Flexible Service Research Articles

Inkjet Printed Disposable High‐Rate On‐Paper Microsupercapacitors

AbstractOn‐paper microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are a key energy storage component for disposable electronics that are anticipated to essentially address the increasing global concern of electronic waste. However, nearly none of the present on‐paper MSCs combine eco‐friendliness with high electrochemical performance (especially the rate capacity). In this work, highly reliable conductive inks based on the ternary composite of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), graphene quantum dots and graphene are developed for scalable inkjet printing of compact (footprint area ≈ 20 mm2) disposable MSCs on commercial paper substrates. Without any post treatment, the printed patterns attain a sheet resistance as low as 4 Ω ▫−1. The metal‐free all‐solid‐state MSCs exhibit a maximum areal capacitance > 2 mF cm−2 at a high scan rate of 1000 mV s−1, long cycle life (>95% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles), excellent flexibility, and long service time. Remarkably, the “totally metal‐free” MSC arrays are fully inkjet printed on paper substrates and also exhibit high rate performance. The life cycle assessment indicates that these printed devices have much lower eco‐toxicity and global warming potential than other on‐paper MSCs.

Coping with intimate partner violence and the COVID-19 lockdown: The perspectives of service professionals in Spain.

Socioeconomic crisis and humanitarian disasters can cause increased stress for women who experience inter-partner violence (IPV). This study analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on this important issue, their related health and social services and working conditions from the perspectives of professionals in different sectors. Forty-three semi-structured interviews were carried out with 47 professionals (44 women and 3 men) from 40 different entities (September 2020-April 2021). This content analysis suggests that the pandemic and its associated prevention measures have had a negative impact on women exposed to IPV and their children, which affected their social wellbeing. Professionals described burnout, difficult and slow administrative processes, and problems with coordination and access to information. These negative impacts were mitigated, in part, by the work of professionals, but this suggests that a series of key strategies are needed to improve the response capacity of the service sector to IPV in situations of crisis. These improvements are related to the availability of human and material resources; an efficient coordination network between the professionals from different sectors; existence of informal support networks in the community; protocols/procedures and prior training for better implementation; and greater flexibility and accessibility of basic services that benefit women who experience IPV.

Heterogeneous aggregators competing in a local flexibility market for active distribution system management: A bi-level programming approach

The emerging role of aggregators in the electric power industry brings forth financial benefits and opportunities for the efficient management of active distribution systems (ADS). Aggregators represent heterogeneous sources of flexibility connected at demand-side, such as flexible loads, small-scale renewable energy sources (RES) and energy storage systems (ESS), and regulate their consumption and/or production in a manner to offer competitive flexibility services. This paper introduces a novel one-leader multi-followers bi-level programming model for the procurement of flexibility services in a local market that is organized for the management of ADS. The upper level problem maximizes the profit of a distribution company, which acts as supplier of electricity to end-customers, while considering the network technical constraints that are imposed by the distribution system operator. The lower level problems, in turn, maximize the profit of multiple heterogeneous aggregators acting as flexibility service providers. Two different types of aggregators have been modeled: a) load aggregators, each interacting with a group of flexible end-customers (residential or commercial), and b) RES-ESS aggregators, each managing a group of small-scale RES by exploiting ESS. The model is tested on a modified 33-nodes distribution system to demonstrate the financial benefits that arise, and fruitful findings are extracted with sensitivity analysis.

Quantifying energy flexibility of commuter plug-in electric vehicles within a residence–office coupling virtual microgrid. Part I: System configuration, quantification framework, and optimization model

China’s decarbonization goals have accelerated its transition from a fossil-fuel-based power system to one with a high penetration level of renewable energy, thereby stimulating a massive demand for flexible grid services. Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) could offer a huge potential for energy flexibility in future power systems, especially in terms of mitigating high power peaks and power ramps. This work focuses on the flexibility assessment and optimal dispatch of commuter PEVs within a microgrid system. First, a virtual microgrid system including residential buildings, an office, distributed generation, and commuter PEVs was established. Second, a generic framework was proposed to quantify the flexibility potential of PEVs for reshaping the net load profile, along with several indicators to identify the flexibility characteristics in multiple dimensions. Third, a mixed-integer linear programming model was developed to schedule the charging and discharging processes of PEVs and calculate the flexibility indicators. This paper aims to explain the system configuration of the microgrid and the quantification framework and formulation of the optimization model. As such, it serves as the basis of a case study involving scenario and sensitivity analyses of PEV flexibility, presented in the companion paper (Part II).

