Serum PON1 Research Articles

Radiotherapy Treatment Effects on the Energy Metabolism in LUNG, Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Radiotherapy (RT) treatment can produce metabolic changes in cancer patients. The application of metabolomics to the study of energy metabolism in cancer is an underdeveloped issue, and only a few studies have investigated this in lung (LC) and head and neck cancer (HNC) patients exposed to RT, despite its potential relevance in clinical practice. The aims of our study were to analyze the changes produced by RT on the activity and concentration of serum PON1 and the variations in the lipoprotein profile and energy metabolites in LC and HNC patients and to correlate these changes with the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients and tumors, and their response to treatment. The study included LC patients (n=33) and HNC patients (n=28) treated with RT. Control group (n= 50) was formed by Mediterranean health people. Blood samples for analyses were obtained before and after the irradiation procedure. Lipoprotein profile and energy metabolites carried out by nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed with a statistical analysis software. Relative to control, both cancer groups had significantly lower serum PON1 concentration, and arylesterase activity (p<0.001). However, after RT increased PON1 concentration in cancer patients but also arylesterase activity decreased. This low activity was correlated with an increase of pulmonary toxicity. Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), triglycerides linked with different lipoprotein profiles and the VLDL particles size were significantly higher in cancer groups in comparison to control group. Whereas leucine, isoleucine, valine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and serine metabolites were significantly lower in cancer groups, succinate, malate, aspartate, pyruvate, glutamine and glutamate were significantly higher in the same groups. LC and HNC patients showed significantly differences in leucine, isoleucine, serine, aconitate and citrate metabolites between before and after RT treatment. Our study demonstrates that RT treatment can modulate anti-oxidant defense mechanisms and metabolites related to one carbon metabolism in cancer patients. These results could be useful as a biomarker to predict RT response and the prognosis of patients.

Differential effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on paraoxonase-1 enzyme activity: An in vitro study

Paraoxonase-I (PON1) is a calcium-dependent hydrolytic enzyme, plays an important role in most antioxidant properties related to high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Antidepressant drugs are commonly employed in treatment of mood disorders and anxiety treatment. In this study, human serum PON1 was purified using simple reproducible procedures and the effects of some antidepressant drugs on its activity were determined. It was found that mirtazapine, aripiprazole, escitalopram, and risperidone exhibited potential inhibitory properties on the purified PON1 activity with IC50 values in the range of 115.50–231.00 μM and Ki values in the range of 41.66 ± 4.27 μM–276.36 ± 35.28 μM. Both risperidone and escitalopram inhibited PON1 activity competitively, while both aripiprazole and mirtazapine inhibited PON1 activity non-competitively. Chlorpromazine did not affect PON1 activity. Usage of drugs with significant biological activity may be hazardous in some cases.

Assessment of PON1 activity and circulating TF levels in relation to BMI, testosterone, HOMA-IR, HDL-C, LDL-C, CHO, SOD activity and TAC in women with PCOS: An observational study

BackgroundPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common female endocrinopathy among premenopausal women associated with hyperandrogenism, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and inflammation. Oxidative stress is an important component of cardio-metabolic risk seen in PCOS. Material and methodsA total of 95 women with PCOS and 95 healthy controls were included in this observational study. Serum PON1 activity and stress markers were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Circulating TF level was measured by ELISA. ResultsWe found decreased PON1 activity and increased TF levels in women with PCOS compared to healthy controls. Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, testosterone, LDL-C, MDA, PC and SOD activity were significantly increased whereas FGIR, QUICKI, HDLC, CAT and TAC were significantly decreased in PCOS women than controls. We observed a positive association of PON1 activity with FGIR, QUICKI, HDL-C and TAC, and its negative association was observed with LH, testosterone, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR in PCOS women. We further observed a positive association of TF with waist, waist to hip ratio, BMI, glucose 1hr, cholesterol, LDL-C, SGPT, uric acid and SOD activity in PCOS women. ConclusionsDecreased PON1 activity and raised circulating TF levels are respective indicators of pro-inflammatory and procoagulant status in PCOS women. The imbalanced oxidant/antioxidant status further supports the evidences that PCOS is an oxidant state. Further, the association of PON1 activity and TF levels with the clinical, laboratory findings and stress marker levels suggest that these factors taken together are involved in aggravating the pro-inflammatory status in PCOS women.

