Vehicle Service Life Research Articles

Kesan Umur Kenderaan Penumpang terhadap Ekonomi Bahan Api untuk Kitaran Pemanduan Bandar

Optimal service life is among the most crucial determinant factors in vehicle life-cycle planning and management. A multi-dimensional operational cost covering asset acquisition, operating, and maintenance until disposal requires a strategic analysis to ensure economic vehicle ownership. The economic service life issue is more prominent for transportation management with a high number of vehicle ownership capacity. Accordingly, twoyear fuel consumption data of a local authority passenger vehicle fleet that is mainly used for urban driving cycles was retrieved. Taking advantage of the actual fuel consumption data, this study explores the effect of vehicle age on fuel economy. Based on the fuel consumption and odometer reading, the average fuel consumption profile reveals a significant decrease following the addition of passenger vehicle age. In particular, vans showed a negative gradient in fuel consumption per year of -0.8 L/year, the highest decrement rate as compared to cars, 0.5 L/year and SUVs, -0.19 L/year. In terms of fuel economy, a comparatively low performance was recorded by cars, which is 9.38 km/L, as compared to SUVs, 27.05 km/L. Nevertheless, the fuel economy degradation for SUVs is 35% higher compared to cars. This result confirms the hypothesis that the longer the vehicle ages, the lower its fuel economy. Interestingly, this study suggests seven years as the start of a decline in the passenger vehicle fuel economy, independent of vehicle type. This research framework could be replicated to a bigger data scale for the economic vehicle service life determination in Malaysia that currently continues to be voluntary. It is vital as part of the basis for the future establishment of the national ELV definition.

Вiдновлeння листових деталeй транспортних засобiв пiсля дорожньо-транспортних пригод

This article is a continuation of research on the use of methods to improve the repair of vehicle body parts after the examination of road accidents. Body parts are among the main and most complex and labor-intensive structural elements of a vehicle (land, air, sea). In addition, body parts are the basis of the vehicle structure, which combines all its parts into a single whole in terms of power. The service life of the body as a whole largely determines the operational durability of land transport in general. The service life of body parts, which are usually made from sheet metal by stamping, is affected by corrosion, operational damage and traffic accidents. The reserve for increasing the durability of body parts, including sheet metal parts (springs, wheel rims, etc.), is a set of technological means and a rational choice of technological parameters of the process of their manufacture by sheet stamping. Road accidents are a serious test for body components. In such situations, it is necessary to take into account not only the appearance of the parts but also their internal structure. Modern testing technologies and diagnostic methods allow us to detect potentially dangerous damage in time.Optimization of the technological parameters of the sheet forming process is a key factor in increasing the durability of housing elements. Taking into account high loads during design and manufacturing allows us to create parts that can withstand the pressure of various operating conditions.This integrated approach to solving the problems of improving the repair of body parts guarantees an increase in the service life of vehicles and ensures their reliability and safety on the road.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ ПУТЕМ ОГРАНИЧЕНИЯ СРОКА СЛУЖБЫ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ

Among the urgent problems of oil and gas producing enterprises in Western Siberia is the low level of condition of vehicles, a significant part of which is operated in excess of permissible service lifetime standards. One of the main method to increase the efficiency, reliability and safety of vehicles is to limit the maximum lifetime of their operation. The purpose of the research presented in this article is to develop a methodology for determining the rational service life of vehicles, ensuring an increase in the reliability of functioning of transport and technological systems of oil and gas producing enterprises in Western Siberia. The scientific novelty consists in establishing patterns and creating mathematical models of the impact of age and operating time on the coefficient of technical readiness of automobiles. The methodological basis of the article is the systematization of research papers, regulatory documents, scientific and technical publications, as well as elements of a systematic approach, methods of expert assessments, mathematical statistics and economic analysis. It is revealed that all the considered methods for determining rational service lifetime have a limited scope of use. It is proposed to set the operating time limits using a method that, unlike most of the known ones, takes into account the impact on the technical readiness coefficient not only of operating time from the beginning of operation, but also of the intensity of vehicle use. It is illustrated that, in general, there is no statistically significant linear correlation between the age of vehicles and their operating time since the beginning of operation. One-factor and two-factor model patterns of the impact of these indicators on the coefficient of technical readiness have been developed. The validity of the proposed models has been verified, numerical values of their parameters have been established. The obtained correlations made it possible to develop a methodology for determining the maximum age limit of vehicles, taking into consideration the intensity of their use. The effect is formed due to a more accurate determination of the service lifetime of automobiles, which affects the increase in the coefficient of technical readiness. Further research in this area will be aimed at developing a methodology for adjusting the vehicle service lifetime with consideration to their operating conditions.

