Service Classes Research Articles

О записи крестьян в служилые люди крепостей Юга России в конце XVI века

We consider peasants record features in service class people in the late of 16th century in the conditions of St. George’s day norms cancellation. During the period under review, new fortresses were built on the southern outskirts of Russia. Their population was represented by serving class people of different social groups, mainly, city Cossacks and streltsy. The government allowed employing peasants who were willing to change their social status. We show the special rules of recording peasants in service class people, also we consider their service organization features for the first time in the garrison of the fortress.

Quality of service class mapping and scheduling scheme for converged LTE-WiFi in the next generation networks

Quality of service class mapping and scheduling scheme for converged LTE-WiFi in the next generation networks

Формирования воинских гарнизонов на юге России в XVII в.

We propose a systematic approach to the study of the South Russian counties garrisons formation principles located along the Belgorod and Tambov lines. We consider the state policy on attraction of various categories of the population for record in military people, including differ-ent social groups: peasants, relatives of service class people, townspeople. Particular attention is paid to attracting immigrants from the Don and Ukraine to new countries. We note economic and social measures to attract migrants. On the basis of new documents we trace the policy of the Russian government on forcible resettlement to the southern border of exiles which in the middle of 17th century considerably strengthened a number of local garrisons. We emphasize the predominant role of government colonization of the southern suburbs in the 17th century.

Деятельность певчих главных хоров Российского государства XVI —XVII вв. как придворных служилых людей

In Moscow of the 16th—17th centuries there were two closely related centers of professional musical art. They were the choir at the Tsar’s court and the choir at the court of the metropolitan (since 1589 — patriarch) of Moscow and all Russia, which united the best creative powers of the country. According to the author, the study of historical data on the life and activities of the Tsar’s and patriarchal singers indicates that they belonged to the category of court service class people. Directions of their activities have often expanded. This was determined not only by the fact that the singers were literate, and sometimes had a high level of education, but also by the lack of a clear dif- ferentiation of services in the developing state apparatus, which made it possible to use the singers in various services — from file clerk to military. The findings are based on an analysis of a wide range of diverse archival documents and other sources. The obtained results allow us to clarify the social status of masters, who are often referred to the clergy class by researchers.

The Social Organisation of the Rural Population of Southern Russia in the Seventeenth Century

This article considers the social organisation of the Russian rural population in the seventeenth century in order to clarify the peculiarities of the development of Russia along a “Muscovite national path”. Social organisation was closely connected with the structure of daily life in the Middle Ages and the modern era. During the former, social identity was an important part of human life, defining the forms of behaviour. Within the framework of class groups, a person realised their attitudes, values, and principles. However, in terms of the behavioural aspects of practices of everyday life, it is also important to consider the social organisation of the population, a flexible form enabling people to adapt to the surrounding conditions. With reference to a substantial number of documents, this study considers the social organisation of the rural population of Southern Russian. The social organisation of the rural population took various forms, such as family communities, clans, communes, villages, local groups of settlements, stans, and uyezds (also functioning as administrative units). From a military perspective, the service class population of the region was merged into military corporations (service “cities”). The social organisation of the rural population depended on external circumstances but, more importantly, community interests prevailed over private interests when it came to common tasks: war or ploughing the land. These are important indicators of life in the village and made it easier for people to adapt to the difficulties and external conditions which existed in the country’s southern regions in the seventeenth century.

Service Mechanism and Pricing Based on Fairness Preference of Customers in Queuing System

AbstractService providers often adopt the mechanism of customer classification due to the heterogeneity of customer waiting cost. However, the classification service may cause unfairness feeling of regular customers, then affect the revenue and social welfare. This paper provides the first exact analysis about the situation that service providers offer two classes of non-preemptive priority service when customer fairness perception is explicitly modeled. We model customer fairness perception as a negative utility on regular customers that’s proportional to the waiting time difference between the two queues. By analyzing a stylized M/M/1 queue in monopoly service system, we can derive important results some of which reaffirm existed research results. First, from the perspective of revenue maximization, service providers should also adopt the mechanism of customer classification and set up the two kinds of customers where they can see each other. Next, considering customer utility maximization, service providers should cancel the mechanism of customer classification, and keep one queue (regular customers) only. Then, from the perspective of social welfare maximization, service providers should also adopt the mechanism of customer classification but set up the two kinds of customers where they cannot feel each other. Finally, this paper concludes the optimal pricing based on customer classification in the above three different perspectives. This research shows important reference value and practical significance for service providers who adopt the mechanism of classification service.

