Adaptive Service Research Articles

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ РОЗВИТКУ ГОТЕЛЬНОГО БІЗНЕСУ В УКРАЇНІ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The article is devoted to the analysis and assessment of changes and the state of development of the hotel business of Ukraine under the influence of crisis situations, in particular war. Considering these external conditions, the hotel business of our country received significant challenges and needs to function in new realities. Accordingly, the purpose of the article is to determine the main parameters of the development of the hotel business in Ukraine and to identify the directions of its transformation in the conditions of war. An analysis of the statistical data of the main indicators of the development of the hotel business, in particular, which characterize its several scales in general and by region of Ukraine, was carried out. The database of the national portal YouControl has determined the TOP-25 subjects of the hotel business of Ukraine by the volume of service provision – net income. These leading hotels represent five regions of Ukraine: the city of Kyiv, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Zakarpattia, Kyiv region. The situation of a full-scale invasion had a very negative effect on the state of the hotel business, both on the volume of activity and on the destruction of entities. The amount of destruction of Ukrainian tourism facilities, in particular the hotel business, under the influence of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine was considered. An analysis of the dynamics of the taxes of tourism entities was carried out, in the structure of which hotel business entities paid 80.5% in 2023. The main operating indicators, which reflect the efficiency of the hotel business entity and are its KPIs, were studied – these are ADR, RevPar, Occupancy. Research was conducted on the identified KPIs of hotel business entities in the main destinations of Ukraine: Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa and Bukovel. The main transformations of the hotel business of Ukraine during the war were determined: 1) repurposing and adaptation of services; 2) decrease in the number of tourists and business trips; 3) financial challenges and cost optimization; 4) introduction of new technologies; 5) strengthening of security measures; 6) support of local communities; 7) change in price policy. These transformations reflect the adaptation of the hotel business of Ukraine to the difficult conditions of war, aimed at the survival and support of both its customers and the larger community. It is proposed to use innovative tools, in particular digitalization, to overcome negative consequences.

Optimal Topology Management for Software‐Defined Networks Minimizing Latency and Using Network Slicing

In this paper, we analyze the problem of managing users from different slices connecting to a software‐defined network (SDN). We seek to minimize the propagation latency between switches and controllers as well as between controllers themselves. We also minimize the connection latency between users and their network access nodes. Thus, the main highlights of the paper are to formally represent the problem utilizing two equivalent mixed‐integer quadratic programming models. The first one represents the user requirements of each slice by using a membership matrix. The second one consists of subsets of users separated within each slice requirement. Subsequently, the above models are analyzed in a standard linearized version. Finally, they are compared with a proposed local search math‐heuristic algorithm. The proposed models and algorithm are solved with the CPLEX solver with default options. To the best of our knowledge, this journal paper constitutes a first attempt to incorporate network slicing in SDN allowing flexibility, resource efficiency, security, and effective management of the network facilitating the deployment of customized and adaptive services. Besides, our models allow us to deal with the management of connecting users to either controller or switch‐type nodes depending on the slice to which each user belongs. For security reasons, a certain slice could only have access to the network controllers, while the rest of the users that belong to the other slices can connect to the switch‐type nodes of the network. From the numerical experiments, we observe that the linear models show a better performance in terms of CPU times and the best solutions obtained. Similarly, our proposed approximation algorithm achieves near‐optimal solutions in significantly shorter CPU times, for all the input graph networks, when compared to the proposed exact models which allows for finding the optimal solutions.