Obesity Modulating Efficiency of Moringa oleifera Extract on Obese Modeled Rats

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder that is raised by multiple biological and environmental factors. The objective of this study was to determine the thermogenesis potential of Egyptian Moringa oleifera against obesity disorder. Adult male Wistar albino rats (150-170g) were randomly divided into four groups (10 animals each) as follows: group (1)healthy rats fed standard diet and served as control, group (2)animals orally Moringa oleifera extract-standard diet (20%), group (3)obese rats fed high-fat diet and group (4) obese animals administrated Moringa oleifera extract-high-fat diet (20%). After six weeks of feeding, the results revealed that feeding of obese animals on moringa (20%) mixed diet succeeded to decline the body weight as well as obesity-induced disorders; this was evidenced by the significant reduction of body weight gain and BMI values as well as levels of serum ALAT, ASAT, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, LDH, CK, PON1, TNF-α and glucose. Also, cardio-hepatic MDA and nitric oxide levels ware decreased coupled with marked elevation in the levels of serum HDL and irisin as well as cardio-hepatic GSH, SOD and CAT. Moreover, the histopathological findings showed a marked regeneration. In conclusion, Moringa oleifera, as a food supplement, could play a beneficial role in management of obesity and its disorders; this could be exhibited through its bioactive components with thermogenesis mechanism and/or other multiple pathways.

Elevated serum OxLDL is associated with progression of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus to diabetic retinopathy

Hyperlipidemia is associated with the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an esterase is known to prevent systemic LDL oxidation. This study assessed if serum oxLDL is associated with the progression of Type 2 DM to DR. This study is part of a three-year hospital based prospective study where 87 subjects were recruited. This included T2DM without DR (n = 22); Non-Proliferative (NPDR) (n = 21) and Proliferative DR (PDR) (n = 22) along with age/sex matched controls (n = 22). Serum oxLDL-Ab was estimated by ELISA. Serum PON esterase activity and plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA) level were estimated by spectrophotometry and the serum Advanced Glycation End products (AGE) level by spectroflourimetry. The systemic levels of oxLDL, AGE and MDA were increased with the progression of T2DM without DR to DR as seen by ANOVA (P < 0.05). Serum oxLDL-Ab levels showed a positive correlation to total cholesterol (P = 0.04) as evaluated in the DR group. Statin intake was found to lower PON esterase activity (P < 0.05). Based on this pilot study, it is proposed that elevated serum oxLDL should be validated in larger cohort studies to ensure it could be potential risk factor for the progression of T2DM to DR.

Circulating Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Clinical Studies on Type 2 Diabetes and Its Complications.

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and its complications constitute a major worldwide public health problem, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Biomarkers for predicting the occurrence and development of the disease may therefore offer benefits in terms of early diagnosis and intervention. This review provides an overview of human studies on circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defence systems and discusses their usefulness from a clinical perspective. Most case-control studies documented an increase in biomarkers of oxidative lipid, protein, and nucleic acid damage in patients with prediabetes and in those with a diagnosis of T2DM compared to controls, and similar findings were reported in T2DM with micro- and macrovascular complications compared to those without. The inconsistence of the results regarding antioxidant defence systems renders difficulty to draw a general conclusion. The clinical relevance of biomarkers of oxidative lipid and protein damage for T2DM progression is uncertain, but prospective studies suggest that markers of oxidative nucleic acid damage such as 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and 8-hydroxyguanosine are promising for predicting macrovascular complications of T2DM. Emerging evidence also points out the relationship between serum PON1 and serum HO1 in T2DM and its complications. Overall, enhanced oxidative damage represents an underlying mechanism of glucose toxicity in T2DM and its related micro- and macrovascular complications suggesting that it may be considered as a potential additional target for pharmacotherapy. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand whether targeting oxidative stress may yield clinical benefits. In this view, the measurement of oxidative stress biomarkers in clinical trials deserves to be considered as an additional tool to currently used parameters to facilitate a more individualized treatment of T2DM in terms of drug choice and patient selection.

Development of a Novel Staging Model for Affective Disorders Using Partial Least Squares Bootstrapping: Effects of Lipid-Associated Antioxidant Defenses and Neuro-Oxidative Stress.

