Abstract
This research aims to determine the pattern of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) usage and fuel consumption for the Jakarta metropolitan area, which includes the cities of Depok, Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, and Jakarta itself. Tests were carried out for approximately three months, with regular use. Other types of vehicles for comparison are the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) units. Fuel consumption data and vehicle usage patterns are acquired from data loggers. Economic studies are carried out in a simulation that involves the price of a vehicle, a battery, maintenance costs, and fuel prices. The results show that the best PHEV fuel consumption is for the range of 55–80 km, which is 35–40 km/liter. When compared with HEV, PHEV fuel consumption is 30 % more efficient. HEV's best fuel consumption is 22 km/liter. The ICE is far behind with 11 km/liter. However, looking at the economic side, it can be concluded that the price of PHEV is still challenging to reach for the middle class. PHEV is still classified as a luxury car for Indonesia. Assuming the amount of fuel is IDR 9,850/liter, and the vehicle service life is set at ten years, the energy cost for PHEV is around IDR 4,400–IDR 6,000/km. It is higher compare with the energy cost for a conventional car that is around IDR 3,400–IDR 3,900/km. PHEV buyers must receive incentive support from the government, not only at the time of purchase (zero tax) but also for maintenance costs and battery replacement. Indonesia has long experience in manufacturing ICE vehicles. Opening an electric vehicle industry is a strategic solution to reduce the price of these vehicles. The import tax for vehicles in Indonesia is quite high
Highlights
Research on the close relationship between economic growth and increased air pollution has been carried out for China and South Korea, and in general, the results are directly proportional [1]
The results showed that the Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) battery suitable for use in the city of Beijing was 6–8 kWh [4], as well as in the United States and the European Union [5]
The results showed that UF of PHEV for short distances is very low [14]
Summary
Research on the close relationship between economic growth and increased air pollution has been carried out for China and South Korea, and in general, the results are directly proportional [1]. The results of this research must be noted for other cities in the world. It can’t be avoided except with a policy of reducing or prohibiting the use of ICE vehicles. As the epicenter of an economy, Jakarta has become overcrowded by vehicle traffic activities. Congestion always occurs almost every hour of the workday, even on weekends. The number of ICE of more than 4 million certainly causes significant air pollution
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