Impacts of pandemic service adaptations on job accessibility: A case study of the Bay Area Rapid Transit

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted transit's crucial role as a social service, ensuring access to essential destinations. Despite this, unprecedented ridership lows forced agencies to implement service cuts, disproportionately affecting essential workers and vulnerable populations. However, the full extent of these impacts remains underexplored. While existing literature examines transit agency responses during the pandemic, much of the focus has been on public health and safety measures, overlooking the specifics of service adjustment strategies implemented. This study contributes to our understanding of transit agency pandemic responses throughout the pre-, peak-, and post-pandemic phases by 1) characterizing patterns in transit service adjustments and 2) extending pandemic accessibility literature by examining job-specific impacts. The framework integrates time series clustering, qualitative review of agency press releases, and transit accessibility analysis, using only publicly available data. Through a case study of Bay Area Rapid Transit, we find distinct clusters of stations characterized by patterns in weekday morning peak service restoration and station area demographics. While impacts to accessibility varied by time of day, the relative ordering of accessibility levels across income and race/ethnicity remained consistent throughout the pandemic. These findings contribute to our understanding of service adaptation impacts and inform equitable response strategies for future service planning and disruptions.

Challenges and adaptations of mental health services during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Uganda.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) significantly impacted mental health and mental health services worldwide. We sought to explore the challenges faced by mental health services from the perspectives of service users, providers, and policymakers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda and the strategies put in place to ensure the continuity of these services. qualitative data were collected using semi-structured interviews with eight mental health service users, four mental health workers, four hospital administrators, four district mental health focal persons, and two policymakers. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. the challenges reported by participants included human resource shortages, loss of space for service provision, low funding, drug shortages, changes in patient load, and lack of access to services due to restrictive measures. The adaptations included the use of innovative means like mobile phone technology, reorientation of health facility functioning to COVID-19 restrictions, using different methods to deliver medications, integration of mental health in general health services, and alternative financing for mental health services. the COVID-19 pandemic posed significant challenges to mental health service provision. Nevertheless, the health system responded by implementing various measures to ensure continuity of care. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness and scalability of these innovations in the long term.

Adaptation of administrative services to the conditions of martial law

Adaptation of administrative services to the conditions of martial law

How do irrigation district managers deal with climate change risks? Considering experiences, tipping points, and risk normalization in northern Italy

Agriculture is one of the most sensitive and vulnerable activities to climate variations; climate change impacts crop yield, soil processes, water availability, and pest dynamic. Farmers are on the front lines of climate change-induced stressors, shifts, and shocks, having to provide solutions as planners, performers, and innovators working under challenging and uncertain risk conditions. Extensive research has been carried out to deepen farmers’ behavior on risks posed by climate change. However, less attention was paid to irrigation district managers, even though their essential role in guaranteeing hydraulic safety, ensuring water supply, even as on-site observers of farmers’ behavior. This paper seeks to uncover the attitudes and actions of irrigation districts managers towards climate change, and their ability to gather significant information on the climate experiences of farmers in the Lombardy region, Italy. Employing a mix of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, the exploratory approach gathered insights from the managers of the 12 public irrigation districts tasked with governing irrigation development and water management in the region. The study reveals that managers are cognizant of the shifting climate caused by warmer temperatures and extreme weather events, implementing both hard (e.g. water infrastructure maintenance, water storage) and soft (climate and weather services) adaptation countermeasures. Through their own experiences, managers brought to light the driving factors behind farmers’ willingness to adopt water-saving techniques or adapt their crops, despite facing obstacles (e.g. financial investment, institutional support). In addition, the identification of tipping points related to water scarcity and security is coupled with managers and farmers’ trust in technological solutions to partially counteract risk normalization. In line with the findings, suggestions were put forth to enhance managers’ adaptive capacity.

