Exports Of Services Research Articles

Informatization as a Driver for the Development of Agricultural Exports in Russia

It has been established that informatization which is “end-to-end” in nature increases the connectivity of the world economy in general and its regional and sectoral subsystems. This is good for development of exports of products and services. The implementation of information technology platforms created with the use of modern informatization technologies is a driver for the development of export activities of agricultural enterprises while the platform informatization should cover the majority of agricultural exporters from near and far abroad.

Mineral rents, natural resources depletion, and ecological footprint nexus in high emitting countries: Panel GLM analysis

Natural resource depletion is a serious problem facing many countries today. As minerals and other natural resources are extracted from the ground, they are not replaced, leading to biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. The problem of natural resource depletion is compounded by the fact that, in many cases, mineral rents are not used to help replenish the resources being taken out of the ground. This study examines the impact of mineral rents and natural resources depletion on the ecological footprint in the high emitting countries from 1973 to 2019, using general government final consumption expenditure and international trade as moderating variables. Mineral rent and international trade are negatively associated with the ecological footprint. In contrast, general government final consumption expenditure and natural resource depletion are positively associated with an ecological footprint in the top emitting countries. Government expenditure and natural resource depletion deteriorate the environment, while mineral rents and exports of goods and services improve the environment. By investing in green technologies, the highest-emitting countries can reduce their ecological footprint and increase sustainability. In conclusion, the policy implications for mineral rents are clear – reducing the ecological footprint of the highest-emitting countries. By levying mineral rents, governments can ensure that companies pay their fair share for the resources they extract and raise revenue to fund environmental protection and renewable energy projects. This will help to reduce emissions and improve air quality, making the highest-emitting countries more sustainable in the long term.

Expediency assessment of the experience used in the New Zealand creative economy strategic development

The creative economy creates significant economic value through the production and replication of commercial goods as well as the creative services export. New industries and commercial structures are formed, tourism is stimulated, favorable investment climate and technology transfer is organized through the creative economy brands creation. The purpose of this article is to identify successful experiences in the creative economy strategic development in New Zealand, as the New Zealand experience has been poorly studied in academic discourse. Although the creative industry in New Zealand is vital economic sector, there are also number of problems that need to be solved to support its further growth and development. Therefore, the creative economy of New Zealand has been defined as the research object, the research subject is the strategic development experience. The methodology of the research is the general theory of strategy and the methodology of strategizing, developed by Professor V.L. Kvint. The methods of research were analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, strategic benchmarking as well as OTSW-analysis. New Zealand has implemented a number of strategies and initiatives aimed at supporting the creative industry and promoting innovation in the country. The strategic initiatives implemented to support the industry have helped unlock its economic growth potential. The successful development of the film industry allowed the serious national brands creation. The article conducted a strategic analysis of New Zealand’s creative economy and identified strategic opportunities – these include the development of industries that were not supported at the state level. The author also analyzed the best practices of workforce strategy in the creative economy of New Zealand. The scientific and practical significance of obtained lies in the possible implementation to adjust the national state policy in the field of heritage and culture support, as well as the technological entrepreneurship innovative ecosystem formation. The experience gained as a result of the study of the New Zealand creative economy strategic development can be applied to differentiate promising areas for further creative economy strategic development of the Russian Federation, taking into account the labor resources optimal use.