Although, staging models gained momentum to stage define affective disorders, no attempts were made to construct mathematical staging models using clinical and biomarker data in patients with major depression and bipolar disorder. The aims of this study were to use clinical and biomarker data to construct statistically derived staging models, which are associated with early lifetime traumata (ELTs), affective phenomenology, and biomarkers. In the current study, 172 subjects participated, 105 with affective disorders (both bipolar and unipolar) and 67 controls. Staging scores were computed by extracting latent vectors (LVs) from clinical data including ELTs, recurring flare ups and suicidal behaviors, outcome data such as disabilities and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL), and paraoxonase (PON)1 actvities and nitro-oxidative stress biomarkers. Recurrence of episodes and suicidal behaviors could reliably be combined into a LV with adequate composite reliability (the "recurrence LV"), which was associated with female sex, the combined effects of multiple ELTs, disabilities, HR-QoL, and impairments in cognitive tests. All those factors could be combined into a reliable "ELT-staging LV" which was significantly associated with nitro-oxidative stress biomarkers. A reliable LV could be extracted from serum PON1 activities, recurrent flare ups, disabilities, and HR-QoL. Our ELT-staging index scores the severity of a relevant affective dimension, shared by both major depression and bipolar disorder, namely the trajectory from ELTs, a relapsing course, and suicidal behaviors to progressive disabilities. Patients were classified into three stages, namely an early stage, a relapse-regression stage, and a suicidal-regression stage. Lowered lipid-associated antioxidant defenses may be a drug target to prevent the transition from the early to the later regression stages.

Unexpectedly higher diazoxon hydrolysis by serum paraoxonase-1 in coronary heart disease

ObjectivesLow serum PON1 activities (paraoxon, phenyl-acetate or lactone substrates) are associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). We investigated the rate of diazoxon hydrolysis by PON1 in a population with CHD. Design & methodsCase- control study of 410 subjects with CHD and 274 controls. PON1 activity towards paraoxon and diazoxon, PON1 serum concentration and the PON1–55 and 192 polymorphisms were determined. ResultsThere were no differences in the distribution of the PON1–55 or PON1–192 genotypes between the CHD and controls, however, PON1 activity towards diazoxon (DIAZ) was significantly (+160%) higher in CHD. In the control population, DIAZ was significantly different between the PON1–192 genotypes in the order QQ > QR > RR (P < .001). However, in CHD the order was QQ > QR = RR. In CHD DIAZ was significantly higher in all the PON1–192 and 55 genotypes compared to controls. In both populations DIAZ was significantly different between the PON1–55 genotypes in the order LL > LM > MM (P < .001). ConclusionIf this result can be replicated in other studies and/or with other PON1 substrates, there may be major diagnostic and mechanistic implications for the relationship of PON1 and CHD.

Erratum: Decreased serum PON1 arylesterase activity in familial hypercholesterolemia patients with a mutated LDLR gene

[This corrects the article doi: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0287].

Effect of two treatments on changes in serum acute phase protein concentrations in dogs with clinical leishmaniosis

The objective of this study was to compare changes in serum concentrations of acute phase proteins (APPs) and paraoxanase (PON-1) in response to two treatments in dogs with leishmaniosis (CanL). For this purpose, 20 dogs with CanL were assigned to two treatment groups: antimonial plus allopurinol (Group G, n=12) and miltefosine plus allopurinol (Group M, n=8). Serum concentrations of PON-1 and APPs including C-reactive protein, haptoglobin (Hp), ferritin (Ft) and albumin were monitored over a period of 3 months after treatment.At the beginning of the study (day 0), most of the dogs had APP abnormalities. None of the variables differed significantly between groups in the first or subsequent visits. There was a significantly higher reduction in serum Ft in Group G than in Group M from day 0 to day 30 (P=0.0085), and also from day 0 to day 90 (P=0.0214). There was a higher increase in serum PON-1 in Group G than in than Group M from day 0 to day 30 (P=0.0039), and also from day 0 to day 90 (P=0.0404). This is the first report of APPs in dogs with natural clinical leishmaniosis treated with miltefosine. There was faster resolution of serum APP concentrations in dogs treated with antimonials (P<0.05).

Hepatoprotective immune response during Trichinella spiralis infection in mice.

Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes provoke immune and inflammatory responses mediated by cytokines released from T-helper type-2 (Th2) cells. Infections with Trichinella species have been reported to differ by the host species. Previously, in rats, we observed acute liver inflammation in response to infection with Trichinella spiralis, and the rat hosts showed a series of biochemical changes characterized by a decrease in serum paraoxonase (PON) 1 activity associated with the down-regulation of hepatic PON1 synthesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect(s) of species differences on the immune response against T. spiralis infection by analyzing serum PON1 activity and the associated inflammatory/anti-inflammatory mediators in mice. There were inconsistent changes in the serum PON1 activity of mice infected with T. spiralis, and these changes were associated with significant increases in the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12 (p70), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor α during the enteric phase of the infection, while the levels of IL-5 and interferon γ were significantly increased throughout the entire experimental period. Moreover, T. spiralis infection in mice was associated with little inflammatory cell infiltration in hepatic tissues. Given the zoonotic prevalence of T. spiralis, further mechanistic research in this area is warranted.