Adaptive Service Provisioning for Dynamic Resource Allocation in Network Digital Twin

Adaptive Service Provisioning for Dynamic Resource Allocation in Network Digital Twin

Computing and Communication Cost-Aware Service Migration Enabled by Transfer Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Vehicular Edge Computing Networks

Due to the high mobility of vehicles, service migration is inevitable in vehicular edge computing (VEC) networks. Frequent service migrations incur prohibitive migration cost including the computing cost (e.g., increased computing delay) and communication cost (e.g., occupied backhaul bandwidth). Yet existing service migration schemes are usually designed without considering the impact of the computing cost. This paper considers the impact of computing and communication cost jointly, and proposes a computing and communication cost-aware service migration scheme for VEC networks (i.e., CA-migration). Taking the service delay as a QoS metric for VEC networks, this paper formulates a migration optimization problem aiming to maximize the services' satisfaction degree of delay (i.e., the probability that the service delay is smaller than the service delay requirement), where both the communication cost and computing cost affect the services' satisfaction degree. Since the optimization problem is a constrained non-linear integer programming problem, it is difficult to solve. Moreover, the VEC networks are highly dynamic. Thus, a fast transfer reinforcement learning (fast-TRL) method combining transfer learning and reinforcement learning is proposed to provide an adaptive service migration scheme in dynamic VEC networks. Simulation results show that compared with existing schemes, the proposed CA-migration scheme can increase the satisfaction degree by up to 30%, and needs 25% less training time to obtain the optimal service migration policy.

Incidence of mental health diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multinational network study.

Population-wide restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic may create barriers to mental health diagnosis. This study aims to examine changes in the number of incident cases and the incidence rates of mental health diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic. By using electronic health records from France, Germany, Italy, South Korea and the UK and claims data from the US, this study conducted interrupted time-series analyses to compare the monthly incident cases and the incidence of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, alcohol misuse or dependence, substance misuse or dependence, bipolar disorders, personality disorders and psychoses diagnoses before (January 2017 to February 2020) and after (April 2020 to the latest available date of each database [up to November 2021]) the introduction of COVID-related restrictions. A total of 629,712,954 individuals were enrolled across nine databases. Following the introduction of restrictions, an immediate decline was observed in the number of incident cases of all mental health diagnoses in the US (rate ratios (RRs) ranged from 0.005 to 0.677) and in the incidence of all conditions in France, Germany, Italy and the US (RRs ranged from 0.002 to 0.422). In the UK, significant reductions were only observed in common mental illnesses. The number of incident cases and the incidence began to return to or exceed pre-pandemic levels in most countries from mid-2020 through 2021. Healthcare providers should be prepared to deliver service adaptations to mitigate burdens directly or indirectly caused by delays in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health conditions.

Innovación tecnológica en la educación

The educational area lives in a constant process of change, adapting to new concepts of technology, educational platforms and all innovation that is based on satisfying the needs of society. Concepts such as technology, innovation, social interaction, the digital age, have become inseparable elements of the educational fact in recent decades, and are so closely related that they can no longer be conceived without the other, their continuous analysis of interrelation is therefore necessary for a better adaptation and provision of the educational service.

Dynamics of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in combat participants after combat brain injury

Topicality. Participation in hostilities strongly affects all participants and is the cause of various not only neurological, but also mental and psychological disorders. According to official data, fewer servicemen die during hostilities than veterans of the war after its end due to the effects of mental trauma. Post-traumatic stress disorders occupy a significant place in the structure of mental pathology of combatants - delayed long-term reactions to extreme events not associated with organic brain damage are observed over a long period of time and can cause significant changes in personality and behavior. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that traumatize the psyche of combatants during a long stay in a specific state of «combat stress», which has a positive effect during the battle, and after its end, as a rule, negatively. Materials and methods. Veterans and participants in hostilities in the ATO-OSO- zone were examined and treated on the department of neurological at the base of the Regional hospital for war veterans, Kharkiv from 2014 to 2021. To conduct the study, patients were divided into groups depending on the severity of the disease. received combat wound, representative by age and sex. Group I - 100 men (25-45 years old) with mild TBI (brain concussion), Group II - 100 men (25-45 years old) with TBI of medium severity (brain contusion combined with acubarotrauma), Group III - 80 men (25-45 years old) with severe TBI (contusion and compression of the brain, formation of intracranial hematomas). Psychological measures used by hospital psychologists in their work: 1. Individual work: consultations, psychoeducation, psychotherapy, psychocorrection, behavior correction, awareness and assimilation of new experience, body-oriented therapy (TRE, TTT, Brainspotting, Soma-system, synchronization of cerebral hemispheres, stabilization of emotional state), art. therapy, psychodiagnostics, post-induction, reframing (correction of attitudes); formation of state control skills, breathing exercises, formation of self-reflection skills. 2. Group work: group psychotherapy (only with veterans and only in small groups), group body-oriented therapy and group art therapy. Conclusions. It can be said that the medical, social and socio-economic consequences of stress factors caused by the unstable sociopolitical situation and the conduct of anti-terrorist operations are spread both to individuals and to the entire population of our country. Veterans and combatants and their entourage (family, friends, work colleagues, etc.) suffer the most from these processes. At the state level, there are a number of regulatory and legal acts that contribute to the social adaptation of these categories of the population and the provision of medical and psychological assistance to them. The organizational structure of institutions and specialists who provide medical and psychological assistance to combatants and members of their families is represented by rehabilitation centers for ATO-OSO participants, full-time psychologists of health care institutions, various volunteer and public organizations; state bodies are additionally involved in issues of social adaptation of social services