Вплив показників якості палива та технічний стан автомобіля під час руху

In this article, the importance of the interaction between fuel quality and the technical condition of the vehicle is examined to determine its dynamic characteristics and road safety. The research is based on the analysis of the impact of these factors on the vehicle during operation and maneuver execution, especially during overtaking maneuvers where having sufficient engine power reserve to achieve the required level of acceleration is crucial. It is noted that understanding the reasons for changes in dynamic properties is critical, as a reduction in the engine power reserve of the vehicle can complicate the safe execution of overtaking maneuvers. The main focus of the work is placed on the necessity of considering these changes in the vehicle's mobility control systems. The article also includes an analysis of recent research in the field of the interaction between fuel and the technical condition of the vehicle. Research in this area is aimed at understanding the interaction between fuel parameters and the technical characteristics of vehicles to make transportation more efficient, extend the service life of vehicles, and address environmental challenges. The article concludes with findings that emphasize the effectiveness of the developed coefficient for considering the technical condition of the vehicle and fuel quality to enhance the accuracy of safety systems and predict the potential acceleration of the vehicle in traffic. The proposed coefficient will make it possible to increase the accuracy of predicting the potential acceleration of the car by the on-board system. Additionally, the possibility of using this coefficient to detect changes in fuel quality and the technical condition of the vehicle is discussed, providing drivers with information through onboard diagnostic systems and measurement complexes to take appropriate actions.

Adoption of Micro-Mobility Solutions for Improving Environmental Sustainability: Comparison among Transportation Systems in Urban Contexts

Sustainable transport frameworks are gaining attention within national and international transportation policies, given the key role that decarbonisation plays in making urban environments people-friendly. Within this context, several shared services and micro-mobility options are being developed, especially as first/last mile facilities, further increasing public transport coverage levels. We present an overview of the environmental impacts of different transport modes and compare them from different perspectives, namely, CO2 emission levels, total costs (also including the user generalised cost) and service life of vehicles involved. The proposed methodology is applied to an urban context, using real trip data and showing the main findings under real conditions.

Projection of end-of-life vehicle population and recyclable metal resources: Provincial-level gaps in China

With the rapid development of China's automobile industry, the surge in the number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) has put great pressure on the environment. On the other hand, ELVs contain multiple recyclable metal resources and can be regarded as an important source of urban mining. In order to explore the potential of secondary resources supplies from urban mines in the automotive industry, considering different policy conditions, this study not only forecasts China's recyclable metal resources from 2021 to 2030 at the national level, but also introduces two indicators of area and population, focusing on the differences in provincial distribution. Combined with the characteristics of each province, the gap between future demand for vehicle scrap recycling and the current status of China's ELV management is analyzed. The results show that although the extension of vehicle service life in the future will effectively reduce the number of ELVs, there will be an obvious imbalance of ELV between provinces by 2030 due to the different development conditions of provinces. In the future, considering the insufficient landfills and high disposal costs in relatively developed areas, ELV recycling channels should be set up in multiple geographical locations within China, so that the pressure of controlling total domestic ELV recycling can be eased, as well as the governance of dismantling enterprises.

Integration of a dissipative contact force model into vehicle–track dynamics for analysing wheel–rail dynamic interaction under short-wavelength irregularity

Wheel–rail dynamic interaction under short-wavelength irregularity which has a detrimental effect on the service life of vehicle and track components, is of crucial importance to be estimated accurately. Aiming at this, dissipative contact force models are integrated into a validated vehicle–track coupled dynamics model, which enables to consider the energy dissipation at the wheel–rail interface. Wheel–rail interactions for different dissipative contact force models are evaluated, and the Hu–Guo model is selected as the most suitable one for wheel–rail interaction analysis. The wheel–rail interactions for the Hu–Guo model and Hertz theory are analysed under different track irregularities including sinusoidal rail corrugation and rail welded joints. The simulation results indicate that the Hu–Guo model has little effect on the normal interaction at low frequencies, but reduces the contact force fluctuation amplitude obviously at high frequencies above 600 Hz, with a more significant reduction at the resonance peak of high frequency range. The Hu–Guo model has an obvious contact force phase lead compared with the Hertz theory at higher frequencies above 1250 Hz. The Hu–Guo dissipative contact force model is needed for the wheel–rail interaction analysis at high frequencies above 600 Hz.