Evaluation of Selected Parameters of Lipid Peroxidation and Paraoxonase Activity in Blood of Patients with Joint Osteoarthritis.

Oxidative stress constitutes an important risk factor for tissue/cell damage and is involved in the occurrence and progression of Osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in Synovial Fluid (SF) and blood as well as the activity of serum and SF paraoxonase (PON1) of patients with OA. Our study aimed to assess local and systemic responses to oxidative stress. The study included 43 subjects with OA qualified to total joint replacement. The control group consisted of 58 subjects with no musculoskeletal disorders. The malondialdehyde level were measured in venous blood plasma, erythrocytes (MDAe) and Synovial Fluid (SF) while PON1 activities were estimated in serum and SF. No differences in MDA concentrations in erythrocytes and blood plasma between healthy subjects and OA patients were observed. The significant higher level of MDA in SF compared with blood serum was seen in both genders (in woman about 46.2%, in men - 75.0%) and in both assessed joints (in hip about 53.8%, in knee - 115.9%). Total protein concentration and PON1 activity in serum were significantly higher in OA patients (about 14.6% and 87.9% respectively). The systemic response to osteoarthritis (serum PON1 activity) was higher about 33.6% in men than women and not dependent on affected joint. The changes observed in osteoarthritic SF show that the process of antioxidant enzymatic defence is intensified locally, not systemically. The lipid hydroperoxides elimination may lead to restore joints homeostasis.

Association of serum paraoxonase activity with lipid profile, APO-A and APO-B in subjects with different levels of HDL

BackgroundCoronary heart diseases are inversely related to plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is mainly associated with HDL and plays a vital role in protection of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between paraoxonase activity (PON1) with lipid profile, apoA-І, apoB and apoB/apoA-І ratio in subjects with different level of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). Methods135 subjects, 20–60 years old, contributed to this study. The subjects were divided into three groups (45 in each group) with different levels of HDL-C (High, Normal and Low). For each group, the activity of PON1 was measured using paraoxon as a substrate. Moreover, the serum level of lipid profile, ApoA and apoB were measured. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. ResultsPON-1 activity and apoA-І level were decreased in subjects with lower level of HDL-C (P < 0.001). ApoB and apoB/apoA-І ratio were higher in subjects with lower level of HDL-C (P < 0.001). Serum PON-1 activity was positively correlated with TC, TG, apo A-B, and LDL-C levels (P < 0.01). ConclusionsIn conclusion, determination of serum PON1 activity and lipoproteins may play important role in earlier prediction of CAD and help to design a therapeutic for treatment of CAD toward PON1 activity regulation.

ASSESSMENT OF SERUM PARAOXONASE-1 ENZYME ACTIVITY, MALONDIALDEHYDE AND VITAMIN-C IN ORAL PREMALIGNANCIES

Background: Oral premalignancies are a group of disease or syndromes which if left untreated can lead to cancer. It carries a great significance in Indian perspective. The actual figure of oral cancers arising from oral premalignancies is not known and to predict accurately the malignant transformations of them is still not possible. Oxidative stress is a known player behind cancerogenesis. Recently decreased Paraoxonase-1 activity and increased oxidative stress markers ware found to be associated with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. So, there is a strong possibility of a similar finding in Oral Premalignancies too. Aim: This study aims to investigate the correlation between serum PON-1 activity and oxidative stress markers (MDA &amp; Vitamin C) in patients with Oral Premalignancies. Material and Methods: A total of 62 patients with clinically diagnosed oral premalignant lesions and diseased controls were chosen for the study. Venous blood samples were collected and PON-1, MDA (in serum) &amp; Vitamin c (in plasma) were analysed spectro-photometrically. Results: significant decreased serum PON-1 activity (P&lt;0.05) and concomitant significantly increased serum MDA (P &lt;0.05) and decreased Vitamin C levels (P&lt;0.05) were observed in premalignancies compared to the controls. These finding were more pronounced in Oral Leukoplakia (OL) than in Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) with a significant difference. Mean levels of the analysed parameters differed accordingly in the clinical grades of oral premalignancies. Conclusion: It can be envisaged that serum PON-1 activity and increased oxidative stress might be a contributing factor behind pathogenesis and progression of Oral Premalignant Diseases.