Perceptions of Older Immigrants About Health Care in the Host Countries: A Narrative Review

Older immigrants may have different needs regarding health and care services compared to other age groups. There are suggestions for adapting health services to the elderly and even immigrant elderly in order to provide equal service to everyone. There are studies indicating that with advancing age chronic diseases increase and functional capacity decreases, resulting in poorer physical and psychosocial health in immigrant elderly than in the general elderly population. It is stated that immigrants’ use of health services is lower than that of general population. Cultural and social factors influence health behaviors, opportunities, wishes and barriers for patients to access and use health and care services. Studies stated that elderly immigrants not knowing how to apply for health services, having language problems and being ineffective in communication with healthcare professionals, and experiencing lack of/insufficient social, community and family support, are lead to isolation and inadequate use of health services. In the narrative review, it is aimed to explore the existing research which was conducted on the experiences and perspectives of older immigrants, formal and informal caregivers and healthcare workers regarding health and care services and as well as interventions for better adaptation of health and care services among older immigrants.

Improvement of marketing tools for ensuring the development of the innovative potential of aviation enterprises

The aim of the article. The purpose of the study is to improve the marketing toolkit for ensuring the development of the innovative potential of aviation enterprises. The results of the analyses. It has been established that traditional marketing is no longer sufficient to target the modern consumer, as his needs and requests are changeable, flexible, shaped by the influence of the global competitive environment in the air transportation market. Analysis of consumer behavior and permanent communication between airlines and customers is an indispensable attribute of marketing activities. The improvement of marketing tools for ensuring the development of the innovative potential of airlines emphasizes the need to increase the volume of initial marketing data for the formation of innovative policies, the collection, processing and interpretation of which is impossible without digital marketing tools based on artificial intelligence and machine learning in real time. Adaptation of products and services of air carriers to new market demands in conditions of quite strong competition requires the introduction of progressive marketing tools and technologies, which includes Growth-Hacking. At the stages of development of an innovative offer, Growth-Hacking is aimed at conducting experiments to find the correspondence between new market value and consumer needs. At this transition of a product innovation from concept to marketing and sales, Growth-Hacking tools intersect with adaptive marketing tools in targeting the airline's efforts to attract customers by meeting their needs. If adaptive marketing at this stage operates with general tools for assessing the target audience, strengthening customer relationships, developing a competitive advantage strategy, then Growth-Hacking is aimed at experimental conversion testing through chatbot tools, gamification, conducting usability tests with customers, customer surveys, analysis of customer reviews, use of heat maps. Collecting data and feedback from real customers at this stage helps inform experimentation to find an innovative solution. The creation of a comprehensive system of marketing tools to ensure the development of innovative potential is of crucial importance for the airline's competitiveness, allowing to offer customers more innovative and improved products and services relevant to their needs. Conclusions and direction for further research. The marketing toolkit for ensuring the development of the innovative potential of airlines has been improved, which is proposed to be formed on the basis of the synthesis of digital marketing, adaptive marketing and Growth-Hacking-marketing. The proposed approach covers all stages of the innovation process with marketing tools, starting from the generation of an innovative idea to the implementation of innovative products and services of airlines, therefore its implementation into a functional model of the development of innovative potential is rational. The advantage of the author's vision is the scientifically based marketing tools proposal of the relevance of the innovative idea to the needs and requests of consumers (adaptive marketing based on big data), its quick and cost-effective implementation (Growth-Hacking approach). With the perspective of further research, it is expedient to determine the justification of approaches to the strategic focus of the marketing concept on the development of the innovative potential of aviation enterprises.