Indian-African Cooperation in Science and Technologies

At the present time, when technology “rules the world”, it is important for Africa to master scientific and technological progress, to make a “leap” in the development of science and technology, which will contribute to economic recovery, employment growth, and income growth. The article summarizes and analyzes information about the places that India and African countries hold in the global ranking of innovative economies. India, as one of the leaders in the export of information and communication technology services, possessing advanced science and technology clusters, ranked 40th, according to the Global Innovation Index (GII) for 2022. Of the African countries, only Mauritius (45th place) made it into the top 50, while the top 100 also included South Africa, Morocco, Tunisia, Botswana, Kenya, Egypt, Ghana, Namibia, Senegal. According to the World Bank, research and development spending (% of GDP) in Africa varies greatly. For the period from 2015 to 2020, the minimum value of this indicator was noted in Mauritania 0.01%, and the maximum in Egypt – 0.96%. At the same time, Rwanda, Tunisia, South Africa, and Mauritius demonstrate the highest values among African countries, along with Egypt. In terms of the number of articles in scientific and technical journals, China and the USA lead the world, followed by India. Among African countries, the leaders are Egypt, South Africa, Nigeria. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that India has made a significant contribution to cooperation with African countries in the field of scientific and technological progress. Since 1964, the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Program has been operating, a program for providing developing countries with technical assistance and assistance in training specialists. In 2009, the Pan-African E-Network Project was launched to bridge the digital divide in Africa. India has established IT centers in South Africa, Egypt, Morocco, Lesotho, Ghana, Namibia and Tanzania; CGARD Technology Center in Madagascar; vocational training centers in Ethiopia, Rwanda, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Zimbabwe and Egypt. Thus, India and Africa are cooperating in the field of education, science, medicine, digital technologies, agriculture, development of alternative energy sources. At the same time, it is necessary to more actively expand cooperation between India and Africa in the field of innovation and technology, which will undoubtedly be beneficial for both parties and serve the interests of the Indian and African peoples.

Export of Travel Services in Western Balkans: A Gravity Model Approach

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the importance of travel service exports in Western Balkans countries. It identifies the key drivers and barriers in exporting travel services for five Western Balkan economies, in their intraregional trade and in trade in travel services with the EU. We use a gravity model, estimated over 2013–2019, applying the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator. The results of the trade gravity model reveal that GDP, geographical distance, and cultural characteristics such as language and historical similarities and cultural heritage influence travel services.

Drivers of Service Exports from Kenya

ABSTRACT This study investigates the drivers of traditional (transport, travel, and government services), modern (financial and insurance, and communication), and composite (total, traditional, and modern) service exports in Kenya. Eight autoregressive and distributed lag (ARDL) models, for each above-mentioned service, are estimated using time series data ranging from 1975 to 2017. Results reveal that total service exports are determined by world demand, goods exports, Real Exchange Rate, human capital, institutions, financial development, and infrastructure. The authors make five major insights at the disaggregated level. First, exports of goods improve exports of all services in the long-run. Second, world demand, which signals external shocks, has a positive effect on traditional services. As for modern services, the effect is positive in the short-run but not in the long-run. Third, the J-curve effect is evident in travel, transport, insurance and financial, and communication services. Fourth, institutions are a short-run phenomenon. Fifth, human capital, financial development, and infrastructure improve most services in the long-run but the effect is negative in the short-run. For purposes of policy, we recommend the promotion of merchandise exports as it improves exports of all services. Other policy instruments vary across services. Therefore, policies should be formulated per service.

МІЖНАРОДНІ СТРАТЕГІЧНІ АЛЬЯНСИ ЯК ФАКТОР РОЗВИТКУ КОНКУРЕНЦІЇ ІТ-ГАЛУЗІ

The article analyzes the economic consequences of the foreign economic activity of Ukrainian IT companies and highlights the key patterns of their development. It is shown that the national IT sector is becoming an increasingly global business, which is important for studying the benefits of doing IT business in Ukraine and regulating institutional aspects in this area. A significant positive impact of the increase in the volume of services provided by the Ukrainian IT sector, such as software development, data processing, and database management, on the volume of services exports and the overall trade balance of services in Ukraine was identified. This is due to the export orientation of the development of the IT sector in Ukraine, the use of certain business models in this area, as well as the peculiarities of foreign economic activity of such enterprises. The analysis reveals the features and advantages of doing IT business in Ukraine, which determine its international competitiveness. The article also considers a strategic alliance as an effective form of association of companies that best meets the criteria of the strategic goals of the industry development. The study identifies the main types, types and motives for creating strategic alliances, and describes their advantages and disadvantages. Particular emphasis is placed on the problems of participation of Ukrainian companies in international strategic alliances at the present stage, and the author also provides directions for resolving these issues in order to ensure the competitiveness of the industry

