Serum Paraoxonase Activity Research Articles

Serum paraoxonase activities, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels are altered in patients with primary fibromyalgia syndrome.

Fibromyalgia patients who are exposed to extreme oxidative stress may face more severe clinical features or oxidative stress may be increased by the severity of the disease. The purpose of these investigation were to determine serum paraoxonase activities (PON-1) and nitric oxide (NO) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in fibromyalgia and whether there were any associations between these enzymes activities, MDA level, and clinical parameters. The study groups were consisted of 30 primer fibromyalgia patients and 30 healthy subjects. Clinical findings, pain severity, functional disability, general health status, anxiety, and depression assessed, and serum PON-1 activity, MDA, and NO levels were measured. The primer fibromyalgia group had significantly higher MDA, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and decreased PON-1 activity, NO, and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) with respect to controls. The paraoxonase activity was negatively correlated with MDA, LDL-C, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire score (FIQ score), tender point score, age, and BDI score, while positively correlated with NO and HDL-C. MDA level was positively correlated with VAS, FIQ score, tender point score, age, and negatively correlated with NO level. These results suggest that FMS patients have an alteration in levels of MDA, NO, and PON-1 activities. We think that impaired oxidant/antioxidant status may affect the symptoms of the disease. Also, they may be of importance in the complex physiopathologic mechanism behind the development of FMS.

Evaluation of Serum Paraoxonase and Lipid Profile in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Pre and post Hemodialysis

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) is the progressive and irreversible loss of normal functioning of kidneys. this is associated with increased levels of some biochemical parameters and decreased others. This study aims to evaluate the value of serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity as biochemical marker for patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) before and after hemodialysis (HD).
 The samples of this study consists of 100 patients (55 males, 45 females) and 100 apparently healthy individuals (57 males, 43 females) from 20 - 70 years old of age. All patients included in this study were those who were receiving hemodialysis therapy in the dialysis unit in Kirkuk general Hospital from the period between February 2013 and May 2014. Serum PON1, BU, Cr, TC, TG, HDL, LDL levels were measured by spectrophotometric methods.Paraoxonase1 activity level was significantly lower in cases of CRF patients than in normal healthy control in pre hemodialysis (HD). It's level was significantly increased in post HD (P> 0.05). The blood urea (BU), serum creatinine (Cr), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were significantly higher than normal healthy control in pre HD (P˂ 0.05), In post HD their levels were significantly decreased as compared to the pre HD (P˂ 0.05) but still lower than normal control, the serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) of CRF patients was significantly lower than normal controls (P˂ 0.05) in pre HD and was significantly increased in post HD as compared to pre HD but remained lower than normal healthy control. Conclusion: PON1 activity was significantly decreased in CRF patients before HD and significantly increased after HD but remained lower than controls. PON1 was significantly and negatively correlated with the age, BMI, duration of disease, BU, Cr, TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL. This study demonstrates that there is an increased risk of cardiovascular complications in CRF patients undergoing hemodialysis by increasing TC, TG, LDL, VLDL and decreasing HDL.

Serum Paraoxonase-1 Activity in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Brachytherapy as a Measure of Irradiation Efficacy

We investigated changes in the activity of antioxidant paraoxonase-1 (PON1) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing radiotherapy (RT), as well as the relationship of the PON1 activity with the degree of PCa advancement. We included 84 men with PCa. Blood samples were obtained before irradiation and after the completion of RT. The control group was composed of 60 healthy men. There was no significant difference in the PON1 activity between the control group and patients pre-radiotherapy. Irradiation was associated with a significant decrease in the PON1 activity; thus, it could be a measure of the efficacy of RT. No significant correlations between the PON1 activity and Gleason score, prostate volume, BMI (body mass index), or adipose tissue thickness were found. However, there was a positive correlation between the PON1 activity and the PSA concentration in the group of PCa patients.

Paraoxonase 1 Activity and Phenotype Distribution in Lumbar Disc Herniation Patients.