Data Security Requirements of the Medical Information System

This document presents the conclusions and insights regarding the requirements for an information system project and its secure component in the context of cloud technologies and the QMS project. It emphasizes significant factors contributing to the project's success, including the necessity to deliver tangible value, ensuring global access to resources, and the use of advanced security technologies. The document discusses the role of aspects such as SSL connections, reliable authentication and authorization mechanisms, password encryption, and CSRF tokens. It also focuses on the importance of constant system updates and high data availability. Ultimately, analyzing the implementation of these requirements in the Quality Medical System (QMS), the document illuminates how, through intensive integration with various third-party services, QMS successfully addressed the defined challenges, providing a high-quality, scalable, and adaptable service.

Utilization of Maternal, Nutritional and Child Health Care Services Amidst COVID-19 Pandemic in Uttar Pradesh, India

Background: All maternal health services are essential to be continued for pregnant mothers during lockdown and avoid COVID infection with awareness of people by following all precautions from COVID-19. We aimed to examine changes in service provision and utilization of MNCH services during the pandemic in Uttar Pradesh, India and identify the factors affecting the utilization and service delivery. Objective: To assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on utilization and delivery of maternal health services at health facilities in Uttar Pradesh, India. Method: COVID -19 pandemic data has been collected form website https://prsindia.org/covid-19/cases which provides the day wise data for four major components such as confirmed cases, active cases, cured/discharged and death and pandemic effects on the maternal services including ANC registration, pregnant women registered for ANC within 1st trimester and home and institutional deliveries during April 2019, April 2020 and April 2021. At the same time, through informal discussion with key healthcare professionals and focused desk reviews of published scientific, grey and media-based information and country-specific healthcare policies. Results and summary: Huge difference in the percent change of the beneficiaries received maternal health services among April 2019, April 2020 and April 2021. It is found that there is 88 percent change in the ANC registration for pregnant women in April 2020 against April 2019. It simple means that 371065 pregnant women registered for ANC in April 2019 whereas only 44987 pregnant women registered in April 2019 which is very less number of pregnant women went for ANC visit in public health facilities in Uttar Pradesh. While, during the 2nd wave of COVID-19 pandemic regarding the ANC service, it reflects only 3 percent change based on government HMIS data set, as 361201 pregnant women registered for ANC in April 2021 and its close to April 2019 i.e. 371065. Similarly, 12 percent change for institutional deliveries was found in April 2020 and no change for the institutional deliveries during April 2021. Moreover, more institutional deliveries are occurred during April 2021 against April 2020 and April 2019. The main reason for delayed health seeking was lockdown in April 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic. The health situation was very worst in all the public health facilities during April 2021 due to COVID-19. Conclusions: COVID-19 severely affected the provision and use of MNCH services in Uttar Pradesh, India, despite efforts at service restoration and adaptations. Strengthening logistics support, capacity enhancement, performance management, and demand creation are needed to improve service provision and utilization during and post-COVID-19.