Concept and connotation of oxidative stress in preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND:Preeclampsia (PE) is a systemic pregnancy-related disorder characterized by hypertension, proteinuria, and edema. Free radicals seem to play an important role in the induction of endothelial dysfunction in PE.AIM:The aim of the present study was to investigate serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO−), paraoxonase (PON-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lipid profile in preeclamptic patients compared to the women with normal pregnancy.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A total of 68 pregnant women were recruited. They were divided into two groups - Group A, 40 women were a newly diagnosed with PE and Group B, 28 women with normal pregnancy. Anthropometric measurements including body mass index and blood pressure in accordance with biochemical measurements including NO, ONOO−, PON-1, MDA, and lipid profile were done for preeclamptic pregnant women compared to the controls.RESULTS:Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia illustrated insignificant differences in the age (31.22±2.87) compared to the age of control P > 0.05. There were significant changes in the body mass index (BMI), type of delivery and smoking status of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia compared to the control P < 0.05. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were high in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia compared to the control P < 0.01. PON-1 and NO serum levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) while ONOO− and MDA serum levels were significantly increased in PE compared to the women with normal pregnancy.CONCLUSIONS:This study concluded that PE is associated with the augmentation of oxidative stress and reduction of endogenous antioxidant capacity regarding PON-1.

Association of cholesteryl ester transferyl protein gene (G277A) polymorphism and risk prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case control study of Northern Indian population

BackgroundSeveral gene polymorphisms have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in different ethnic groups. Cholesteryl ester transferyl proteins (CETP) promote efflux of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to liver for excretion. Low (Paraoxonase 1) PON1 and (High density lipoprotein) HDL level might decrease its protection and results in T2DM. Based on this, we tried to investigate the Cholesteryl ester transferyl protein gene polymorphism in association with T2DM and lipid traits. MethodsIn the present case-control study, 300 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 300 healthy volunteer were recruited. The CETP (G277A) genotypes were determined by RFLP-PCR, human serum PON1 level was measured by ELISA kit and biochemical analysis was done using standard protocol. ResultsThe frequencies of B1B1, B1B2 and B2B2 genotypes 24%, 62%, 14% and 22%, 60%, 18% were observed in control and T2DM respectively, B2 allele was found higher in type 2 diabetes mellitus, but no significant association was detected. We found B2B2 genotype had significantly associated with higher HDL level in both and case compared to B1B1. We also observed high PON1 level in B2B2 genotype in both cases and control. ConclusionIn our study CETP (G277A) gene polymorphism is not associated with T2DM but significantly affect various lipid traits and PON1 levels.

A case control study on HDL associated PON1 enzyme level in Northern Indian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

AimTo evaluate the serum paraoxonase 1 activity and determine its association with duration in type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients. MethodsA total of 80 cases from type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy controls were enrolled in the present case control study. Human serum PON1 concentration was measured by ELISA and western blotting and it activity was determined spectrophotometrically using 4-nitrophenyle acetate. Diagnostic accuracy of serum PON1 to identify type 2 Diabetes mellitus was calculated with ROC analysis. ResultSerum concentration of LDL, VLDL, TG, A1C, FBS and TC levels showed significantly higher levels in type 2 diabetes patients as compared to healthy controls, however there were no significant differences found in the level of HDL. Serum PON1 concentration and activity monitored in patients with >1 year diabetes showed higher level (75.1 ± 6.8 ng/mL) as compared to patients with >3 years diabetes (65.24 ± 1.6 ng/mL), its level was further decreased in patients with >5 (53.8 ± 2.6 ng/mL) and >7 years (48.1 ± 2.7 ng/mL) of diabetes. PON1 concentration decreased as the duration of diabetes increased. PON1 level was further decreased due to habits like smoking and alcohol consumption. ConclusionSerum PON1 levels decrease in states of high oxidative stress like metabolic syndrome, obesity, uncontrolled diabetes, and dyslipidemia. It can be used as diagnostic marker for diabetes mellitus along with increased TG, LDL, VLDL and FBG.

High Doses of Boron Have No Protective Effect Against Nephrolithiasis or Oxidative Stress in a Rat Model.