To compare the Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and phenotype distribution between lumbar disc herniation (LDH) patients and healthy individuals. This research included 40 LDH patients and 42 healthy individuals. Spectrophotometric assays were performed to determine the serum PON1 and arylesterase activities. The PON1 ratio, which represents the salt-stimulated PON/ arylesterase level, demonstrated a trimodal distribution. This ratio was applied to identify the different phenotypes; QQ, QR, and RR of each subject. The LDH patients had lower PON1 activity than the healthy individuals (p < 0.05). LDH patients had a statistically significant QQ phenotype compared to the healthy subjects (p < 0.05). LDH patients had statistically lower PON1 activity, suggesting that the low PON1 activity and PON1 QQ phenotype may be a risk factor for LDH occurrence.

Relation between carotid intima-media thickness, serum paraoxonase levels and severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has a significant effect on the development of cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) enzyme levels and severity of OSA. A total of 120 cases were included in the study with 30 cases in each group, as follows: Group 1 (AHI 30/h). Blood samples of the patients were taken to measure serum PON1 activity. Carotid IMT of all patients included in the study was measured by means of echocardiography using vascular probe and results were recorded. With regard to carotid IMT, a statistically significant increase was detected as severity of OSA increased (p < 0.001). A positive relationship was detected between IMT level and total oxygen desaturation time, oxygen desaturation index and SpO2 time < 90 % (p < 0.01). When the groups were compared, a statistically significant decline was observed in serum PON 1 level as severity of OSA increased (p < 0.05). The findings of our study indicate that PON1 and carotid IMT might be used as indicators of vascular damage in patients with OSA. Depending on the severity of OSA, measurement of PON1 enzyme activity in conjunction with carotid IMT may help us in predicting the cardiovascular risk in patients with OSA (Tab. 4, Fig. 2, Ref. 27).

Evaluation Of Paraoxonase-1 Activity In Yemeni Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus And Its Association With Atherogenic Risk Factors

Objective: To evaluate the Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity in Yemeni patients with Type 2 DM and examine its association with the atherogenic risk factors. Methods: This was a case-control study carried out on 97 subjects: 46 healthy subjects from both genders (control) and 51 Type 2 DM patients. Biochemical parameters include PON1, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile were analyzed. Results: Serum PON1 was significantly (p = 0.001) lower in Type 2 DM patients by 10.1% with respect to the healthy control subjects. Moreover, FBG, HbA1c and total cholesterol were significantly higher in Type 2 DM patients as compared to the healthy controls. Serum PON1 activity was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol – HDL-c (r = 0.383, p = 0.006) and inversely correlated with HbA1c (r = - 0.341, p = 0.014). Conclusion: Paraoxonase-1 was lower in Type 2 DM patients and being positively correlated with HDL-c and inversely correlated with HbA1c.

Association between Paraoxonase/Arylesterase Activity of Serum PON-1 Enzyme and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A decrease in serum paraoxonase (PON-1) and arylesterase (ARE) activity has been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and linked to chronic inflammation and impaired antioxidant defense. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to critically appraise the current evidence on plasma/serum concentrations of PON-1 and ARE activity in RA patients and healthy controls. The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to November 2021. We used random-effects meta-analysis. The risk of bias was estimated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist tool. The certainty of the evidence was assessed with GRADE. The study complied with the PRISMA statements and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022345380). Seventeen studies reported PON-1 activity (1144 RA patients, 797 controls) and ten reported ARE activity (1367 RA patients, 1037 controls). RA patients had significantly lower PON-1 (SMD = -1.32, 95% CI -1.94 to -0.70; p &lt; 0.001) and ARE activity (SMD = -0.91, 95% CI -1.37 to -0.46; p &lt; 0.001). There was substantial heterogeneity (PON, I2 97%; ARE, 95.7%, p &lt; 0.001 for both). There was no publication bias. The pooled SMD values did not significantly change after sensitivity analysis. The certainty of the evidence was very low due to the observational nature of the studies and the large heterogeneity. Our meta-analysis has shown that both serum PON-1 and ARE activity are significantly lower in RA patients, suggesting a deficit in antioxidant defense mechanisms in this disease.