A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Interventions for Afghan Refugee Mental Health: A Cultural Adaptation Analysis

Under the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees’ (UNHCR) seven-decade mandate, Afghan refugees have faced some of the largest and most protracted experiences with forced displacement. This intergenerational exposure to forced migration has had innumerable consequences for the mental health of this population across different stages of their displacement. Afghan refugees who have resettled into Western nations face a unique set of challenges as they must navigate resettlement into societies that are linguistically, culturally, and spiritually distinct from their own backgrounds. This systematic review explores the (a) effectiveness and (b) cultural adaptation of interventions that have addressed the mental health of Afghan refugees resettled into Western countries since the year 2000. This systematic review will employ the Cultural Treatment Adaptation Framework (CTAF) to organize the extent of cultural adaptations. Through the systematic search of four databases, 1709 studies emerged from our search terms, seven of which met the criteria for this review, for example, study includes more than 2/3 Afghan participants; study includes outcome variables. Studies included programs in Germany, Serbia, Sweden, and Austria. The most common outcomes that interventions addressed included posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ( n = 5), depression ( n = 3), and quality of life ( n = 3). Program modalities ranged between Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( n = 4), emotion regulation ( n = 1), family therapy ( n = 1), and multimodal interventions ( n = 2). Most studies only incorporated peripheral changes to interventions in the service of cultural adaptation, and only one intervention included core changes. This program reported the highest effect sizes in reducing PTSD and depressive symptoms when compared with the rest of the studies. These findings provide a direction for future studies as they consider whether the extent of cultural adaptations can influence the effectiveness of programs for Afghan refugee populations. We provide recommendations for mental health practice with this population, including a special attention to the role of daily stressors, the significance of faith and culture-based meaning making in the service of coping, and the salience of isolation.

Virtual Care and Social Support for Refugee Mothers during COVID-19: A Qualitative Analysis

Introduction: The intersection of gender, motherhood, and migration status creates distinct challenges for refugee mothers, but social support can facilitate their navigation of migration and motherhood. Taking a Salutogenic Theory approach (Antonovsky, 1979), we examined refugee mothers’ access to virtual social support during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our objective is to understand the provision of virtual social support for refugee mothers from the perspective of service providers and recently arrived refugee mothers to Canada. Methods: Virtual semi-structured interviews were conducted with three service providers and five refugee mothers in one settlement agency in Ontario, Canada. Data were subjected to thematic analysis. Six main themes emerged. Results: From interviews with service providers the themes include: virtual adaptation of services; unique barriers to virtual services emerging from the intersection of gender, culture, and migration status; and supporting women’s agency and independence. From interviews with mothers, we identified the following themes: gratitude for instrumental support; organization as a link between self and society; and usefulness of virtual support, but preference for in-person support. Discussion: Providers acknowledged clients’ diverse circumstances. They developed flexible strategies to identify client needs and help them build skills. Clients found virtual services essential to resettlement, if not ideal. Conclusion: With tailored programming, virtual services can be effective in providing support. Moreover, refugee mothers acquired digital skills to independently navigate virtual resources, despite limited digital literacy. This demonstrates the value of using of virtual services for vulnerable or hard to reach populations.

Assessing the Professional Knowledge of Long Term Care Stations around the Blocks Personnel from the Perspective of Integrated Care for older People (ICOPE): An Example from Puli Christian Hospital

