Service Elements Research Articles

Survei periodik kepuasan layanan Perpustakaan IPDN kampus NTB tahun 2022

Users are the subject and at the same time the object of library services, because users feel the most about whether the services they receive are able to meet their needs for the necessary scientific information. Therefore, the level of user satisfaction needs to be measured periodically using various methods, one of which is through surveys. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of user satisfaction for the NTB IPDN Campus for the 2022 period in the form of a User Satisfaction Index. The method used is descriptive qualitative with secondary data sources from searches or literature studies of relevant previous research results for comparison. Study results. The User Satisfaction Index for Library services in 2022 has increased by an average of 4%, when compared to the 2021 period. The highest increase in service elements is the element of service fees/tariffs with a difference of 231 points or an increase of 7%. While the element of service with the smallest difference is found in the element of service procedures by 27 points or 1%. Listening to all the service elements (9 elements), all of them experienced an increase in user satisfaction from the 2021 survey when compared to the 2022 survey results. The conclusion of this study is that the User Satisfaction Index for library services IPDN Campus NTB in 2022 obtained an average value for all service elements of 3.326 or converted with user satisfaction index interval values entered in the performance of service units in the GOOD category

Upaya Dinas Perpustakaan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara dalam Meningkatkan Layanan Anak Periode Tahun 2023

This study aims to determine efforts to improve children's services at the Library Service of Hulu Sungai Utara in 2023. The research method is a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection techniques used literature studies and interviews with the head and librarian of the North Hulu Sungai District Library Service. The results of the study show that in an effort to improve children's services in 2023, the Library Service of Hulu Sungai Utara Regency has made a lot of improvements in the availability of various elements of children's services, namely in terms of collections, facilities,<br />and types of children's services that are compatible with child's needs and age. Efforts to improve it by providing computers to browse catalog data, computers for visitors, locker rooms, lobby rooms, reading corners as well as new games such as swings, ball baths, and others. Librarians/service staff at the Library Service of Hulu Sungai Utara District do not yet have children's librarians, namely librarians specifically for children's services. Efforts made are holding special programs as well as promotions directly and indirectly.

Ajay Foods: the sweet spot within service design and menu expansion

Learning outcomes To understand a firm’s service concept and process; to explain the service design that differentiates itself by making trade-offs in operations and service offering; to identify the importance of deliberately designed interrelated systems and resources to achieve growth in services and to evaluate the fit of new design elements in the service offering. Case overview/synopsis Ajay Takeaway Foods LLP (Ajay Foods) is a food venture founded by Mr Jaideep Solanki and Mr Ajay Solanki and operates as a chain of quick service restaurants with a simple mission to sell food that is good, affordable and accessible to all. Ajay Foods serves only pure vegetarian and limited variants of burger, pizza and cold coffee. Ajay Foods rolled out 75 stores in just 18 months during the COVID 19 pandemic. Ajay Foods’ founders were contemplating on expanding menu. There was growing demand for food items such as samosa, wraps, sandwiches and French fries. One of the founders got into dilemma: How many items? and Which item(s) to add to the menu? Complexity academic level This case can be used at post-graduate level to teach basic frameworks of service concept and design. The case covers a range of topics such as service processes, service elements and product offerings in a service setting. It can be used effectively with MBAs and Hospitality Management program in courses that focus on Service Management, Service Operations or Service Marketing Strategy. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 9: Operations and Logistics.

A novel wide scale well-baby clinic mobile application: an Egyptian pilot study

BackgroundUtilization of under 5-year-old child healthcare services in Egypt is considered low, the highest proportion of well-baby visits is mainly for immunization in the first 2 years of age. Mobile health (mHealth) interventions have the potential to be a useful and low-cost way to disseminate information about proper nutrition, can be used to monitor children’s growth using the official charts of World Health Organization, can also help in accessing vaccine-related information and schedules.ObjectivesTo assess needs and requirements for a new comprehensive well-baby clinic mobile application (app) covering well-baby clinic service components. Thereafter, to develop the app prototype and validate it.MethodsThis study was conducted in four phases: User requirements, development, validation and usage. In user requirement phase, the need for the new app was assessed by performing literature review, market app research and an online survey. In development phase, we developed the novel well-baby clinic app that constituted all well-baby clinic services for children’s health monitoring relying on evidence-based information and honoring data safety. In validation phase, after a series of testing, the app was validated using Mobile app rating scale (MARS) by public health and pediatrics consultants to assess its quality. Finally, the app was launched and made available to the public on Android platform.ResultsSehhat Tefly app was developed based on the demands and requirements of mothers of under 5-year-old children. The app constituted caregiver, child information and seven service elements: physical growth, developmental milestones, immunizations, nutrition, teething, safety & emergency measures and report. The app quality mean was rated 3.7 out of 5 by the panel of experts. The app was downloaded 1445 times in a 4 month period.ConclusionsSehhat Tefly app can meet the need for a free, easy and accessible tool for caregivers to track the progress of children’s development and wellbeing. It can also provide advice for referral to physician consultation in case of deviation from normal measures.