Boron plays roles in the metabolism of calcium, vitamin D, steroid hormones, healthy bone development, and maintenance of cell membranes. The biological effects of boron are dose-dependent but follow a U-shaped pattern, rendering it important to define the active range. The studies of Bahadoran et al. on rats and Naghii et al. on humans showed that low doses of boron (3 and 10mg/day) prevented kidney stone formation. The aim of this study was to determine whether high doses of boron have an anti-urolithiatic or antioxidant effect on nephrolithiasis in an experimental rat model. The study was conducted on 50 adult male Wistar rats randomized to five groups. Nephrolithiasis was induced with water containing 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) and 2% ammonium chloride (AC). This treatment was given to animals in all groups for 10days, except the positive and negative controls. Simultaneously, groups 2, 3, and 4 were given boric acid via gavage at doses of 25, 50, and 100mg/kg/day (equivalent to 4/8/16mg boron respectively) as the source of boron. Animals in the negative and positive control groups were given 6μL/g distilled water without boric acid. At day 10, intra-cardiac blood samples were drawn from all animals. The right and left kidneys were removed for biochemical and histopathological examinations, respectively. The groups were compared with respect to serum urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), serum paraoxonase (PON1) activity, tissue calcium and oxalate levels, and stone burden as determined by histopathological examination. Serum urea and creatinine levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively), while serum calcium and phosphorous levels were significantly lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), in animals given EG/AC compared to negative controls. No significant differences were detected in serum calcium, phosphorous, urea, or creatinine levels between animals treated with boron and positive controls (p > 0.05). Serum PON1 activity was significantly lower in animals given EG/AC than in negative controls (p < 0.001), while no significant difference in serum PON1 level was detected between rats treated with boron and positive controls. No significant differences were detected in vitamin D, TAS, TOS, tissue calcium, or tissue oxalate levels among groups. No stone formation was detected on histopathological examination in negative controls. No significant differences were found in stone formation between rats treated with boron and positive controls. Based on this study, high doses of boron had no protective effect against nephrolithiasis and oxidative stress.

Mitochondria and redox balance in coeliac disease: A case-control study.

Coeliac disease (CD) is a gluten-sensitive autoimmune disorder. Gluten toxicity encompasses a wide spectrum of target organ functions and pathologies, including the activation of the immune response and triggering of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate inflammation and the redox balance in patients with active CD, and to evaluate whether alteration of mitochondrial function is involved in the disease status. In this prospective case-control study, blood samples from sixteen adult CD patients and sixteen healthy controls (HC) were investigated for IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 plasma concentrations, for serum PON1 arylesterase, total and MnSOD antioxidant enzyme activities, induced TBARs levels, and for lymphocyte mtDNA content. Patients showed IL-8 and IL-1β concentrations significantly higher than HC counterparts. Patients had a significantly higher content of induced TBARS compared to HC value, indicating a shift in their serum redox balance towards pro-oxidant species. The assay of antioxidant enzyme activities showed a significant 25% increase in PON1, a higher total SOD, and a significant 21% higher MnSOD in patients compared to HC. Lymphocyte mtDNA content in patients was significantly twofold higher than in HC, supporting the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. The patients' mitochondrial compensatory response may explain the correlation between MnSOD activity and mtDNA content. The patients' mitochondrial oxidative stress, cooperating to cytokines secretion, may justify the correlation between IL-1β concentration and mtDNA content. These results highlight the mitochondrial involvement in CD and suggest the evaluation of the mtDNA content as a potential diagnostic and follow-up parameter.

Serum paraoxonase activity and total sialic acid in sheep with foot and mouth disease

The aim of this study was to investigate paraoxonase (PON1) activity and total sialic acid to be measured for the first time in sheep infected naturally with foot and mouth disease, and their relationships with oxidative stress. A total of 30 Awassi sheep (aged between 2–4), which were healthy and infected with the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) were used in the study. Concentrations of paraoxonase activity (PON1), which is an important antioxidant against oxidative stress, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total sialic acid (TSA), which has a critical role for immune system and is one of the significant indicators of cellular degeneration, were measured in serum samples drawn from animals. The total oxidant capacity (TOC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated to determine the oxidative balance. It was observed that serum PON1 (P&amp;lt;0.001) and HDL (P&amp;lt;0.01) concentrations were significantly lower compared to the control group. TSA concentration was higher in the infected group (P&amp;lt;0.001) compared to the healthy group. TOC was higher (P&amp;lt;0.001) and TAC was lower (P&amp;lt;0.01) in the infected group compared to the control group. Consequently, harmful effects of the infection of foot and mouth disease were shown as cause of oxidative cell damage and the high rate of sialic acid was produced depending on the degeneration during the infection. .