Export and import statistics on e-commerce in computer services: classification and evaluation challenges

The specific domain of e-commerce within computer services has been insufficiently explored as a distinct area of scholarly inquiry. It is typically subsumed under the broader umbrella of ICT services, a classification that complicates accurate statistical market assessments. Present static accounting methodologies provide only a roundabout means for estimating the scope of international trade activities within the computer service sector. This study engages in a comprehensive analysis of the nuances involved in accounting for the export and import of computer services. It examines the global practices of data gathering for statistical purposes, confronts classification dilemmas, and addresses the complexities of identifying the service delivery location and mode. The culmination of this analysis is a set of proposed enhancements to statistical accounting methods. For the sake of international comparisons, it is advisable to equate the cross-border e-commerce of computer services with the exportation of services through the first mode of cross-border supply, which constitutes approximately 75% of all exported computer services. The adoption of more granular tracking methodologies for cross-border transactions necessitates the creation of a standardized ontology at the international level. The urgency of establishing a definitive conceptual framework and performing a thorough market analysis for e-commerce is underscored by the need to fine-tune policy support measures, evaluate the export potential of emerging markets, propose exemptions for e-commerce from traditional trade regulations, implement fair taxation policies, avert discrimination in determining the tax base, promote statistical coherence, and sustain a consistent stance during international negotiations and disputes resolution.

Is it Time for Malawi to Change its Economic Growth Engine? Evidence from New Structural Economics

Despite significant structural and economic reforms to promote economic growth, Malawi remains a low-income nation. More than 80% of export revenue is earned by the agricultural sector, which drives the economy and accounts for 36% of the country's output and employs more than 80% of the labor force. The goal of the study is to pinpoint Malawi's high-growth and employment-potential industries. The study uses the growth identification and facilitation framework—a useful tool for policymakers that operationalizes important new structural economics insights—to help developing country policymakers pinpoint the sectors and goods in which they have a comparative advantage. Using Bangladesh, China, Rwanda, and Vietnam as benchmark nations, Malawi's manufacturing, tourism, and agriculture sectors show promise for growth and can be greatly converted into a competitive edge. His research has important policy ramifications, particularly for areas in which Malawi has a comparative advantage. These include the need for measures that would improve the business environment and promote the export of goods and services with added value

Assessment of the promotion of export of medical services in the Samara Region through websites of medical organizations

The article presents data on the implementation of the federal project «Development of the export of medical services» in terms of the implementation of recommendations on the maintenance of websites of medical organizations with the reflection of information for foreign citizens wishing to receive elective care in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the websites of medical organizations of the Samara Region and the neighboring Ulyanovsk Region was carried out in order to study the availability of information that could interest a potential patient to make a decision about hospitalization or receiving other medical care in this particular medical organization. Taking into account the analysis, the prospects for the implementation of the federal project at the regional level are determined

AI specialization for pathways of economic diversification

The growth in AI is rapidly transforming the structure of economic production. However, very little is known about how within-AI specialization may relate to broad-based economic diversification. This paper provides a data-driven framework to integrate the interconnection between AI-based specialization with goods and services export specialization to help design future comparative advantage based on the inherent capabilities of nations. Using detailed data on private investment in AI and export specialization for more than 80 countries, we propose a systematic framework to help identify the connection from AI to goods and service sector specialization. The results are instructive for nations that aim to harness AI specialization to help guide sources of future competitive advantage. The operational framework could help inform the public and private sectors to uncover connections with nearby areas of specialization.

The debt-growth nexus and debt sustainability in Nigeria: Are there reasons to be concerned?