GOAL SETTING AS A TOOL FOR IMPROVING THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF POLITICAL SERVICE IN UKRAINE

The article reveals the specifics of using goal setting as a tool for improving the administrative and legal regulation of political service in Ukraine. It has been established that over the past thirty years, a large number of normative legal acts have been adopted in our country, which testify to the existence in Ukraine, in addition to state, patronage and other types of public service, political service. However, the administrative and legal regulation does not establish the basis of political service, in particular, there are no general requirements for entry, completion and termination of service in political positions in public administration bodies. It was found that the administrative-legal regulation of the public service in Ukraine has other defects, which are caused by deficiencies in the definition, fixation and implementation of goals, firstly, the reform of the public service as an institution of administrative law, and secondly, the administrative-legal regulation of public services in Ukraine. It is proposed to define goal setting in administrative law: 1) as a methodological technique for identifying the goals of public service reform and its administrative and legal regulation (with mandatory consideration of the principles of administrative law); 2) as a tool for improving the administrative and legal regulation of the public service in Ukraine (goals should be formed on the basis of modeling the ideal legal result of the administrative and legal regulation of the public service); 3) as a doctrine on determining the goals of administrative-legal phenomena and, including, administrative-legal regulation. It was emphasized that the political service, unlike other types of public service, has the worst administrative and legal support. Actually, goal setting, as a scientific methodological technique and a tool for improving legal regulation, helps to identify the reasons for such a situation in the modern legal system of Ukraine. It was concluded that the reasons for the insufficient administrative and legal support of the political service in Ukraine are, firstly, the lack of general goals of reforming the public service and at the same time the lack of purposeful assignment of the political service as an integral and important element of the public service in Ukraine, secondly, secondary (non-serious) attitude of politicians, officials and subjects of the legislative initiative to the administrative and legal regulation of the foundations of political service in Ukraine, which is clearly visible in the quality and quantity of legal prescriptions in this area.

MAPPING STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT NEEDS IN EARLY-STAGE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

AbstractCompanies design, develop, and market new systems of products and services, through the process of translating beneficiaries’ needs into design specifications, where beneficiaries are those who generate value when using the new product or experiencing the new service enabled by the product. Successful new systems of products and services attract potential beneficiaries. This study explores how to identify the stakeholder engagement requirements of a new system at its early stage of development.The study proposes a procedure and a tool - a new visual representation called the stakeholder-value map - to show the system development team how stakeholders are to interact with the system's key elements, and hence inform the timing of stakeholder involvement, for realising the value proposition of the new system. A working theoretical construct is also emerged from the study: for a new system to have a higher chance of market adoption, one can first visualise the ‘route’ of value-creation, from the lowest value-level product/service elements to the highest value-level service elements; then, identify the requirements for stakeholder engagement in the new system development.

The Influence of Community Health Workers on Uptake of Maternal Health Services: Case Study of Musanze District, Rwanda

Background: Community-based initiatives are a worldwide policy that guarantees that key health services are available and accessible closer to the community. CHWs are an important element of healthcare services in Rwanda. Community health workers integrate individuals of their communities to provide preventive, habitual, and emergency maternity healthcare requirements. Maternal health is still a challenge to the achievement of SDGs by 2030 in the health-care sector compared with the effort provided by CHWs. The aim of study was to assess the influence of community health workers' role on uptake of maternal health services in Musanze District. Methods: The study design used was an analytical cross-sectional study design utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Simple random sample approach was employed to choose 208 CHWs and 16 CHWs’ supervisors were interviewed for qualitative data (KII). The statistical tool for social sciences (SPSS) Version 26, was used to examine the data. Categorical variables were summarized with descriptive statistics for frequencies and percentages. Bivariate analysis with the Chi-square test of independence was used to check the association between both dependent and independent variables. Ordinal logistic regression was used as the most suitable inferential statistic. Qualitative data were analyzed by NVIVO version 10. Results: This study found that the uptake of maternal health services was regarded as very high. 85.1% of CHWs were knowledgeable on the warning signs of an emergency among pregnant mothers, and 89.4% reported that they would act based on these warning signs. CHWs had necessary training to provide care to pregnant mothers with p* =. 001. Skills that CHWs have on the administration of misoprostol to prevent post-partum hemorrhage was significant with p* <.001. Factors that influenced uptake of maternal health services were CHW’s regular supervision with p*=.001, provision of transportation p*=.001, regular refresher training p* =.002, and motivation/incentives p*=.001, as they were associated with the performance of CHWs towards the uptake of Maternal Health care services. The research recommends improvement of maternal health services through access to contraception, antenatal care, and postnatal care, with particularly scale-up key motherly health services, regular supervision should be done at least every month and training for CHWs quarterly, governmental support in terms of motivations of CHWs.