<p>C級巷弄長照站是長者照護的最前端場域，目前整合照護資源及服務素質不齊，影響長照2.0照護之實踐。本文以世衛組織高齡整合照護指南為基準，檢視埔基巷弄長照站現況與人才培育困境。埔基長照站宜再補強的知能包括：建立高齡整合照護的評估系統及追蹤報告，宜增加老人虐待、老人歧視，以及衛生教育技能課程，宜增強制定完整的照顧計畫，以及強化志工服務量。在行政上應加強：應建立長輩一站式整合服務模式、建立正式通報及轉診之服務系統，以及結合多元輔助產品，用於知能教學或服務品質。政府公共政策建議：宜加強照顧服務員之知能；以區域為基礎，盤點可提供之服務，以達公平性服務；提供跨專業整合及全面的照護計畫；鼓勵由下而上發展政策。</p> <p> </p><p>The Long Term Care (LTC) Stations around the Blocks is the primary prevention front for the elderly in the community. However, the resources and quality of multidisciplinary integrated care vary. According to the implementation framework of ICOPE, the current ability of the LTC station around the blocks to implement procedures outlined by ICOPE and impediments to staff training are examined in this study. Puli LTC Station staff should enhance their knowledge and skills in various areas, including systematic recruitment and case screening, implementing an ICOPE evaluation system with follow-up tracking, providing new training content on elder abuse and discrimination against the elderly, and improving health education for staff to create comprehensive care plans, expand volunteer recruitment, and increase volunteer training and service hours. Public policy recommendations aim to strengthen care abilities and promote regional equity, to provide integrate interdisciplinary care plans and advocate bottom-up policy development for adaptive service models.</p> <p> </p>

Concept Drift-Based Runtime Reliability Anomaly Detection for Edge Services Adaptation

To meet the rapidly increasing need of computation-intensive and latency-sensitive applications, mobile edge computing (MEC has attracted tremendous attention from both academia and industry. However, the runtime reliability of edge services fluctuates over time due to the dynamics in their internal states and the external environment. This causes the distribution of edge services' reliability data streams to vary in the form of concept drift. Severe negative reliability drifts indicate that an edge service may be suffering from a performance anomaly or a runtime failure. To ensure the stable operation of edge services, we propose A-Detection, a concept drift-based runtime reliability anomaly detection approach for edge services adaptation. We integrate reservoir sampling and singular value decomposition (SVD for large-scale streaming data sampling and feature extraction. Jensen Shannon (JS divergence is utilized to develop a dissimilarity metric of data stream distribution, called FDC, for runtime edge service reliability anomaly detection. When an anomaly is detected in a running edge service, checkpoint-retry is combined with computation offloading to implement runtime reliability adaptation. Extensive experimental results verify and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of A-Detection.

Understanding and learning from rural drug service adaptations to opioid substitution therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: the What C-OST? study.

In April 2020, in response to government COVID-19 advice, changes were made to the way English drug services operated. Methadone and buprenorphine were typically dispensed in 1- to 2-week supplies, and key working was conducted by phone/online. Previous studies have examined the impact of these changes on people from urban settings. This study adds the experiences and perspectives of people receiving care from drug services in rural areas and makes suggestions for future emergency planning. Telephone semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 people receiving care in Somerset, Wiltshire, and Suffolk, rural counties in England. Reflexive thematic analysis was used. Three overarching themes were found. "Challenges of rural lockdown" (theme 1) describes how rural community challenges, especially reduced or no rural public transport, were experienced. This hampered some OST collections, with consequential drug use. It also impeded connections to loved ones, worsening isolation. For participants who were struggling pre-pandemic, the intersection between this and their experience of revised drug service operations is embodied in "Amplification of Social Disconnection: Cut off and unheard" (theme 2). They felt a lack of support, particularly from remote provision key working. Participants who had supportive relationships and time in the pandemic occupied in ways they found meaningful, and others who struggled with anxiety or depression, found pandemic changes "Fits better with my life" (theme 3). They experienced more freedom for other things, gained support by other means, such as family, or felt more comfortable with remote engagement. A cross-cutting sub-theme "Understandable Interruptions" showed acceptance of pandemic disruptions. National guidance and organizational policy impacted participants in different ways. Those who had supportive relationships and occupied time were better able to make positive use of newfound freedoms and engage with community-level support. In contrast, those who had less stability, including mental health struggles and social isolation, felt cut off and unheard, particularly from key workers. Reduced rural transport was a significant community-level issue, which impeded OST collection and social support. We suggest emergency response plans be created for individuals taking account of their pre-existing personal situations.