Distribution network congestion management considering time sequence of peer-to-peer energy trading

In the deregulated energy market environment, small-scale peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading can increase the distributed photovoltaic power generation consumption and promote local energy balance. However, it also increases the possibility of security constraints violations during the operation of the utility grid. To solve physical network congestion caused by distributed P2P energy trading, we propose a method that considers the time sequence of P2P energy trading based on a continuous double auction (CDA) mechanism. In addition, to make full use of the users’ flexibility to solve the network congestion, a two-tier market (P2P energy market and ancillary service market) coordination mechanism is proposed. The congestion management model includes two parts. One is congestion responsibility determination and congestion cost allocation in the P2P energy market, and the other is flexible services purchasing in the ancillary service market for minimizing congestion costs. The cost and benefit constraints are specially added in the congestion management model to reduce the economic loss of the grid and users. The proposed method is tested on 11-bus and IEEE 33-bus radial distribution systems to illustrate the effectiveness and scalability of this method. The simulation results show that the proposed mechanism and model effectively perform congestion management considering distributed P2P energy trading, and the results are profitable to users participating in both markets.

Potential benefits from participating in day-ahead and regulation markets for CHPs

A combined heat and power plant (CHP) has the ability to provide ancillary services and therefore, can contribute to the improvement of flexibility and reliability of the power system. To motivate CHPs to provide flexibility services, this work investigated the potential benefit for CHPs from participating simultaneously in day-ahead and frequency regulation markets. A new CHP model was proposed, which considers both heat recovery from flue gas condensation and thermal energy storage. Based on the multi-market optimization using real market prices, it can be concluded that providing the frequency regulation service in addition to day-ahead trading can increase the annual profit of CHPs, which was 2.75% for the studied CHP. Meanwhile, the benefit was clearly affected by the heat demand as both high and low heat demand seasons (e.g. in winter and summer) can limit the flexibility provided by the CHP. In addition, the sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the impacts of key factors, including electricity price, heat demand, cost of electricity, and bid size for frequency reserve services, on the benefit from the participation in both markets. The price difference between the day-ahead and frequency regulation markets and the cost of electricity generation were found to have clear impacts on the benefit of the CHP.

A Dynamic Service Reconfiguration Method for Satellite–Terrestrial Integrated Networks

Satellite–terrestrial integrated networks (STINs) are regarded as a promising solution to meeting the demands of global high-speed seamless network access in the future. Software-defined networking and network function virtualization (SDN/NFV) are two complementary technologies that can be used to ensure that the heterogeneous resources in STINs can be easily managed and deployed. Considering the dual mobility of satellites and ubiquitous users, along with the dynamic requirements of user requests and network resource states, it is challenging to maintain service continuity and high QoE performance in STINs. Thus, we investigate the service migration and reconfiguration scheme, which are of great significance to the guarantee of continuous service provisioning. Specifically, this paper proposes a dynamic service reconfiguration method that can support flexible service configurations on integrated networks, including LEO satellites and ground nodes. We first model the migration cost as an extra delay incurred by service migration and reconfiguration and then formulate the selection processes of the location and migration paths of virtual network functions (VNFs) as an integer linear programming (ILP) optimization problem. Then, we propose a fuzzy logic and quantum genetic algorithm (FQGA) to obtain an approximate optimal solution that can accelerate the solving process efficiently with the benefits of the high-performance computing capacity of QGA. The simulation results validate the effectiveness and improved performance of the scheme proposed in this paper.