This study examined the threshold effect of debt on economic growth in Nigeria, with a view to investigating debt sustainability levels in the country. The analysis included yearly data from 1981 to 2021. To achieve its objectives, the study used two-regime threshold ARDL regression approaches. Findings reveal that the optimal thresholds for total debt as a ratio of GDP (TDB/GDP), GNI (TDB/GNI), total revenue (TDB/REV), and exports of goods and services (TDB/EXP) are 46.1%, 54.5%, 355.3%, and 24.9%, respectively. Findings also indicate that debt ratios below the threshold levels have a significant positive impact on economic growth. This is true for all the debt ratios, except debt-to-export ratio. However, debt ratios above the threshold levels have a negative and significant effect on Nigeria’s economic growth. Furthermore, findings reveal that only the level of domestic debt is sustainable over the long and short run, whereas external debt and total debt are only sustainable over the long run. When expressed as ratios of GDP and GNI, evidence indicates that Nigeria’s debt is not sustainable by all the five measures of debt adopted in the study, both in the short run and in the long run while total debt to revenue ratio is only sustainable only in the long run. The paper adequately explores the implications of these findings and offers relevant policy recommendations.

The Determinants of Trade in Services With the Focus on Tourism

This paper estimates the gravity of bilateral trade in services at an aggregate level. The aim of the paper is to assess the effects of social and economic factors on the export of services. A large part of the trade-in services is directly or indirectly related to the tourism industry; therefore, the results of this research are mainly discussed from the perspective of the tourism industry. To achieve the paper's aim, we estimate the augmented gravity model on a sample of 5,359 trading partners from 2000 to 2018. We evaluate our model using the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood estimator. We include various fixed-effect dummies in our model to address the endogeneity issues. Our results show that standard gravity variables such as economic size and distance are significant for service trade. From the tourism industry perspective, it can be concluded that trade in tourism services is determined by the similarity in economic size, proximity, and common socio-economic factors such as common first language and shared religious beliefs. In contrast, common colonial history has no significant effects on service trade.

The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on International Trade: The Case of MENA Countries

Given the importance of international trade, we empirically investigate the impact of information and communication technologies on the exports, imports, and total trade of five service items by using a panel data for 19 MENA countries from 2005 to 2019. Unlike most previous studies, we use the Information and Communication Technologies Development Index, which is a composite index that combines 11 indicators that include the access, use, and skill aspects of the technology. The results are as follows: the Information and Communication Technologies Development Index has a negative and statistically significant effect on exports of information technology services, and a positive and statistically significant effect on imports and total trade in financial services. Furthermore, we found also that the Information and Communication Technologies access sub-index has a significant effect on total trade in information technology services and transport. For the Information and Communication Technologies use sub-index, its effect on imports of travel services and exports of both travel and information technology services is significant. It also has a significant positive effect on total trade in travel and information technology services. As for the Information and Communication Technologies skills sub-index, the results show that it has significant positive effects on total trade in IT services and travel, and a negative significant effect on transport. These results provide interesting policy insights for information and communication technologies development and the growth of services trade for policy makers.

IS IT TIME FOR MALAWI TO CHANGE ITS ECONOMIC GROWTH ENGINE? EVIDENCE FROM NEW STRUCTURAL ECONOMICS

Malawi is a low-income country, despite considerable economic and structural reforms to support economic growth. Agriculture is a major driver of the economy and contributes 36% to national output, generates more than 80% of export earnings, and employs more than 80% of the workforce. The study seeks to identify sectors in Malawi with high growth and employment potential. The study employs the growth identification and facilitation framework, a practical policy instrument operationalizing key insights of new structural economics, to assist policymakers in developing countries in identifying industries and products in which they have a comparative advantage. Using Bangladeshi, China, Rwanda, and Vietnam as comparator countries, the agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism sectors emerge as the development potential of Malawi that can be significantly transformed into competitive advantages. Policy implications emanating from his study include the need for policies that will enhance the business environment and encourage the export of goods and services with added value, especially in the sectors where Malawi has a comparative advantage.
 Keywords: Comparative Advantage; Economic Growth; Growth Identification and Facilitation Framework; Malawi; New Structural Economics

Knowledge creation, knowledge impact and knowledge diffusion: how do they connect with higher education?

