Trade In Services Research Articles

A blockchain-based engineering design review service trading scheme for digital building permits

Engineering design review, which is a time-consuming task in the building permit process, faces challenges such as a scarcity of design review specialists, vulnerability to manipulation and corruption, and a lack of traceability and transparency. This paper explores the integration of blockchain and online service trading in addressing these challenges. This paper proposes a platform-based design review service trading scheme, engaging a distributed network of experts to overcome resource limitations and integrates blockchain technology to improve process traceability. The system model is presented, an access control model and a design version management method are proposed. A prototype system is developed, and a real-world project is used to illustrate the online design review process. Security, function, and performance evaluations show that the scheme is secure and efficient. This study highlights blockchain's potential in digital building permits. Future work can explore advanced service matching algorithms in online design review service trading platforms.

Legal regulation of trading activities

The purpose of this article is a retrospective review of the regulatory framework for controlling trading activities. It examines regulatory documents of five levels that define the system for providing objects of this activity: goods, wholesale and retail trade services, processes for their provision, and results of the service. It has been established that the documents of the first three levels regulate mandatory requirements for the quality of goods supplied and sold, as well as commodity distribution processes. A set of national standards for trade services establishes requirements on a voluntary basis.

Service sectors and trade through a digital medium: a modified gravity approach

ABSTRACT Given the increasing role played by services delivered through online platforms, this study is a first to undertake cross-sectoral examination of the trade performance of nine service sectors exploring only the digitally delivered components of these. The article makes two main contributions. First, in the absence of bilateral trade data, it develops gravity-like indices using a methodology to capture the influence of common variables used in the gravity literature. Sector-level unilateral import data on the WTO, GATS mode 1 of service delivery or cross-border trade, which is largely synonymous with digital trade, is drawn from the relatively new OECD-WTO-TiSMoS database. Next, the constructed gravity-like variables along with an index of the importer’s services trade restrictiveness, the level of internet penetration of the importing economy and their interaction are examined across the said sectors using a panel of 50 countries for the years 2014–2017. The findings of the constructed gravity variables support earlier literature using bilateral service trade data. The outcomes of the interactions reveal that the trade dampening effect of larger service trade restrictions is somewhat mitigated by deeper internet penetration in consumer services like education in contrast to others like insurance & financial services which are usually producer services.

REVIEW OF FUNDING PROCEDURES ON PT FIFGROUP CILEGON BRANCH

Purpose - In the world of trade in goods and services, the types of transactions that are commonly carried out are payment by cash or credit. PT. Federal International Finance is one of the actors in the business world engaged in business Honda motorcycle credit sales financing. Total financing is dominated by credit. This is done primarily in addition to attracting as many buyers as possible also to make it easier for consumers to manage cash Design/methodology/approach - Financing credit sales of Honda motorcycles to PT. FIFGROUP uses a system and credit financing procedures. The purpose of this study is (1) to analyze the effectiveness of procedures for providing credit funds to customers at PT. FIFGROUP Cilegon Branch (2) To analyze the customer's bad credit control system PT. FIFGROUP Celeron Branch Finding - Observations were made on the results of this study shows In analyzing the feasibility of granting credit to consumers, besides using 5C analysis the company also uses five parameters feasibility in analyzing whether or not the prospective debtor is financed credit, this proves that the company has carried out the process credit approval in accordance with procedures established by the company. Appropriate division of tasks and segregation of functions is control internal company which is one way to minimize risk uncollectible accounts receivable. Keywords: procedures, assessment procedures Automotive.

Impact of RMB internationalization on China's competitiveness in financial services trade based on the VAR model: Evidence from China-US.

An increase in a currency internationalization levels can positively impact its credibility in international economic activities, and expand the effective demand and optimize the supply structure for the country's financial service trade. In this way, a state can improve its financial service trade competitiveness in the international market. This study builds a vector autoregressive model based on time-series data of China-US financial services trade from 2010 to 2021, analyzes the impact of different quantitative indicators of RMB internationalization on this trade from the impulse response results, and validates the conclusions using various inspection methods. The results show that the increase in RMB internationalization helps to narrow the China-US financial services trade balance, but with a significant lag. And this effect is heterogeneous in different dimensions, demonstrated by the fact that the development of overseas RMB securities business is more important for the level of RMB internationalization to narrow the China-US financial services trade balance. Finally, among the specific measures to improve its financial services trade, China should focus on developing the international competitiveness of the traditional RMB deposit and loan financial sector, while the competition in the overseas market for high value-added financial businesses must also not be neglected. Furthermore, China needs to implement more targeted RMB internationalization development policies at different levels in the future to provide high-quality financial services to the rest of the world and aid in the economic recovery of the world in the "post-pandemic" era.