Development of the restaurant business in Ukraine

The purpose of the article is to consider aspects of the development of the restaurant industry in Ukraine. Today, in Ukraine, not only the quality of products, but also the provision of services and appropriate service in various spheres of activity is of great importance in the restaurant industry. The provision of services is something that combines the organization of meals and recreation with elements of additional service and is an integral part of the activity of restaurant establishments. Providing services of higher quality, in comparison with competitors, is one of the priority directions for the formation of strategic competitive advantages. It should also be noted that the provision of services should not only satisfy the needs of consumers, but also exceed their expectations. It is because of this that the owner or relevant specialists of restaurant establishments need to conduct an analysis of their target audience more often in order to identify the needs and expectations of customers as accurately as possible. The methodology is based on the principles of systematicity and scientificity. Such methods as analytical-synthetic, the method of comparative analysis were used. Scientific novelty. In the scientific study, the attention is focused on the advanced study of the development of the restaurant industry in Ukraine, the analysis of influencing factors and the forecasting of its development prospects. Research results. It is recognized that the modern factors of the organizational and economic development of public catering in the world are also based on a deep study of the requests and needs of consumers, the use of information technologies and mobile communication to ensure the process of selling services. Proposed ways to modernize culinary education in Ukraine.

Understanding perceived value as important factors for the successful implementation of value co-creation at the dyadic level

PurposeThe different dimensions and contexts within which value is co-created has generated varied views of how value is understood or formed. This study aims to examine employee-guest perceived value as important factors for the successful implementation of value co-creation (VCC).Design/methodology/approachThe study employs an interpretive paradigm, using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and participant observation in a qualitative design to increase understanding of employee-guest perceived value to aid the implementation of VCC at the dyadic level.FindingsFindings highlight eight value perceptions including value for money, hotel location, physical evidence, mutual respect, appreciation, safety & security, quality & varieties of food and technological characteristics of service as important factors for the successful implementation of VCC at the dyadic level.Research limitations/implicationsGeneralisability of the findings is a limitation not only due to the smaller sample size but also due to industry-specific context. The study follows rigorous procedures to minimise biases, yet research limitation is acknowledged from the researcher’s participation in the research process.Practical implicationsThe notion that actor’s assess value differently from the same service suggests that diverse service elements might be experienced differently. This study provides insights for hotel managers to recognise not only individuals’ value preferences but also service types that reflect employee-guest collective service preferences for sustainability.Originality/valueThis study integrates and extends extant literature by examining employees’ and guests’ individual and collective views at distinct hotel contexts to gain useful insights into value and VCC. The study proposes a framework that hospitality firms can use to address service failure and competition-related issues.