BOSS: A new QoS aware blockchain assisted framework for secure and smart healthcare as a service

AbstractThe latest epidemic of COVID‐19 has significantly impacted both human capital and the global economy, contributing to pandemics and severe global crises. Research into the creation and propagation of the disease is desperately needed. The Internet of Things, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence offer modern technology for real‐time processing for multiple applications such as healthcare applications, transport, traffic control, and so on blockchain is an evolving technology that will dramatically boost transaction protection in finance, supply chain, and other transaction networks. A stable and latency‐sensitive Quality of Service framework for COVID‐19 is the need of an hour. The purpose of this paper is to combine Fog computing and Artificial Intelligence with smart health to establish a reliable platform for early‐stage detection of COVID‐19 infection. A new ensemble‐based classifier is proposed to detect COVID‐19 patients. This research offers a blockchain platform to analyse how the unrelated cases of the COVID‐19 virus can be tracked and identified using peer‐to‐peer, time stamping, and the shared storage advantages of blockchain. In addition to growing patient loyalty, this would effectively enhance the consistency, flexibility, productivity, performance, and effectiveness of healthcare services. The idea of blockchain is used to establish security for the whole framework. Different implementations measure the efficiency of the suggested system. The performance of the proposed framework is evaluated in terms of delay, network usages, RAM usages, and energy consumption. On the other hand, the classifier is evaluated in terms of classifier accuracy, recall, precision, kappa static, and root mean square error. The result shows the performance of the proposed framework and classifier is always better than the traditional frameworks and classifiers.

Simulation of fixed versus on-demand station-based feeder operations

The paper develops a simulation model and evaluates fixed versus on-demand operational designs of a station-based automated feeder service. The evaluation considers the operational cost and average passenger level-of-service trade-offs as well as distributional differences in waiting times. Two case studies are used to evaluate such trade-offs under different fleet compositions; (1) a simple circular network feeder service; (2) a case based on a real-world coordinated branched service in Stockholm, combining fixed-line services on the trunk portion with a flexible feeder service on the branches. Results for the circular network indicate that there are benefits in utilizing an on-demand operational policy for the lowest and highest demand levels tested. When fixed service capacity is exceeded, it is found that there are potential benefits in on-demand operations with respect to average level-of-service, as well as delivering a more even distribution of passenger waiting times. Results for the real-world case show that combining DRT on branches with fixed services on the trunk improves the overall median waiting times for all DRT scenarios and provides substantial improvements for passengers on the trunk, at the cost of more variable, and less equitable waiting times on the branches. For larger fleet sizes, generalized travel costs are reduced with and without rebalancing and level-of-service provided to branch-to-branch passengers is improved considerably by rebalancing idling vehicles to branch end-stops. The case studies demonstrate the usefulness of the simulation framework in evaluating trade-offs between fixed and on-demand service design variables and their effects on disaggregate level-of-service provided for stop-based feeder services.

A model-based predictive dispatch strategy for unlocking and optimizing the building energy flexibilities of multiple resources in electricity markets of multiple services

In recent years, demand side measures have been increasingly considered to provide flexibility services in different timescales (seconds, minutes, or longer timescale) and thereby improve the reliability and overall energy efficiency of power systems. However, the existing studies about multiple grid flexibility services only focus on the generation or storage resources, without considering the variety, controllability, and flexibility of different loads. Few studies have investigated the economic benefits and contributions of building energy flexibilities with fast and slow response speeds to different flexibility services. Therefore, this study develops a novel model-based predictive dispatch strategy for hybrid building energy systems to maximize the economic benefits in electricity markets of multiple services. The energy flexibilities of buildings are transformed to the bids for energy trading, peak charge and ancillary services in the electricity market. The system characteristics and the comfort (or preferences) of occupants regarding multiple flexibility resources, including dimmable lighting systems, HVAC systems, electrical vehicles and stationary batteries integrated with PV are considered. Tests are conducted to evaluate the performance of the strategy and the impacts on building operation, using real-time TRNSYS-MATLAB co-simulation. Test results show that electricity costs can be reduced by up to 26.1% when fully utilizing multiple revenue streams in an electricity market. The impacts of uncertain and high-granularity grid control signals on the indoor environment, the charging requirements of EVs and state of charge (SOC) of battery are negligible while the expected building power modulation following the real-time power grid control signals can be achieved.