Method of formation of loading cycles for performing forced bench tests of suspension elements at the stage of technical design

Ensuring the required vehicle service life is one of the most important and topical global engineering challenges. Automobile manufacturers and research engineers around the world are actively working to improve safety and durability testing methods of vehicles, their components and systems. This article touches upon the main issues of comparing the modes of vehicle road operation and the method of forming an adequate program for extreme testing of suspension elements. The developed method has been actively applied in FSUE “NAMI” in the field of research on durability of vehicle components and systems, in particular, of hub units, with the use of mathematical modeling tools and the test base capacities and capabilities.

The impact of V2X service under local climatic conditions within Canada on EV durability

At present, the percentage of electric vehicles in the global on-road fleet continues to increase. At the same time, there is also a worldwide shift towards sustainable power generation technologies such as solar and wind for electricity. Power generation from such renewable sources is intrinsically unsteady. The electricity stored in the EV fleet is seen as a possible means to provide grid stabilization through V2X applications. Here, V2X is a catch-all for V2G, or vehicle-to-grid. With increasing energy capacity being built into the battery packs of light-duty EVs, newer information emerging on their performance and durability is winning consumer confidence. With preliminary technical benchmarks achieved, more widespread acceptance for EVs will come with positive demonstrations of their performance under more demanding circumstances, and one of key interest is their durability in cold climate regions. In this context, a study by numerical simulation was conceived and conducted to investigate the effects of EV use in a Canadian climatic environment, tracing both the electrochemical and thermal state of the battery pack over the EV lifetime. These scenarios considered two vehicle types, six different cities, two US EPA based drive cycles at 50 km/day, various levels of V2X provision, two charger power levels and two operational sequences. Daily outdoor climatic conditions for a one year period were imposed on the simulation, with a heat transfer model for the pack temperature when the vehicle was not in use. The results of the study are quite detailed, and provide quantitative lifetime estimates derived from tracking battery degradation. Externally supplied energy for heating or cooling before battery operations was also accounted for. In general, colder cities were found to result in shortened service lifetimes, with garage storage of the EVs shown to significantly mitigate climatic effects. • Electrochemical and thermal battery models predicted electric vehicle service life. • Climate data from six different Canadian cities provided a range of cold climate environments. • Newer generation ∼60 kWh capacity EVs significantly outperform older smaller capacity EVs in the cold. • Moderated climates without extreme cold or heat significantly preserve battery SOH. • V2X provision in the cold is possible with minimal lifetime loss with suitable thermal controls.

ESTIMATION OF VEHICLE OPERATING TIME TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF A NUMBER OF FACTORS

Modern vehicles operated on the railways of Ukraine have almost exhausted or exceeded their resource. The overuse of financial and material resources for their maintenance continues. The standard service life of vehicles was calculated on stable economic conditions of use of vehicles and their timely updating in process of aging. The service life of modern vehicles is determined by the influence of many factors, the disregard of which can lead to significant costs, even in compliance with the standard service life. For railway transport, these factors need modern clarification, as in operation their service life often exceeds the standard or, as for intermodal transport, the service life does not have a strict justification. Accordingly, the article analyzes the issues of assessing the impact on the service life of vehicles of the components of the cost of its maintenance and average daily mileage. It is shown that, firstly, the definition of the service life of vehicles must be linked to the cost of vehicle development, its creation, testing and production, the cost of operation and storage, as well as additional costs, and secondly , with the optimal average daily mileage, at which all the costs are minimal.

Identification of the ESP sensors condition during the vehicle service life

The paper presents the proposals of extension of the periodic tests of the selected ESP system sensors: angular velocity sensor and lateral acceleration sensor using a universal diagnostics tester and a plate stand (a wheel play detector unit). The idea of this approach is to evaluate the signals from the above sensors in terms of their amplitude and frequency in the case of known forcing at the plate stand. Knowledge of the amplitude and frequency of the plates excitation and the model of tested vehicle allows for predicting the response of vehicle. On this way the verification of sensors indications is possible. This article presents the flat model of a vehicle placed on the plate stand, simulation tests and the results of its validation for three different vehicles. The results of the investigation show that the wheelbase of vehicle has a significant impact on the steady-state vibration amplitude. This conclusion is important in the practical application of this method to test the vehicle yaw rate sensor in the ESP system.

Creep-Fatigue Experiment and Life Prediction Study of Piston 2A80 Aluminum Alloy.