Moisture content and moisture-induced stresses of large glulam members: laboratory tests, in-situ measurements and modelling

ABSTRACTWood as a hygroscopic material interacts with the ambient climate variations of relative humidity and temperature. Due to constrained volumetric strains, i.e. swelling and shrinkage, changes in moisture content impose moisture induced stresses (MIS) which, if exceeding the tensile stress of the material, can cause fractures such as cracks or delamination. A monitoring campaign was initiated to measure the variations of the climate and moisture content in existing timber bridges and newly erected structure. Additionally, experimental test series under laboratory conditions were performed. Finally, the moisture induced mechanical response was simulated using a coupled moisture diffusion and mechanical model. The measuring results support the choice of the known service classes depending on the user service resp. building type. On the other hand, a possible differentiation of the service class over the cross section is discussed according to measuring results and practical applications. Cross sections are classified regarding the assumed ambient climate in service by numerical simulations developing the moisture content and gradient over the cross section.

Fair-QoS Broker Algorithm for Overload-State Downlink Resource Scheduling in LTE Networks

Efficiently scheduling various service classes while fulfilling performance targets is one of the main challenges in 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE) communication systems. However, Quality of Service (QoS) and fairness provisioning for all different service classes are generally unstable due to insufficient radio resources, especially in heavily loaded states of the network, which leads to the deterioration of overall system performance. In this paper, we address these challenging issues by proposing a two-level downlink scheduling algorithm to deliver all traffic types while attempting to provide a compromise for the LTE performance targets. For the higher level of the algorithm, a coherent resource distribution approach is developed by applying a game theory model in a nested manner to provide per-class fairness. At the lower level, the greedy-knapsack algorithm is properly tailored to optimally allocate resources to the best potential bearers for QoS and throughput enhancement. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated for normal and overload states of the network. The simulation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed scheduling algorithm, compared with the reference scheduling algorithms, provides the best tradeoff for fairness, throughput, and QoS performance in terms of packet loss rate and packet latency for different service classes.

Bandwidth Allocation and Control Message Scheduling Algorithms for Improving the QoSs of High Priority Traffic in PON

The passive optical network (PON) is the most promising candidate for supporting multiple service classes, i.e., high priority (HP) traffic and best-effort (BE) traffic, in the next-generation broadband access networks. Providing an efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithm is the most important issue for supporting multiple service classes of traffic simultaneously. This paper presents a new DBA algorithm, which is the modified version of the hybrid slot-size/rate (HSSR) scheme, and is called the modified HSSR (MHSSR) algorithm. We have also modified the control message scheduling algorithm to fit it to the proposed scheme. In the proposed MHSSR scheme, each cycle time, i.e., the length of a time cycle, is equally divided into two parts. In the 1st part of the cycle time, the bandwidth is dynamically allocated to the HP traffic of all the optical network units (ONUs). In contrast, in the 2nd part of the cycle time, the bandwidth is dynamically allocated to the BE traffic of one or multiple ONUs. Furthermore, to ensure guaranteed service for the HP traffic, the 1st part of the cycle time is extended while the 2nd part of the cycle time is compressed if the demand of the HP traffic is very high. However, the 1st part of the cycle time will never be compressed, even at the lightly loaded condition of the HP traffic. The modified control message-scheduling algorithm effectively coordinates the timing sequence between the two parts of the cycle time and ensures the synchronization between two Gate messages to each ONU. We have evaluated the performance of the proposed schemes through numerical simulations in terms of end-to-end packet delay, bandwidth wastage, remaining bytes per time cycle, jitter, and throughput for different offered loads. From the comparative analysis, it can be seen that the proposed scheme provides better performance than the existing HSSR and delay variation-guaranteed schemes.

A New Service Class in the Public Sector? The Role of Femonationalism in Unemployment Policies

This article aims to explore the content embedded in the figuration of ‘foreign-born unemployed women’ and how discourses of gender equality are used to create an emerging racialised service class within the Swedish public sector. Influenced by the concept of femonationalism, the article explores how the introduction of the Extra Services unemployment reforms facilitates the creation of a service class whose purpose is to make it possible for the regular workforce to continue to function despite cutbacks and the neoliberal management of professional care work in the public sector. The study identifies a shift in the discourse, where, while migrant women continue to be represented as victims in public discourses concerning unemployment, they are also represented as being lazy and unwilling to work, qualities that legitimate the need for more repressive interventions towards the group, often described as feminist interventions that will rescue migrant women and their children.