Reinforcement of concrete with composite materials based on fiberglass

Many existing constructions (old and new) have significant deficiencies in terms of load-bearingcapacity which, in some cases, could jeopardize the safety of their users. Indeed, we can consider that thesestructures have arrived (or will arrive very soon) at the end of their useful life, hence the need to findtechnical and economic solutions to rehabilitate them in the most effective way possible. In the case ofreinforced concrete bridges, very many suffer from an advanced state of degradation caused by prolongedexposure to an aggressive environment or even a continuous increase in use loads. In addition, for the oldstructures, the technical standards used for their design and dimensioning had to be modified from the dateof their construction. Thus, certain structural elements in service no longer meet the performancerequirements in terms of response to loads. Indeed, it is often less expensive to reinforce the structuralelements of structures than to carry out a complete reconstruction, especially since following the evolutionof technology, several methods of reinforcement remain available on the market and with prices more andmore competitive, including that which consists of the external reinforcement of reinforced concreteelements with composite materials which, due to their strength/weight ratio and their resistance to externalagents (non-corrodible product), have very interesting advantages if they are compared to steel whether itis used passively or actively (simple reinforcement or prestressed). In addition, these composite materialscan be used both for shear and bending reinforcement for beams and for column containment. This workaims to use (FRP) Fiber Reinforced Plastics (materials generally formed of two main and distinct elements:the fiber "made from Glass" and the matrix "an epoxy resin which allows the transfer of loads between thefibers which improves the properties, in the long and short term"), to assess the influence of glass fibers onthe general behavior of concrete, in particular on its resistance, its deformations and its ductility. The resultsobtained at the end of the cyclic loading tests of the specimens confirm the importance of the contributionthat the confinement of the concrete specimens by FRP can bring in terms of resistance to compression anddeformation observed following the realization of the static loading tests. However, these cyclic loadingtests of the specimens show us the very considerable gain in the ability of the specimens to withstandloading-unloading cycles.

Influence of Marketing Turnaround Strategies on Performance of Uchumi Supermarket in Nairobi City County, Kenya

Many retail outlets in Kenya are facing declining performance due to myriad of challenges from changing business environment. One of the major variables threatening their performance is marketing aspects. The organizations work hard in their distress for survival. To effect this, they initiate and implement marketing turnaround strategies to attain recovery and sustainable performance. This article is an effort to study and establish the relationship between marketing turnaround strategies and organizational performance. Specific marketing turnaround strategies studied included aggressive marketing stance of the company’s products, development of new products, marketing of new products, marketing of the company’s history, adoption of relationship marketing strategy, adoption of multichannel marketing strategies, market acquisition strategies through promotions, market retention strategies through promotions, marketing of the company values such as home-grown, and marketing of the company’s service elements. The objective of the study was the relationship of marketing turnaround strategies on performance of Uchumi supermarket. The study used a casual research design. The investigation was carried out using open ended, closed ended questionnaires and interviews. The theories underpinning the study were Resource Based View, Dynamic Capabilities Theory, Open Systems Theory, and competitive theory. The target population is 450 Uchumi supermarket staff members respectively. The sample size of the study was 82 employees. The validity of the questionnaire was examined using the face and content validity while the reliability was examined using the Cronbach alpha coefficient. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics (means, frequency distribution and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (linear correlation and multiple linear regressions). The null hypothesis was rejected since F (10, 58) = 17.413, p<0.05. Since p value is 0.000, it implied that there is a 0.000% likelihood or probability that the model gave a wrong prediction and therefore the model was found to a good fit of the data. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis that marketing strategies have significant influence on organizational performance of Uchumi supermarket was adopted.

Analisis Kepuasan Pengguna Transportasi Umum Ojek Online (Gojek) Melalui Instrumen Layanan

In Indonesia, online motorcycle taxis are the largest public transportation with a very large number of partners and fleets, covering all parts of Indonesia. As a profit-oriented mode of public transportation, paying attention to customer satisfaction is a necessity. One of the efforts that can be done is to provide quality services. In fact, this study aims to find out how online transportation users respond by looking at the service elements provided by service providers. Scientific studies are used as a logical way to prove reliable research results, and in this study using quantitative methods and statistical analysis of linear regression. The subjects of this study were users of the online ojek public transportation mode in the student MPLM UNJ 2022,Jakarta. The results of the study provide an overview, in general, respondents are satisfied with the presence of nline motorcycle taxis. This is very helpful and facilitates user activities. However, there are still things that need to be improved, such as comfort and safety standards. Statistically, service has a significant effect on online motorcycle taxi user satisfaction.

Identifying Cultural Ecosystem Services and Relevant Landscape Elements Provided by Urban Green Space throughout History from an Information Communication Perspective