Does digital service trade promote inclusive domestic growth? – Empirical research of 46 countries

AbstractThis study utilises panel data of 46 countries from 2005 to 2019 to examine the impact of digital service trade (DST) on inclusive growth. Inclusive growth is a growth model that promotes economic growth and development, while also building social equity and inclusiveness and balancing environmental sustainability. The findings indicate that a nation’s DST development significantly fosters domestic economic growth and development, specifically through its employment enhancement effect. DST substantially promotes social equity and inclusiveness, mainly through the inclusive innovation effect. However, DST is also found to increase carbon emissions, impeding environmentally sustainable growth, specifically via the energy demand effect. Hence, DST exerts diverse impacts on different facets of inclusiveness. The study also reveals heterogeneity in the effects of DST on the three aspects of inclusive growth related to trade’s import–export dynamics, income levels, and DST barrier intensities. This paper contributes to and refines the body of research on the relationship between DST and inclusive growth. It offers policy suggestions for crafting more open and mutually beneficial DST policies to foster social equity and inclusive global trade.

Structural Evolution and Its Determinants of Domestic Value-Added Network of Digital Service Exports Based on Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model

ABSTRACT Digital service trade has become an important engine of world economic growth, and its competitive landscape is also evolving. We construct domestic value-added networks of digital service exports (DVAN-DSEs) from 1995 to 2018 based on the world input-output table, and explores their structural evolution and determinants using Temporal Exponential Random Graph Model. We find that (a) the DVAN-DSEs present the features of agglomeration, heterogeneity, reciprocity and unevenness. (b) The United States and European countries are the core in DVAN-DSEs. (c) Preference attachment, structural embeddedness, delayed reciprocity, stability, variability, Matthew effect in GDP, population and Internet coverage, geographical proximity, cultural similarities, and regional trade agreements play important roles in the evolution of DVAN-DSEs. (d) Structural embeddedness and geographic proximity only facilitate new relationship construction, while other factors influence both relationship establishment and maintenance. Countries should build network facilities, expand trading partners and promote trade agreement negotiations to facilitate the development of digital service trade.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AREA INFRASTRUCTURE IN NATAL SUB-DISTRICT, MANDAILING NATAL REGENCY, INDONESIA

The study highlights the critical need for infrastructure development in coastal areas to support the fisheries sector and services trade. Through various methods such as assessment of current conditions and literature review, it's clear that improving infrastructure is a top priority.Objectives: This study aims to identify the infrastructure that supports the development of coastal areas in Natal Sub-district, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera, IndonesiaMethodology and Results: The research methods include descriptive analysis to identify existing infrastructure and importance-performance analysis to evaluate the importance and performance of infrastructure.The study results show that the infrastructure is divided according to its level of importance. First, within Quadrant I, infrastructure such as fish auction sites (TPI), village unit cooperatives (KUD), cold storage, and ice factories in the Natal coastal region stand out as the main focus. Recommendations include the revitalization of TPI and KUD, and the construction of cold storage facilities. Second, in Quadrant II, infrastructure such as transport support facilities, waste management, and sanitation require attention to maintain their performance. Third, in Quadrant III, gas station facilities in Sikara Kara Village are of medium-to-low priority. Finally, in Quadrant IV, infrastructure such as waste and drainage systems need to be reviewed. The revitalization of the Setia Karya dumpsite and the construction of a drainage system are part of the recommendations to improve Natal's coastal environment.Conclusion, Significance and implications: The improvement of coastal area infrastructure in Natal Sub-District, Mandailing Natal Regency, Indonesia emphasizes on addition, repair and revitalization. It is also recommended to strengthen the involvement of local and village governments in collaborative efforts. Further studies are needed, particularly on effective implementation of infrastructure development in the same research area.

Servicification in Global Value Chains in Emerging and Developing Asian Economies

Servicification in global value chains (GVCs) in emerging and developing Asian economies has become a trend recently. However, there have been no scientific studies to elucidate the mechanism of servicification in GVCs. To fill this gap, this study aims to investigate the involvement of service sectors in GVCs in Asian economies in terms of the quantitative interactions between service inputs and manufacturing exports and inputs and between service inputs and service exports. For this purpose, a panel vector-autoregressive model and the Trade in Value Added database of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) were used for the empirical analysis during 1995–2018. The estimation results find that, first, there exist reciprocal interactions between the business services and manufacturing sectors; foreign business service inputs are induced by manufacturing exports, whereas manufacturing inputs are induced by business service exports. Second, foreign manufacturing inputs facilitate foreign business service inputs. Third, business service inputs are promoted by business service exports. These trends in the involvement of business services’ involvement in GVCs have accelerated since the mid-2000s. To enhance the role of services in GVCs, Asian economies should facilitate the removal of explicit restrictions in service trade and address regulatory divergence across countries.