Distinguishing Group Privacy From Personal Privacy

Machine learning and data mining threaten personal privacy, and many tools exist to help users protect their privacy (e.g., available privacy settings on Facebook, anonymization and encryption of personal data, etc.). But such technologies also pose threats to "group privacy," which is a concept scholars know relatively little about. Moreover, there are few tools to address the problem of protecting group privacy. This paper discusses an emerging class of software applications and services that pose new risks to group privacy by revealing group-level information based on individual information, such as social media postings or fitness app usage. The paper describes the results of two experiments that empirically establish the concept of group privacy and shows that it affects user perceptions of and interactions with information technology. The findings serve as a call to developers to design tools for group privacy protection.

Analysis & Design of E-Community Development System in Jakarta, Indonesia

Nowadays, community service becoming essentials in education, but these activities are done manually, as each institution had to find communities and sponsors before opening a class. To support these activities we are analyzing and designing an E-Community Development system to help communities, institutions and also lecturers in completing their responsibilities. Using this system, all registered communities, institutions and lecturers in Indonesia can communicate with each other using a web-based system. We hope the presence of this application can cut down the process of opening a community service class. The method used in analyzing and designing the system are by problem identification, literature study, goal specification, data collection, analysis and data interpretation, and evaluation & report.

Public WLAN Virtualization for Multiple Services

The recent widespread use of high-performance terminals has resulted in a rapid increase in mobile data traffic. Therefore, public wireless local area networks (WLANs) are being used often to supplement the cellular networks. Capacity improvement through the dense deployment of access points (APs) is being considered. However, the effective throughput degrades significantly when many users connect to a single AP. In this paper, users are classified into guaranteed bit rate (GBR) users and best effort (BE) users, and we propose a network model to provide those services. In the proposed model, physical APs and the bandwidths are assigned to each service class dynamically using a virtual AP configuration and a virtualized backhaul network, for reducing the call-blocking probability of GBR users and improving the satisfaction degree of BE users. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the proposed model through simulation experiments and discuss its feasibility.

UT Southwestern’s Palliative Care Program: Measurable Patient Impact and Cost-savings

The purpose of this analysis was to measure the impact of palliative care services on hospital charges in the 5 days prior to death—the most expensive time of a patient’s life—and identify hospital service categories and patient financial classes yielding the highest savings from palliative care. The analysis population included UT Southwestern patients admitted to the hospital between October 1, 2013, and September 30, 2016. Palliative care patients were defined as any patient who received at least one completed palliative care order. In order to create an accurate comparison group, a propensity score match was generated to identify patients most likely to have qualified for a palliative care consult. Covariates included in the model were age, sex, race, financial class, and number of comorbidities. Comorbidities were identified using the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, and all charges were pulled for the 5 days prior to death. Total hospital charges were also reported by hospital service and financial class. Statistical significance was then derived using a gamma distributed log-linked generalized linear model. The final population included in the analysis, post the propensity score match, was composed of mostly white, non-Hispanic males. The majority of the patients had five or fewer comorbidities, and the primary preexisting conditions seen among patients were cardiovascular diseases (36.0%) and cancer (23.4%). The hospital service categories yielding the highest mean savings were pharmacy (mean $2,765; P < .0001) and labs (mean $1,063; P < .0001). Financial classes with the greatest savings were Medicaid and charity/self-pay. Overall, there was a significant difference in charges between those that received a palliative care consult and those that did not. The fact that the highest savings were in pharmacy and laboratory services suggests that unnecessary labs and medications are discontinued in an effort to improve patient care and quality of life while reducing costs during end-of-life care. Palliative care services ease the cost burden of end-of-life services for low-income populations.

MOTIVATION OF PREGNANT WOMEN ABOUT BREAST CARE AT PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER PUTRI AYU

Preparation that needs to be done during pregnancy is to do breast care. Breast care aimed to keep breast hygiene, flex and strengthen the nipple, prepare a flat nipple, and prepare ASI production. This is a descriptive research, it aimed to determine the description motivation of pregnant women about breast care at the public health center Putri Ayu Jambi city year 2017. It was conducted on August year 2017. Populations were pregnant women who who visited to check up of pregnancy at the public health center Putri Ayu jambi city on August as many as 38 people. The data collecting used by using questionnaire. Data analyzed as univariate.The result showed that respondents had low motivation were 18 respondents (47%) and respondents who had high motivation were 20 respondents (53%). Respondents who did not breast care were 16 respondents (42.1%) and respondents who breast care were 22 (54%).For the health personnel expected to improve of counseling to pregnant women during antenatal care service or pregnant women class.