Throughout the long history of urban expansion and development, some of the natural mountains, lakes, and rivers that were once located on the outskirts of a city have gradually been encircled within it and have become nature in the urban, i.e., they are now in the heart of the city. These are not only green infrastructure for contemporary cities; they have also accumulated a rich cultural heritage and are closely related to the physical health and subjective well-being of city dwellers. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify the no-material services that the public perceives from UGSs throughout history that contribute to subjective well-being; (2) to analyze which landscape elements are associated with the provision of such services and then to clarify the value of UGSs throughout history and provide a theoretical basis for urban managers. We returned to the original concept of cultural services (information services) to understand how UGSs throughout history, as information sources, have provided subjective well-being to specific groups of people. And we build a classification system for information services based on this understanding. Based on existing research methods on cultural services, we found that collecting information carriers such as texts, images, and interview transcripts is a more effective way to identifying the intangible services provided by a landscape than monetary methods. From understanding of the information communication process, we attempted to integrate the supply and demand indicators of information services. We validated the feasibility of the method of information service identification using Yuexiu Hill in Guangzhou, which has a construction history of 2000 years, as an example. Through the word frequency statistics of 1063 ancient poems (a type of information carrier), elements of the historical landscape of Yuexiu Hill and the information services provided in the past were identified. After that, semantic networks were constructed to analyze the association between elements and services. The results of this study show that information service identification is an effective method of analyzing the effect of the promotion of UGSs throughout history on the subjective well-being of the public. The provision of information services depends on the accumulation and dissemination of environmental information; both natural and cultural elements, especially symbolic elements, play an important role in this process.

Elements of Food Service Design for Low-Carbon Tourism-Based on Dine-In Tourist Behavior and Attitudes in China

One of the key issues in sustainable tourism research is the gap between tourists’ expressed friendly attitudes towards sustainable behaviors and their actual behaviors. Although many “low-carbon” themed restaurants have emerged during the low-carbon transformation of the Chinese tourism industry, low-carbon food services have not been significantly improved. This study takes food as the entry point to explore tourists’ behavior and attitudes towards low-carbon tourism in relation to food. We conducted two interviews. The first interview was a semi-structured contextual interview with 120 tourists who had experiences in food streets, aiming to identify the core user group: low-carbon attitude-friendly tourists with high-carbon food behaviors. The second interviews was an in-depth interview based on grounded theory with 29 core users, analyzing the four main reasons for their high-carbon food behaviors and their requirements for low-carbon food services in tourism. Based on this, we extracted four design elements for low-carbon tourism food services: low-carbon information show service, low-carbon service product attractiveness improvement, low-carbon food environment atmosphere creation, and service providers’ low-carbon behaviors. Through these four service elements, we constructed a low-carbon tourism food service design framework based on the core users’ needs, discussed the mechanism of service elements, and provided service design suggestions accordingly. The research results can be helpful for tourism providers, low-carbon tourism researchers, and designers.

Relationship between IoT Service User Quality and Network QoS Factors

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complete network of networked computer devices, digital and mechanical equipment, and the capacity to send data over the Internet based on machine to machine interaction. It is also known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). The Internet is a packet-switched network, which means that the Quality of Service (QoS) elements (such as packet loss, latency, jitter, and so on) have an influence on the Quality of Experience (QoE) for the Internet of Things services. This research used a subjective evaluation method in order to evaluate the relationship between the quality of service (QoS) measures such as packet loss, latency, and jitter and the quality of experience (QoE) for Internet of Things services. In addition to that, a mapping model from quality of service to quality of experience was suggested. According to the results of this research, there is a close connection between the subjective opinion score and the quality of service (QoS) variables such as packet loss, latency, and jitter. The results of this investigation open up possibilities for additional research into the quality of experience of Internet of Things services.

PENGARUH BUDAYA KERJA, KUALITAS PELAYANAN, SARANA DAN PRASARANA TERHADAP KEPUASAN MASYARAKAT

The satisfaction of the community is a very important factor and determines the success of a business entity because the public are consumers of the products or services it generates. Problems found in the study are the complaints about the lack of visitors going to the Ministry as well as the facilities and infrastructure that are going on in Immigration Office Class III Non TPI Of Palopo, so the impact on the number of visitors Immigration Office Class III Non TPI Of Palopo. This study aims to analyze the quality of service provided to the public health center or community Immigration Office Class III Non TPI Of Palopo and to determine the level of conformity between the performance of the Ministry of public health with the hope of Community importance or use of the service. Analysis tools are used is to use the community's Satisfaction Index (IKM). Community satisfaction (IKM) is calculated using the weighted average value of each item of service in accordance with the decision of the Minister for Administrative Reform No. 25 of 2004. The methods used to determine the level of conformity is a method of Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). The Research Community Satisfaction Index measurement (IKM) indicates the quality of the given services Immigration Office Class III Non TPI Of Palopo still less well, based on the average value of the elements of each service unit at the clinic. Form comparisons between expectations and performance service levels, there are some elements that should be prioritized as elements of service, speed and commitmen because in fact the community still feel lack of commitmen employees of Immigration Office Class III Non TPI Of Palopo in serving the community.