Oxi-inflammatory stress and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in post-COVID active rheumatoid arthritis patients

Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has sparked the deterioration of human health at an unprecedented scale globally and affected the patient’s musculoskeletal health also. It is conceivable that active rheumatoid arthritis (ARA) patients recovered from COVID-19 after second wave are at enhanced risk of cardiovascular complications. Aim and Objectives: In this context, the present study was intended to estimate the soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), serum paraoxonase (PON), and markers of oxi-inflammatory stress in ARA patients diagnosed reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction negative after second wave of COVID-19 and to determine their role in predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Materials and Methods: Sixty ARA patients (30–45 years) of Delhi-NCR region were recruited and categorized into two groups (n=30 in each group; on the basis of their history of COVID infection). Using standard methods, study group parameters were estimated in ARA patients and statistically compared it with that of 30 healthy controls by using student’s t-test. Results: Serum sVCAM-1, malondialdehyde (MDA), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly high (P&lt;0.001) in Group II and Group III subjects as compared to healthy controls. Conversely, serum PON activity was found to be significantly low (P&lt;0.001) in Group III as compared healthy controls. However, PON activity was altered insignificantly (P&lt;0.1) with respect to Group II subjects. sVCAM-1 levels were positively correlated with MDA, CRP, and atherogenic index; and negatively correlated with PON activity (P&lt;0.001) in post-COVID ARA patients. Conclusion: Thus, enhanced sVCAM-1 and reduced PON activity along with enhanced oxi-inflammatory stress status are more efficient molecular signatures of CVD risk among post-COVID ARA patients. Therefore, the present study emphasizes the dire need of special attention to provide cardiovascular rehabilitation strategy among post-COVID ARA patients along with reduction of oxi-inflammatory stress to reduce the CVD mortality in ARA population.

Paraoxonase Activity an Independent Contributor in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Background The aim of the present study was the estimation of serum paraoxonase (PON1) activity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).&#x0D; Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study we estimated serum paraoxonase activity in 73 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 73 healthy controls.&#x0D; Results The results showed that PON1 activity was significantly decreased in patients with SARS-CoV-2 (1.30±0.55 kU/L) than in healthy controls (1.913±0.48 kU/L, p

Oxidative stress and PON1 (T172A/L55M) polymorphism: potential risk factors for Osteoarthritis

Objective: To investigate the role of oxidative stress in the progression of osteoarthritis with the genetic determinant of paraoxonase-1 enzyme L55M in osteoarthritis patients. Method: The case control study was carried out at the University of Karachi from April to November 2020, and comprised blood samples of female osteoarthritis patients aged &gt;50 years and healthy controls matched for age and gender. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring lipid peroxidation product and protein carbonyl content. Activities of paraoxonase-1 paraoxonase and arylesterase were evaluated in the subjects. Protein expression of paraoxonase-1 was also analysed using western blot method. Paraoxonase-1 L55M (rs854560) polymorphism was determined using tetra-amplification-refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction. Data was analysed using SPSS® Statistics 20.0. Results: Of the 103 subjects, 50(48.5%) were patients and 53(51.5%) were controls. The overall age range was 50-70 years. The extent of malondialdehyde (p&lt;0.001) and protein carbonyl content (p&lt;0.05) were increased significantly in the patients compared to the controls. Activity of paraoxonase and arylesterase was found decreased (p&lt;0.001) in patients compared to the controls. The prevalence of genotype MM was higher in the patients than the controls(p=0.001). L55M was more pronounced in patients suffering than the controls (p=0.01). Conclusion: The elevated levels of malondialdehyde and cabonylated protein content might be associated with osteoarthritis progression. Decreased serum paraoxonase-1 activity with L55M was the major consequence of oxidative stress in female osteoarthritis patients. Key Words: Osteoarthritis, Oxidative stress, Paraoxonase, Polymorphism.