In order to improve the reliability and service life of vehicle and diesel engine, the fatigue life prediction of the piston in a heavy diesel engine was studied by finite element analysis of piston, experiment data of aluminum alloy, fatigue life model based on energy dissipation criteria, and machine learning algorithm. First, the finite element method was used to calculate and analyze the temperature field, thermal stress field, and thermal–mechanical coupling stress field of the piston, and determine the area of heavy thermal and mechanical load that will affect the fatigue life of the piston. Second, based on the results of finite element calculation, the creep–fatigue experiment of 2A80 aluminum alloy was carried out, and the cyclic response characteristics of the material under different loading conditions were obtained. Third, the fatigue life prediction models based on energy dissipation criterion and twin support vector regression are proposed. Then, the accuracy of the two models was verified using experiment data. The results show that the model based on the twin support vector regression is more accurate for predicting the material properties of aluminum alloy. Based on the established life prediction model, the fatigue life of pistons under actual service conditions is predicted. The calculation results show that the minimum fatigue life of the piston under plain condition is 2113.60 h, and the fatigue life under 5000 m altitude condition is 1425.70 h.

ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR IN THE USE OF PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN THE TROPICS

This research aims to determine the pattern of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) usage and fuel consumption for the Jakarta metropolitan area, which includes the cities of Depok, Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, and Jakarta itself. Tests were carried out for approximately three months, with regular use. Other types of vehicles for comparison are the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) units. Fuel consumption data and vehicle usage patterns are acquired from data loggers. Economic studies are carried out in a simulation that involves the price of a vehicle, a battery, maintenance costs, and fuel prices. The results show that the best PHEV fuel consumption is for the range of 55–80 km, which is 35–40 km/liter. When compared with HEV, PHEV fuel consumption is 30 % more efficient. HEV's best fuel consumption is 22 km/liter. The ICE is far behind with 11 km/liter. However, looking at the economic side, it can be concluded that the price of PHEV is still challenging to reach for the middle class. PHEV is still classified as a luxury car for Indonesia. Assuming the amount of fuel is IDR 9,850/liter, and the vehicle service life is set at ten years, the energy cost for PHEV is around IDR 4,400–IDR 6,000/km. It is higher compare with the energy cost for a conventional car that is around IDR 3,400–IDR 3,900/km. PHEV buyers must receive incentive support from the government, not only at the time of purchase (zero tax) but also for maintenance costs and battery replacement. Indonesia has long experience in manufacturing ICE vehicles. Opening an electric vehicle industry is a strategic solution to reduce the price of these vehicles. The import tax for vehicles in Indonesia is quite high

Methods of systemic management of the service life of vehicles

The article discusses the methods of multi-criteria assessment of the efficiency of vehicle operation according to their properties. The main difficulties in solving the issue of technical operation of vehicles when introducing these methods into the assessment process are highlighted. Algorithms of decision-making related to the choice of a vehicle in conditions of uncertainty of the external environment are analyzed. Their advantages and disadvantages are substantiated. A methodology for calculating weight coefficients for the optimization and development of the transport system is proposed.

Capacity Fading Mechanism of Ni-Rich Layered Li[NixCoyMn1-x-Y]O2 Cathode with x ≥ 0.9

Electric vehicles (EVs) require rechargeable batteries with high energy density and excellent capacity retention to meet the target driving range and ensure sufficient vehicle service life. However, the specific energy density and lifetime of EVs are largely limited by the performance of the cathode. For this reason, research on EV batteries primarily concentrated on characterizing and developing optimal cathode materials. Among the numerous proposed cathodes, Ni-rich Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 (NCM) and Li[NixCoyAl1-x-y]O2 (NCA) cathodes are the main candidates for high performance EVs because of their high reversible capacity and operating potential. However, due to structural instability, parasitic surface reactions arising from accumulation of a NiO-like phase on the surface, it is difficult to satisfy the recommended driving range and battery lifetime at the same time.1-3 Many researches have revealed the degradation mechanism of Ni < 90%, however, there are few experimental reports on the NCM cathodes with x ≥ 0.9. Because there is a lack of comprehensive data explicitly showing the capacity fading trend of NCM cathodes (x ≥ 0.9), the current technology shows the ultimate limitation in safely utilizing the energy storage capabilities of the Ni-rich NCM cathode.In the studies presented here, Ni-rich NCM cathodes with precisely controlled compositions, LNO (x = 1.00), NCM98 (x = 0.98), NCM96 (x = 0.96), NCM94 (x = 0.94), NCM92 (x = 0.92) and NCM90 (x = 0.90) were synthesized and compared to obtain a comprehensive mechanism of the capacity fading of highly Ni-rich NCM cathodes. In situ-XRD, scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) and electrochemical analysis became the main experiment and revealed the mechanism. Reference s Yoon, C. S.; Choi, M. H.; Lim, B.-B.; Lee, E.-J.; Sun, Y.-K, Electrochem. Soc. 2015, 162, A2483-A2489.Ryu, H.-H.; Park, K.-J.; Yoon, C. S.; Sun, Y.-K, Mater. 2018, 30, 1155-1163.Yoon, C. S.; Ryu, H.-H.; Park, G.-T.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, K.-H.; Sun, Y.-K, Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 4126-4132.