Data Science's Unnoticed Significance in Finance

The growing influence of artificial intelligence and Data Science on the financial sector, focusing on its role in managing financial products and services, influencing financial markets, and shaping areas like internet finance, credit services, and fraud detection. The study highlights the opportunities and challenges of integrating data science into financial systems, including algorithmic trading of financial services. Despite challenges such as data quality, privacy, regulation, ethics, talent acquisition, and integration with existing systems, the application of data science in finance offers businesses opportunities to develop and broaden their offerings, fostering innovation and improving client experiences. The paper also emphasizes the importance of interpretable and explainable AI models for trust and compliance with regulations.

Research on the path of enhancing the international competitiveness of China's service trade

Research on the path of enhancing the international competitiveness of China's service trade

Moderation Of Trade Openness On The Effect Of Service Sector And Inflation On Indirect Tax Revenue

This study aims to analyze the effect of service sector, inflation, and trade openness on indirect tax revenue in a number of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The results of this study are expected to provide additional insight into the knowledge of the factors that influence indirect tax revenue as well as the moderating effect of trade openness on the influence of the service sector and inflation in influencing indirect tax revenue in the region. This study uses secondary data on 15 countries with a period of 2009-2019. The analysis model used is multiple linear regression for panel data with panel-corrected standard errors. The results show that there is a significant effect of all independent and moderation variables on indirect tax revenue. Individually, the service sector has a negative effect on indirect tax revenue. However, after being moderated, the effect is weakened. Inflation also negatively affects indirect tax revenue, but this effect cannot be moderated by trade openness. Meanwhile, trade openness partially has a positive effect on indirect tax revenue. It is recommended that the government make policies that encourage trade openness because it has a positive impact on the economy, especially in the field of taxation.

Financial Inclusion, Digital Financial Inclusion and Air Quality: Evidence from Asian Countries

Financial inclusion enables greater access to financial resources and facilitates green energy investments, thus emerging as a potential avenue to mitigate pollution. However, the relationship between financial inclusion and environmental impact is complex, with arguments both for and against its positive effects. This study aims to examine the impact of financial inclusion and digital financial inclusion on air quality in thirteen selected Asian countries. The dependent variables used in this study was the Air Quality Index (AQI). The independent variables were financial inclusion, digital financial inclusion, population growth, net trade of goods and services and gross domestic product (GDP). The findings showed that the proxies of financial inclusion had mix effects on air quality, while a higher level of digital financial inclusion led to a better air quality in Asian countries. This study also revealed that population growth and GDP may somehow affect the air quality of Asian countries as well. These results suggest that Asian countries with lower level of financial inclusion and digital financial inclusion need to improve their citizen’s access to financial resources. Several policies shall be implemented to enhance the level of financial inclusion and the air quality.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE CHANGE IN SLAWI SUBDISTRICT, TEGAL REGENCY, 2014 - 2024 USING HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY DATA

This research aims to analyze land use change in Slawi Sub-district, Tegal Regency, from 2014 to 2024 using high-resolution satellite image data. This study used Worldview-2 high resolution satellite image data in 2014 and Geoeye-1 in 2024. This study was classified into 14 land use classes consisting of rivers, roads, railways, agriculture, green open space, other vegetation, industry, housing, government, public service facilities, trade services, transportation, defense and security and open land. The spatial analysis method was used to map changes in land area based on the main use classes such as agriculture, housing, and infrastructure. The results showed a significant decrease in agricultural land area as well as an increase in residential land area and infrastructure, reflecting the changing pattern of regional growth and development. In conclusion, an in-depth understanding of land use dynamics in Slawi Sub-district is important to support environmental management policies, natural resource conservation, and sustainable regional development in the future.

Competence and Work Motivation on Employee Performance Mediated by Career Development

This research aims to determine the influence of competency and work motivation on the performance of Banyumas Industry and Trade Service Employees with Career Development as a mediating variable. This quantitative research uses a simple random sampling method with a population of Civil Servants, using data collection instruments and a questionnaire. The sample used was 131 employees. The analysis technique uses SEM with the Smart PLS Version 3.0 tool. The tests used are the outer model, inner model, and mediation and hypothesis tests. The research results show that competence, work motivation, and career development positively and significantly affect employee performance. Competence and work motivation have a positive and significant effect on career development. Career development mediates the influence of competency and work motivation on employee performance.

