with pain self-management (P < 0.001), after controlling for demographic variables, anxiety, depression, and other pain-related beliefs. Our results show that the PEB Scale is a highly reliable self-report instrument, which has the potential to predict patients' readiness to adopt pain self-management. Future research should focus on re-validating the scale we developed to operationalize PEB. Moreover, the PEB Scale should be implemented in longitudinal study designs to investigate its ability to predict the transition from acute to chronic pain and patients' long-term pain management.

An Investigative Study of Modern Social Attitudes towards the Current Status of Religious Beliefs Associated with the Concept of Shiva (A Study of Selected Major Shiva Temples in Sri Lanka)

Folktales can be recognized as an Ancient Intangible Heritage of the entire Human race. Since time immemorial, man has become a pyramid of collective wisdom built through the practice of systematic thinking. Folk religion, which is a major part of folk culture, can be identified as a set of beliefs and beliefs that are born in each culture and passed down from generation to generation. Also, this concept was a great opportunity to showcase the culture of the common people of society with various religious beliefs and practices centered on Lord Shiva. The primary problem of this research is to study what the modern social attitudes are towards the current status of religious beliefs related to the concept of Shiva. The primary objective of this study is to identify the behavior and religious beliefs associated with Shiva temples in the context of current social changes. As a research method, data was collected using the participatory observation method under the Qualitative Research method. Also, statistically based Quantitative data was used to identify the number of Shiva temples Established in Sri Lanka and their distribution. This study was conducted in connection with some selected major Shiva temples in Sri Lanka. Due to the strong attraction that developed in the human mind towards God in cultural integration, various social trends related to God were created. Lord Shiva, who occupies a prominent position in Hinduism as 'Mahadeva', takes precedence in Linga worship. Expectation of children can be identified as one of the main purposes of Shiva worship in local worship systems. The study revealed that the worship of Lord Shiva, which belongs to the rural religion, has been alienated from the common people. As a Maheshakya deity in the Hindu trinity, Shiva is supreme in his power and respectability. Thus, the overall research results revealed that the worship of Lord Shiva has moved away from the usual beliefs and worship.

Ideology and its Influence on Suspense Psychology

From the philosophical point of view, all existing ideologies in the world deserve special attention, because they can be put into practice at any time, which means a total transformation of both individual and social existence. Therefore, the purpose of our article is to analyze the leading ideological trends in the modern world. The human mind is always focused on the search for meaningful ideas, values and guidelines. Society does not agree with primitive existence and continues to seek respectable higher significant foundations of human existence. That is, they create different ideologies. An ideology is a set of interconnected ideas, ideas and beliefs designed to unite people for the sake of living together and acting together. Today we can distinguish both humane and inhumane ideologies. Timely understanding and separation of humane from antihuman destructive social projects is important. After all, the public consciousness often has every chance to master various inhumane terrorist, extremist and marginal ideologies. Thus, every citizen should know that if the proposed ideology requires people to sacrifice their own lives, health, freedom, personal relationships, family or property, it means that from a legal and moral point of view, such an ideology, which would it did not set attractive goals for society, it is completely unacceptable, inhumane. At the same time, when confronted with humane ideologies, we will immediately be able to see that the proposed system of values and the associated changes will not pose any dangerous material or spiritual threat. In essence, the requirements of humane ideologies can only lead to a variety of ideological, intellectual, organizational and other positive changes. A striking example in this aspect is the ideology of the Enlightenment, which aimed to establish equal rights and freedoms of all people, their comprehensive intellectual and spiritual development through quality basic education and upbringing. One of the modern ideologies is the ideology of mass consumption society. It is this utilitarian system of views and values that has led to the premature depletion of resources and the general deterioration of the environment. The ideology of mass consumption society can negatively affect not only the biosphere but also the spiritual sphere of public life. Thus, such spiritual problems as the loss of meaning in life, the general deterioration of social mood, the widespread spread of pessimistic and depressed dark worldviews, social indifference, aggression, etc. have recently become noticeable. Therefore, in order to successfully solve the above complex problems, humanity must find spiritual strength, wisdom and consolidate. Now is the time to look for and find new positive worldview values. Another current ideological trend is the advancement of a new ideology of virtualization of human life, even after the pandemic is eventually successfully overcome and the objective need for restrictive quarantine measures simply disappears. There is ideological pluralism in modern democracies, but this cannot preclude the adoption of some of the most important values and norms without which no democratic society can exist. Such norms also include some axioms of ethics of communication, which provide the possibility of civilized ideological discourse.