Unapređenje metoda vibro-akustične kontrole mehanizma za distribuciju gasa kod SUS motora

A modern vehicle is a system of high-precision systems. In particular, over the past 20 years, the gas distribution mechanism (GRM) has been structurally released from any adjustments. However, alongside with that, the elimination of the adjustments did not entail a decrease in the number of GDM failures. The analysis of a number of works shows that the GDM mechanism accounts for more than 30% of ICE failures. The problem lies in the high sensitivity of modern engine systems to the oil drain interval, fuel quality, timeliness of maintenance, etc., i.e. to carrying out of routine activities. According to the analysis of the operating conditions of modern vehicles, the regulations are significantly violated in more than 50% of cases, which results is a considerable reduction in the service life of vehicles. In this connection, it is relevant to develop diagnostic methods allowing us to determine the degree of wear of engine components at all vehicle operation stages. One of such methods is the vibro-acoustic method. The research aims to develop a methodology and method for diagnosing GRM by analyzing vibration parameters together with a pressure signal in the cylinder, the angle of the ICE crankshaft. As a result, the mechanism for recognizing the fault conditions of individual GRM valves is determined. A set of diagnostic tools for the selective diagnosis of GRM elements has been developed. A methodology for determining the GRM phases and thermal clearances in the valve drive using the nondemountable method has been created.

Evaluating the Gas Distribution Quality of PEMFC in Dynamic Response: Severe Condition of Delayed Gas Supply

Abstract The short service life of vehicle fuel cell is a key issue that restricts its commercialization. It has been found that the lack of gas supply due to frequent load changes and start-stops is a very crucial factor in fuel cell life decay. It is impossible to provide sufficient air supply in advance during the dynamic load change process due to the limitation of the response speed of air compressor. Insufficient reactant gas due to gas delayed supply causes gas starvation. In this paper, the delay supply of the fuel cell cathode reactant gas under different working conditions will be simulated, and the distribution quality will be evaluated by the gas starvation area, gas distribution variance and range, which will contribute to the design and verification of the gas intake control strategy and the diagnosis of gas starvation.

Study on Bogie Frame Reliability of Urban Railway Vehicles

The planning and design of the urban railway lines is an important part of the medium-distance railways, and the construction of the domestic urban railways is developed rapidly. As an important part of the urban railway, the rail vehicle has become one of the research and development priorities of the key enterprises. As the main load-bearing structure of railway vehicle bogies, the bogie frame reliability is crucial to the operational safety and service life of vehicles. In view of this, the reliability of the domestic newly designed urban vehicle bogie frame is analyzed based on UIC standards, which provides effective support for the design of urban vehicles.

Mathematical modeling of the operating process of the engine and means of increasing service life of vehicles

Mathematical modeling of the operating process of the engine and means of increasing service life of vehicles

Definition of a Motor Oil Change Interval for High-Volume Diesel Engines Based on its Current Characteristics Assessment

Evaluation of motor oils is given a big attention due to a fact that during the years it was proven that lubrication is a key factor influencing a service life of vehicles and industrial engines. Motor oil must fully serve in various operational conditions (such as city traffic with frequent braking and acceleration) as well as in different climatic conditions (arctic winters or tropical summer heat). Therefore, the change of the motor oil should be optimized in order to ensure proper engine efficiency and extend its service life. The article presents result of testing of two types of used motor oils with the same specification ACEA E4/E7, SAE 10W‑40, from two different suppliers. These oils were used in a high‑volume diesel engine of IVECO CITY BUS. The sales representatives recently offered a more expensive motor oil (in the text marked oil B) claimed that in their oil can extend the change interval from 40,000 km to 80,000 km. Evaluation of selected parameters did not prove that after exceeding of change interval 40,000 km, the more expensive motor oil would ensure all required functions as it had been declared by the supplier’s sales representative.