Relative responses of trade in goods and services to currency devaluation: Evidence from Ethiopia

Lack of hard currency is one of the key growth barriers in emerging countries, as imports vastly outstrip exports. In response, governments in these countries usually undertake a variety of policy packages, including the devaluation of the domestic currency. Despite these efforts, there have been no discernible adjustments to foreign balance. This study examines whether the response to devaluation differs significantly between the goods and services trade in Ethiopia. We estimate the long- and short-run elasticities of the disaggregated trade indicators using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and error correction mechanisms. The empirical results confirm a significant difference between the goods and service sectors in terms of their responses to the devaluation policy in the long and short run. The estimated long-run elasticities of devaluation are only statistically significant for service imports and trade balances with negative signs. The remaining sectors did not show any significant relationships. In addition, we obtain meaningful short-run elasticities for service imports, goods exports, and total exports, all of which have a negative sign. Domestic inflation accounted for a large portion of the short-run import dynamics, output growth, and FDI, which contributed significantly to long-term export performance. The current study reveals that the government should not rely exclusively on the devaluation policy to bridge its external imbalances, and should see alternative and more effective policy mixes to alter the demand and supply sides of foreign trade.

The bilateral trade imbalances between the EU and China: Structure and trends

The EU and China are among the largest economies affecting the global economy and each other. The paper aims to determine the structure and trends in the trade relations between the EU and China from the perspective of trade imbalances. Net export index (–29% in 2021) and the difference between export and import growth rates (–9% in 2016-2021) were calculated as the indicators of competitiveness of the economies relative to each other. Correlation coefficients and regression models were used to estimate the effects of several factors on the net export index. The EU has a surplus in services trade with China (21% of the trade), but it does not cover a much larger bilateral merchandise trade deficit (–36%), which exists in most member states. Machinery and vehicles are the most important traded items. The net export index shows that the European Union is more competitive than China in nonfuel minerals, food, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, intellectual property, computer, travel, and sea transport services. The effect of the real exchange rates on the trade imbalances is not robust due to the large difference in regression coefficients for the real exchange rates based on consumer prices and unit labor costs. In recent years, the trade balance was not significantly affected by industrial output growth trends in the EU and China (except for the COVID-19 pandemic crisis when the relative competitiveness of China in its trade with the EU improved at least in the short run).

Proposals to improve the law on securities brokerage activities in Vietnam

Securities brokerage activity in Vietnam is one of the conditional business activities. Besides providing stock trading services for individuals and organizations who want to buy or sell securities on the exchange, securities brokerage activities are also connecting investors, helping to attract and circulate cash flow in the economy, improving the investment and business cultural environment and promoting new product development. Currently, the law on securities brokerage activities is relatively complete in terms of the legal framework, however, no matter how the law is strict, it cannot cover all cases. In the scope of this article, the author will gain an overview of the securities brokerage activities in Vietnam. Through analytical research and synthetic methods based on current legal regulations including laws, decrees and circulars, the article will evaluate the remaining shortcomings in the legal regulations of the securities brokerage profession, thereby, giving some recommendations and solutions to supplement and improve the legal regulations related to securities brokerage activities in Vietnam.

Liability of the Operator of an NFT Digital Artwork Trading Service Platform for Contributory Copyright Infringement

Liability of the Operator of an NFT Digital Artwork Trading Service Platform for Contributory Copyright Infringement

Dynamic joint strategy of channel encroachment and logistics choice considering trade-in service and strategic consumers

As Internet technology develops rapidly, consumers’ consumption habits gradually shift from offline to online, and they are growing more strategic. In order to cater to strategic consumers, offline durable goods firms providing trade-in service are faced with practical issues of making dynamic strategies about whether establishing online channels and adopting which logistics service between self-logistics and third-party logistics (TPL) to deliver online orders. To tackle these problems, this study considers three scenarios and analyzes dynamic joint strategy of channel encroachment and logistics choice for a durable goods firm who owns an offline channel and offers trade-in service to strategic consumers via constructing a two-period game model. Results show that the firm’s dynamic joint strategy of channel encroachment and logistics choice will be affected by fixed operating cost, logistics service level difference and self-logistics cost. Moreover, trade-in service will have huge impacts on channel encroachment and logistics choice strategy. At last, when considering cap-and-trade policy, the service level of self-logistics and the cost of shipping used products, the optimal dynamic joint strategy of channel encroachment and logistics choice remains viable.