DSO Strategies Proposal for the LV Grid of the Future

A significant challenge for the DSO (Distribution System Operator) will be to choose the optimum strategy for flexibility service in the LV area with high RES (renewable energy sources) penetration. To this end, a representative LV grid operated in Poland was selected for analysis. Three research scenarios with RES generation were presented in the range of 1–8 kW for the power factor from 0.9 to 1. The grid PV capacity was determined for four load profiles. Based on this factor, optimum RES volume management service types were determined. Under the flexibility service, the proposed power conversion services and active RES operations for DSO were proposed. The research was conducted using the Matlab and PowerWorld Simulator environment. Optimum active power values were obtained for the RES generation function for single and dual operation systems of the power conversion system. In future, the knowledge in the field of grid capacity will enable the DSO to increase the operating efficiency of the LV grid. It will enable the optimum use of the RES generation maximisation function and proper strategy selection. It will improve the energy efficiency of the power input through the MV/LV node.

Design and operation of feeder systems in the era of automated and electric buses

• Impact of vehicle automation and electrification on the feeder transit design. • Two operating strategies, fixed routes versus door-to-door trips, are compared. • Variations of the cost structure of the service define different scenarios of study. • Automation presents the main impact on the applicability of door-to-door trips. • Significant impacts require mature technologies, small areas and high values of time. This paper evaluates the impact of vehicle automation and electrification on the applicability of fixed routes and door-to-door services to supply a feeder transit solution in suburban areas. These technologies will modify the current cost structure of the bus system depending on how mature they are, reducing operating costs and increasing capital costs. By means of a continuum approximation model, we evaluate the performance for users and agency of the two feeder strategies in different scenarios of technological development. The results show that automation has the main impact on the applicability between the two feeder alternatives while the effects of electrification are considerably smaller. The future applicability of door-to-door trips reaches wider ranges, although this change is especially significant under some circumstances of technology, service area and users. The expansion of this range is relevant in case the automated bus is mature enough (high reduction of operating cost and low vehicle acquisition price), the areas are small, the trips are short and the value of time is high. However, the results reveal that fixed routes will remain a competitive feeder solution in a wide range of scenarios. We identify that the demand density threshold grows sharply in front of any reduction of agency costs once its value is around 200–300 pax/km 2 -h. Therefore, flexible services will gain applicability especially in environments that allow reaching this threshold.

A collection of SWOT factors (strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) for hybrid energy networks

District heating and cooling (DHC) systems traditionally have strong links to electricity and gas networks via combined heat and power (CHP) processes. However, the role of CHP plants will significantly change due to a growing competition for renewable fuels and an increasing share of renewable electricity production. Consequently, other heat sources will be needed for DHC networks in the future. Here, especially heat pumps will play a major role, but also power-to-gas processes can contribute via recovering its waste heat, thus creating different coupling points between the DHC, electricity and gas system. By an optimized planning and operation of locally available coupling points a “hybrid energy network” (HEN) can be created.To analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) of hybrid energy systems, a three-stage process is being conducted based on a literature search, qualitative input from experts during a dedicated workshop and a comprehensive feedback and discussion phase with experts. Currently, the first two stages of the method have been completed, collecting a wide range of inputs, comments and feedback from the different experts of the IEA ISGAN Annex 6 “Power Transmission and Distribution Systems” and the IEA DHC Annex TS3 “Hybrid Energy Networks”. Results:besides a novel classification approach for Hybrid Energy Networks, different SWOT factors were collected, e.g. strengths include the potential to cost-efficiently support the integration of Wind and PV electricity as well as to decarbonize heating and cooling demands. Weaknesses include their complexity, the required investments into coupling points and (current) regulatory restrictions. Opportunities include by trend increasing incentives for flexibility and efficiency services, upcoming (green) financing options and regulations. Threats include possible disruptions of existing business models and uncertainties of the future development including the regulatory framework as well as competing flexibility services.