Knowledge-based economy causes changes in the higher education system: university graduates must have the ability to constantly learn and improve their skills, generate and disseminate new knowledge, form and multiply the knowledge capital of business. This paper aims to investigate a pairwise interconnection between higher education indicators and sets of parameters characterizing knowledge creation, impact, and diffusion. The following higher education indicators are used: expenditure on education, tertiary enrollment, graduates in science and engineering, tertiary inbound mobility, researcher, gross expenditure on R&D, top 3 global corporate R&D investors, top 3QS university ranking. Knowledge creation indicators are patents by origin, PCT patents by origin, utility models by origin, scientific and technical articles, citable documents, H-index. Knowledge impact is characterized through labor productivity growth, new businesses, software spending, ISO 9001 quality certificates, high-tech manufacturing. Knowledge diffusion parameters include intellectual property receipts, production and export complexity, high-tech exports, ICT services exports. The information base of the study is the data of the Global Innovation Index Report from the World Intellectual Property Organization for 40 European countries (selected depending on the availability of statistics) for 2022, research method – Canonical Correlation Analysis. The strongest positive correlation was found between higher education indicators and knowledge creation parameters. The second position takes connection between higher education indicators and knowledge diffusion parameters, the third – between higher education indicators and knowledge impact indicators. Among the higher education indicators, the most significant were gross expenditure on R&D, top 3 global corporate R&D investors, top 3 QS university ranking.

Trade Liberalization and Chinese Students in U.S. Higher Education

Abstract We highlight a lesser-known consequence of China's integration into the world economy: the rise of services trade. We demonstrate how the US's trade deficit in goods cycles back as a surplus in US exports of education services. Focusing on China's accession to the World Trade Organization, we show that Chinese cities more exposed to trade liberalization sent more students to US universities. Growth in housing income/wealth allowed Chinese families to afford US tuition, and more students financed their studies using personal funds. Our estimates suggest that recent trade wars could cost US universities around $1.1 bn in annual tuition revenue.

The Relationship Between R&D and Exports in Goods and Services of Firms in the Netherlands: An Empirical Analysis

The Relationship Between R&D and Exports in Goods and Services of Firms in the Netherlands: An Empirical Analysis

Energy consumption and innovation-environmental degradation nexus in BRICS countries: new evidence from NARDL approach using carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions.

The BRICS nations-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-have grown significantly in importance over the past few decades, playing a vital role in the development and growth of the global economy. This expansion has not been without cost, either, since these countries' concern over environmental deterioration has risen sharply. Both researchers and decision-makers have focused a lot of attention on the connection between economic growth and ecological sustainability. By using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach, the complex relationships were analyzed between important economic indicators-such as gross domestic product (GDP), ecological innovations (EI), energy consumption (ENC), institutional performance (IP), and trade openness (TOP)-and their effect on carbon emissions and nitrous oxide emissions in the BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021, this study seeks to contribute to this important dialog. Principal component analysis is formed for technological innovations and institutional performance using six (ICT service exports as a percentage of service exports, computer communications as a percentage of commercial service exports, fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, internet users as a percentage of the population, number of patent applications, and R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP) and twelve (government stability, investment profile, socioeconomic conditions, internal conflict, external conflict, military in politics, control of corruption, religious tensions, ethnic tensions, law and order, bureaucracy quality, and democratic accountability) distinct indicators, respectively. The results of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag estimation show that increase in economic growth would increase carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. The positive and negative shocks in trade openness have positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions in BRICS countries. Furthermore, the positive shock energy consumptions have positive and significant effect on Brazil and India when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. However, EKC exists in BRICS countries when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. According to long-term estimation, energy consumption and technological innovations in the BRICS countries show a strong and adverse link with nitrous oxide and a favorable relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. In the long run, environmental indicators are seen to have a major and unfavorable impact in BRICS nations. Finally, it is proposed that BRICS nations can assure environmental sustainability if they support creative activities, enhance their institutions, and support free trade policies.

Correction: Analyzing the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Energy Consumption on Services Exports, and Growth of the Services Sector: Evidence from SAARC Countries

Correction: Analyzing the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment, Energy Consumption on Services Exports, and Growth of the Services Sector: Evidence from SAARC Countries