Training a Determinant of Teacher Retention in Zambia

The high turnover rates of experienced and qualified teachers in government schools on the Copperbelt Province of Zambia necessitates this novel paper into determining the impact of training on teacher retention. This article was guided by Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory and Job Embeddedness Theory. And to simplify the relationship between the key variables the Employee Retention Connections (ERC) model was used. This paper was underpinned by pragmatic research philosophy and utilized a Mixed Method design, precisely an embedded correlational model which was primarily quantitative. The article was done on the Copperbelt Province of Zambia with the population of 17, 885. A study sample of 600 participants which was calculated using Yamane formula at 95% confidence level with the level of precision of ±4% was used. basic set of beliefs that guide the actions and define the worldview of the researcher (Lincoln et al. 2011).Introduced by Thomas Kuhn (1970), the term paradigm was used to discuss the shared generalizations, beliefs, and values of a community of specialists regarding the nature of reality and knowledge. Sampling was done using multistage sampling and snowball sampling techniques. To collect quantitative and qualitative data, self-administered questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides were used respectively. Quantitative data were then analyzed using inferential statistics precisely linear regression analysis. On the other hand, qualitative data were analyzed using both a qualitative interpretative approach and Moustakas`s Modified Stevick-Colaizzi-Keen (SCK) method. The findings suggest that school managers and newly recruited teachers should be given foundational training before ushered in an office, and in-service training should be an ongoing exercise. The researcher further recommends that in-service training should be an on-going exercise especially in rural schools; and foundational training should be mandatory for all education administrators, as well as newly recruited teachers, before ushered in the office.

Intolerance among Different Islamic Sects in Pakistan: Causes and Solution

Intolerance has been a serious problem as an inter-communal problem and this problem exists in the form of inter-communal intolerance in Pakistan which leads to violence and bloodshed. Many factors contribute to this intolerance, including sectarian differences in belief and practice, political exploitation of sectarian differences, lack of education and understanding, and the influence of extremism. Due to which Pakistani people are facing many problems. There are many different sects of Muslims in Pakistan, each with its own set of beliefs and customs. These differences can sometimes lead to stresses and even violence between sects. For instance, the Sunni and Shia organizations of Islam have several views about the succession of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), and this has been a wellspring of contention between the two factions for a really long time. Misunderstandings and prejudices between sects can result from the fact that many Pakistanis lack Islamic knowledge. For instance, some individuals may be of the opinion that their particular sect is the only genuine Islamic sect and that all others are heretics. Intolerance and even violence can result from it. The aim of this research work is to explain a comparative analysis of intolerance among different Islamic sects in Pakistan and as well as to find out its causes and solution under the Islamic context. In this study used a qualitative approach to its investigation. The information was gathered from a variety of sources, including websites, books, magazines, news pieces, and research papers. The primary and secondary both sources were used in references. Any society that wants to sustain stability, moral development, and peace has to have a giving and tolerant relationship among its members of all religions and sects. To promote regional security, stability, peace, and order, it is equally important to behave with charity and tolerance. In Pakistan, where people of diverse countries, beliefs, and sects live, tolerance is especially important. There must be religious tolerance for people to coexist peacefully in society. Then the environment of society would be peaceful and calm.

Attitudes Towards Bachelor of Mountain Tourism Management (BMTM) Program Among the Students of Janapriya Multiple Campus, Pokhara

Attitude is the personal perception, beliefs and behaviour towards a particular object, person, thing or event. In psychology, an attitude refers to a set of emotion, belief, and behaviour toward a particular object, person, thing or event. The four years BMTM program is an autonomous program of JMC which is developed to serve the needs of the bright young students who have completed +2 level of education and are looking for a career education in entrepreneurship. The main objective of the study was to compare the attitude of girl and boys students toward the BMTM program of Janapriya Multiple Campus. Necessary data were collected through Likert scale questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed with mean, standard deviation, chi-square test through SPSS-20. The collected data related to students’ attitudes towards BMTM program of JMC revealed that most of the students have positive attitude towards the program. There is no difference between male and female students towards the BMTM program. Majority of students had no proper knowledge about the program. Campus administration and policy makers should concentrate on the publicity of the importance of the program for its sustainability.