The significance of technology as both a resource in enhancing safety, and a means of perpetrating violence: the implications for policy and practice

There is evidence that technological devices such as personal safety alarms and security cameras can be effective in contributing to an increased sense of safety for victims of domestic and family violence, when they are provided as part of a broader programme of support. This article reports on findings from a mixed methods evaluation of a programme trialled in Queensland, Australia. The programme was funded by the Commonwealth Department of Social Services as part of the Keeping Women Safe in Their Home initiative. The trial was comprised of two components: the provision of personal safety alarms and security cameras to victims, and the resourcing of service providers to identify and respond to technology-facilitated abuse experienced by their clients. The findings from the evaluation of the trial contribute to an emerging evidence base on technology as a means to support and increase the safety of victims of violence. The findings also contribute to evidence on the capacity of the sector to respond to the use of technology to harass, monitor and stalk victims. There are benefits to clients and service providers from the innovative use of technology as part of a holistic and flexible domestic and family violence service response to meet the needs of victims, including those who wish to remain in their home. However, service providers in the trial felt less confident in supporting victims of technology-facilitated abuse. The limited uptake of strategies provided to assess and monitor technology-facilitated abuse indicates that support workers in the domestic violence sector would benefit from capacity building in this area. Better data and more research are needed to understand how technology is used to facilitate abuse and how services can implement effective responses to technology-facilitated abuse.

Research of the Service Composition Optimization Model Based on Petri Net

Cloud service systems bring together a wide variety of flexible and scalable mass services. The service combination scheme which can meet the user’s needs is provided to the user through the flexible and changing service mode of service combination technology. However, service combination failures often occur. In view of the above problems, this paper establishes the cloud service combination optimization model. Firstly, it is proposed that the Service Combination Optimization Petri Net models and analyzes the service selection and combination. In order to avoid local convergence, combining Service Combination Optimization Petri Net with improved Genetic Algorithm, a service combination model based on Local Search Operator Genetic Algorithm is proposed, and the legitimacy of service combination sequence is verified by Petri net. The results of experiment show that the Petri net service composition model can effectively verify the constraints of service composition and the logical rationality of the system, the Local Search Operator Genetic Algorithm effectively reduces the search space and improves the convergence rate. Compared with other algorithms, the execution efficiency and accuracy of Local Search Operator Genetic Algorithm are improved.

The Relationship between Stubbornness and Top Serviceability in Student Volleyball Games

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between togok flexibility and top service ability in volleyball games at SMA Negeri 1 Lampeuneurut Aceh Besar students. This research is quantitative descriptive, that descript the relationship between two variables. The population in this study were students of SMA Negeri 1 Lampeuneurut Aceh Besar, amounting to 448 people. The sample in this study was taken by purposive sampling technique and obtained 25 students who got a minimum score of 8.5 in volleyball in sports subjects. The data collection techniques used in this study were: (1) togok flexibility was measured by bridge-up test (2) Upper serve ability was measured by volleyball service skill test. analysis of data obtained from the results of tests and measurements conducted on 25 samples, the data were processed and analyzed with statistics which aim to determine how big the relationship between variables. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between togok flexibility and the ability to serve in volleyball game

Predictors of early immunologic response among highly active anti-retroviral therapy naïve patients in Akwa Ibom State

Introduction: CD4 count is a reliable prognostic indicator of immune response to anti retroviral therapy. This study seeks to determine the proportion of HAART naive patients that achieved an early immunologic response at six months of commencing HAART and to predict factors of early immunological response to HAART.Materials and Methods: This was an observational longitudinal study among 287 consecutively recruited HAART naive patients in 11 HIV treatment centres of Akwa Ibom using a semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire for data collection. Data analysis was done using Stata statistical software at a level of significance of P<0.05.Results: About 75% respondents achieved an early immune response. Multivariate analysis revealed that being female (OR 2.47, P=0.001) predicted achievement of early immunological response while being civil servants/professionals (OR 0.44, P =0.02), unemployed (OR 0.34, P= 0.04) and every 10 cell increase in CD4 cell count at baseline (OR 0.94, P=0.001) predicted non achievement of early immunological response.Conclusion: The majority of HAART naïve patients commenced on anti-retroviral therapy achieved an early immunological response at 6 months on ART. Operating flexible HIV services that covers morning, afternoon, evening and weekend services and male friendly HIV services may improve civil servants and males’ utilization of HIV care and support services. Job creation for the unemployed is also recommended.