Improving quality of service in four-channel WDM ethernet passive optical network

Energy-efficiency and green communications have become dominant topics related to access network implementation, since their energy consumption is a major contributor of energy consumption within the Internet. In this paper we analyze an implementation of a new energy-efficient dynamic bandwidth algorithm in a four-channel Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ethernet Passive Optical Network (WDM EPON), in which wavelength assignments take place per service class and not per Optical Network Unit (ONU). The improved Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) algorithm introduces independent bandwidth allocation for each wavelength, which results in efficient bandwidth management and utilization. The mathematical model for new DBA algorithm is described, as are changes to the Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP), necessary for its implementation. The obtained results show that the redefined DBA algorithm improves Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and as a consequently enables delivery of enhanced services to end-users. Significant energy savings are achieved without Quality of Service (QoS) degradation, and without network or equipment architecture changes.

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY SIBERIA AS A LAND OF OPPORTUNITY: SOCIAL MOBILITY AMONG THE RUSSIAN PIONEERS

On the basis of individual biographies, we explore the social mobility patterns among the Russian colonists of Siberia (members of Russia’s service class) in the 1600, with reference to theories relating to sociology of labor and social stratifi cation. We show how peasants, hunters, fi shers, and déclassés were co-opted into the service class and how their social status changed at all levels— horizontal, vertical, geographic, individual, group, inter-generational, and within-generational. Occupation, skills, and income were important factors affecting social mobility. For nearly all categories of migrants, the most common tendency was migration of entire families, though younger single migrants were more likely to move over longer distances. In Siberia, where social regulation norms copied those of the metropolis, upward social mobility occurred nearly exclusively within institutions. Social service provided maximal opportunity for the individual’s promotion and for the current and future status of his relatives. This was an effi cient mechanism securing high mobility in the Siberian society. By the early 1700s, mobility level decreased, downward mobility increased, and social system became more sustainable.

Economic Implication of Absence of National Carrier in the Nigeria Aviation Industry

The aim of the study is to access the economic implication of absence of National carrier in the Nigeria aviation industry. The airline industry is the key drive of the travel and tourism industry and also a major contributor to many countries’ overall economy through international tourist arrivals and departures. The study estimate the amount of revenue Nigeria is losing to capital flights for not having a viable national carrier over the past ten years that is from 2007 to 2016.The estimated amount of revenue loss was examined on airlines offering direct flights on Nigeria to London route, in which we have two foreign airlines (British airways and Virgin Atlantic airline)and a Nigeria’s private national carrier which is Med-view airline. The class of tickets and services in each class of ticket being offered by the airlines was examined. The study reveals an estimate of total of over $6 Billion revenue were being lost to hands of foreign competitors over the past ten years with British airways generating closely to $4 billion, while Virgin Atlantic generated over $2.3 billion and Med-view generated over $133 million in the past ten years. The study also reveals that the higher the passenger carried the higher the revenue and vice versa. However, establishing a national carrier by the federal government is imminent which will express Nigeria culture and to better serve passengers especially Nigerians. Finally, banks and other governmental financial institutions should make available enough funds with longer payback period and little interest for both existing airlines to upgrade their services and new entrants to be able to purchase necessary equipment’s to make them competitive in the market.

An investigation of the viscoelastic creep behaviour of basalt fibre reinforced timber elements

An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of flexural reinforcement on the long-term behaviour of timber beams. Creep tests, utilising statistically matched groups, were performed under Service Class 1 conditions on reinforced and unreinforced beams loaded to a common maximum compressive stress of 8 MPa. As flexural reinforcement resulted in a reduction in the timber tensile stresses, the viscoelastic tensile strains in the reinforced members were found to be significantly lower than in the unreinforced beams. It was found that the viscoelastic relative creep deflection was governed by the stress level in the timber and the reinforcement had an insignificant effect. It is concluded that current creep modification factors in Eurocode 5 may be suitable for the design of reinforced timber elements under Service Class 1 conditions.

A salience index for integrating multiple user perspectives in cultural ecosystem service assessments

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) include non-material values such as recreation, aesthetic enjoyment, and spiritual fulfilment. Such values are culturally specific, and frequently difficult to measure and monetarize. The standard methodology to assess CES is through social surveys, though these are often costly, lack standardization and are geographically restricted. An alternative to surveys is to use information from social media. Here, we propose a novel salience index to quantify and compare CES provision for multiple user groups (local residents, researchers and visitors) of Catimbau National Park in Brazil using data derived from distinct methodologies: i) a traditional social survey; ii) an online survey, and iii) analysis of photos published on Flickr and Instagram. Our index allowed direct comparison between groups despite the data being collected using different approaches. As predicted, residents identified more locations providing CES and a higher overall diversity of CES. Correspondingly, researchers and visitors identified CES from a more restricted set of locations and were biased towards educational services and aesthetic value, respectively. Since multi-stakeholder, multi-method approaches are essential for a comprehensive understanding of CES, integrating results using standardized metrics such as our salience index will allow broad scale analysis of this poorly quantified class of ecosystem services.