The Effect of Perception of Ease and Service Features Upon Interest in Using Mobile Banking on BCA Mobile Application at BCA Bandung Regional

The goal of this research is to examine the effect of perception of ease and service features on the intention to use mobile banking partially or simultaneously on the BCA Mobile application. This research was conducted with BCA customers at the BCA Bandung regional office who utilized the BCA Mobile application for Mobile Banking. In this research, a quantitative method with a descriptive and associative approach was utilized. Individuals, namely BCA customers in the BCA Bandung regional office who utilize BCA Mobile, serve as the unit of analysis for this research. The sample size for this research is one hundred respondents. The sampling method based on sampling incidental, yet adheres to predefined criteria. The analytical approach employs multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing, and the coefficient of determination, in addition to verifying the instrument's validity and reliability. Results indicated that perception of ease and service features influenced the intention to use Mobile Banking on the BCA Mobile application, either partially or concurrently. To facilitate client transactions, it is planned that Bank BCA would include new technologies and interactive service elements into the BCA Mobile application.

Health Equity Enabled Through Leadership

The first issue of the journal for 2023 provides original research and review works across a range of issues and topics relevant to leaders and managers in the health, aged and social care sectors. The relationship between resources, capabilities, value and their relevance to healthcare and its enablement has been demonstrated in enabling organisation and system performance and contribution. Clinical care and associated access for those living and working in rural and remote settings continues as an important factor in relation to quality and access to care in Australia. These can have different geographic impact. Any health system needs to continually consider the growth and development of the coming generation of leaders and managers and therefore critical to that responsibility our issues about leading and leadership development. Our health systems need an appropriate and proportionate balance between issues and elements of service and learning support for those providing care......

CLINICAL INDICES OF WORKING CAPACITY OF PROTECTIVE AND SEARCH DETECTION DOG WITH DOSED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

In the article, the authors conducted experimental studies of the parameters of the vital activity of the body of a professionally trained service dog during its training. This training relates to the detention of the “violator” and the search for bookmarks with the smell of a drug simulator during dosed physical exertion, simulating natural working conditions in exceptional service. The research algorithm included fixing the vital parameters of the dog’s body after its training on a mechanical treadmill and the subsequent performance of elements of a particular service - the detention of the “violator” and the search for imitators of narcotic substances on a unique simulator. In addition, the authors considered the parameters of the environment, the parameters of the dog’s body (including body temperature, heart rate and respiration), the parameters of dosing physical activity during exercise, and the features of work. Finally, the data obtained are discussed from the standpoint of organising an algorithm for substantiated and optimal modes of training and service use of a protective search service dog. Thus, the authors propose to name a dog that, in absolute service (and preparation for it) when searching for “bookmarks” of narcotic substances, can instantly switch from searching for the desired substances to protecting the conductor from an intruder and vice versa.

Reconstructing the ecological restoration pattern from the perspective of ecosystem health assessment in a typical black soil region of Northeast China

Assessments on the spatial pattern of ecological restoration potential provide insights into the current status of ecosystem health, facilitate the identification of hotspots of ecosystem degradation, and further serves as a link that bridges regional ecological planning with specific restoration efforts. The goal of this study was to reconstruct the ecological restoration pattern, through establishing an ecosystem health assessment model encompassing four elements of vigor, organization, resilience and service of an ecosystem. Siping City, a typical black soil region located in central Jilin Province of Northeast China, was selected as the study area, and ecological protection and restoration units were identified based on temporal changes in ecosystem health levels from 2000 to 2020. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis was adopted to classify the restoration zones and depict the spatial pattern of ecological restoration. From 2000 to 2020, the ecosystem health index of Siping City generally increased from 0.49 to 0.51 due to increases in forestland area and precipitation, but a fraction of suburban areas also experienced decreases. Four different restoration zones were delineated, including the windbreak and sand-fixing zone in the western part, the black soil protection and reclamation zone in the middle part, the Daheishan ecological shelter zone in the central and eastern part, and the water restoration zone in the eastern part, which account for 28.12%, 37.05%, 16.53% and 18.29% of the total area. The protection units covered an area of 1,189.83 km2 and the restoration units covered an area of 2009.83 km2, which could be further classified into 10 types and accounted for 31.24% of the total area. It was suggested that the restoration methods applied to different units should be tailored towards specific restoration objectives. This proposed methodological framework serves as a basis for reconstructing ecological restoration in the black soil region, and a reference for making restoration plans elsewhere.