How COVID-19 Will Change Health, Hospitality and Senior Facility Design

Background: Based on recent experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic, designers and design researchers are crafting guidelines for the development of future environments. In this context, this paper focuses on future best practices regarding environments for health, hospitality and senior care.Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted, the results of which were distributed to a group of experts (N=12) specializing in health, hospitality and design. After receiving their input, expert focus groups were conducted to further explore the proposed concepts. The document was revised based on the contributions of these field experts, resubmitted for additional input, and ultimately summarized in this paper.Results: Based on the literature review and expert input, dozens of recommendations were made regarding post-COVID health, hospitality and seniors environments. Healthcare facilities will require additional space, access to the outdoors, service hubs, and additional infrastructure to all conversion of garages for emergency use. Hospitality settings will employ new cleaning methods, use of robotics, improved HVAC, Wellness programming, workspace options, and flexible food service operations. Senior facilities will engage more technology, socially distance visiting facilities, increase access to nature, and smaller scale residential clusters.Discussion: By considering health and hospitality simultaneously, we come to understand the symbiotic benefits of applying goals from one sector to the other. Senior living environments are an excellent example of this approach in action. By implementing some of the proposed design recommendations generated by this research, we will be better prepared to face future challenges.

Digital Mental Health and Neurodevelopmental Services: Case-Based Realist Evaluation.

BackgroundThe rapid movement of mental health services on the internet following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the potential advantages of digital delivery and has highlighted the need to learn from prepandemic digital services.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to explore the different elements of interconnected digital mental health and neurodevelopmental services of a well-established provider to the UK National Health Service and how web-based delivery enables young people and their families to access high-quality assessments and interventions in a more timely, flexible, and person-centered manner than in-person delivery.MethodsA realist evaluation multiple case–study design was used, with 9 pediatric cases (aged 8-15 years) identified as representative of the services provided by Healios. Presenting concerns included autism and ADHD, anxiety and panic attacks, low self-esteem, anger and self-harm. The research literature was used to define the program theory and six context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) statements. The CMOs formed the basis for the initial data extraction, with novel elements added via an iterative process.ResultsWe identified 10 key elements of web-based services: flexible delivery and timely response, personalized care to the individual, comprehensive care enabled by multiple interconnected services, effective client engagement and productive therapeutic alliances, use of multiple communication tools, client satisfaction with the service, good clinical outcomes, ease of family involvement throughout sessions or from different locations, facilitation of multi-agency working and integration with National Health Services, and management of risk and safeguarding. These elements supported the six CMOs; there was clear evidence that young people and their families valued the responsiveness and flexibility of the web-based mental health service and, in particular, how quickly they were seen. There was also clear evidence of individual needs being met, good therapeutic alliances, and client satisfaction. Multiple communication tools appeared to maximize engagement and working digitally facilitated multi-agency communication and delivery of safe care. The abovementioned factors may be related to the finding of good clinical outcomes, but the methodology of this study does not allow any conclusions to be drawn regarding causality.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the effectiveness of interconnected digital mental health and neurodevelopmental services as well as how web-based delivery enables young people and their families to access assessments and interventions in a more timely, flexible, and person-centered manner than in-person delivery. The 10 key elements of web-based service delivery identified through the 9 case studies suggest the potential advantages of web-based work. These elements can inform future research and aid in the delivery of high-quality digital services.

Flexibility pricing of integrated unit of electric spring and EVs parking in microgrids

Electric spring (ES) as a breakthrough in power electronics has led to a revolution in demand-side management. This paper presents flexible power management (FPM) of a networked microgrid (MG) in the presence of renewable energy sources (RESs) and flexibility sources (FSs). The FSs include the novel topology of the integrated unit of ES with electric vehicles (EVs) parking (IUEE) and incentive-based demand response program (DRP). The proposed FPM model is formulated as an optimization problem that minimizes the difference between the expected energy cost and the expected profit of FSs' flexibility subject to the AC optimal power flow (AC-OPF), RESs, FSs, and MG flexibility constraints. In the proposed model, flexibility pricing is performed for both upward and downward flexibility services in which the expected flexibility profit is proportional to the product of the FSs' flexibility and flexibility incentive price (FIP). Further, this paper uses a stochastic programming to model uncertain parameters associated with load demand, energy prices, maximum RES generation capacity, and EVs’ parameters. Finally, the potential of the proposed FPM model in improving the economic, operational and flexibility conditions of the MG is investigated through implementation of the proposed model on the 32-bus radial MG.