Association of Paraoxonase-1 Genotype and Phenotype with Angiogram Positive Coronary Artery Disease.

ResumoFundamento Tem sido demonstrado que um aumento dos níveis séricos de PON1 é protetor contra vários distúrbios. Foi relatado que vários polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms ) do gene PON1 estão associados a níveis e atividade de proteínas enzimáticas séricas.Objetivos Investigar a associação de SNPs do PON1 e atividade da paraoxonase sérica com a doença arterial coronariana (DAC).Métodos Foram estudados 601 pacientes não relacionados submetidos à angiografia coronária, incluindo aqueles com estenose >50% (N=266) e aqueles com estenose <30% (N=335). Os SNPs rs662 e rs840560 do gene da paraoxonase foram determinados utilizando o método ARMS-PCR e o SNP rs705379 foi genotipado utilizando análise de PCR-RFLP. A atividade da paraoxonase sérica foi medida utilizando paraoxon como substrato. O valor de p<0,05 foi considerado significante.Resultados A atividade da paraoxonase sérica não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos de estudo. Após ajuste para idade, sexo, hipertensão, diabetes mellitus e dislipidemia, o genótipo GG e o modelo codominante de rs662 foram positivamente associados a uma angiografia positiva (respectivamente, OR = 2,424, IC 95% [1,123-5,233], p <0,05, OR = 1,663, IC 95% [1,086-2,547]). A atividade da paraoxonase sérica foi significativamente maior no alelo G e variante GG do polimorfismo rs662, alelo A e variante AA de rs854560 e alelo C e variante CC de rs705379. A análise de haplótipos mostrou que o haplótipo ATC foi significativamente mais prevalente no grupo com angiografia negativa. A análise entre os grupos indicou que o alelo A de rs662 foi significativamente associado à menor atividade da paraoxonase no grupo com angiografia positiva (p=0,019).Conclusões A presença do alelo G do polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único rs662 está independentemente associada ao aumento do risco de DAC.

The effect of iatrogenic hypothyroidism on lipoprotein subfractions and serum paraoxonase activity in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer

Background and Aims : The development of atherogenic lipid profile has a major role in hypothyroidism induced accelerated atherosclerosis. In a group of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) subclinical hyperthyroidism is maintained after thyroidectomy, interrupted annually with short-term overt hypothyroidism for diagnostic purposes. The effects of short-term overt hypothyroidism on lipid parameters, lipoprotein subfractions and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity were studied in these patients.

Effect of Low-Dose Radiotherapy on the Circulating Levels of Paraoxonase-1-Related Variables and Markers of Inflammation in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia.

The aim of our study was to investigate the changes produced by low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) in the circulating levels of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and inflammatory markers in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia treated with LDRT and their interactions with clinical and radiological changes. Data were collected from the IPACOVID prospective clinical trial (NCT04380818). The study included 30 patients treated with a whole-lung dose of 0.5 Gy. Clinical follow-up, as well as PON1-related variables, cytokines, and radiological parameters were analyzed before LDRT, at 24 h, and 1 week after treatment. Twenty-five patients (83.3%) survived 1 week after LDRT. Respiratory function and radiological images improved in survivors. Twenty-four hours after LDRT, PON1 concentration significantly decreased, while transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) increased with respect to baseline. One week after LDRT, patients had increased PON1 activities and lower PON1 and TGF-β1 concentrations compared with 24 h after LDRT, PON1 specific activity increased, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive protein (CRP) decreased, and CD4+ and CD8+ cells increased after one week. Our results highlight the benefit of LDRT in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and it might be mediated, at least in part, by an increase in serum PON1 activity at one week and an increase in TGF-β1 concentrations at 24 h.

Punicalagin protects against the development of pancreatic injury and insulitis in rats with induced T1DM by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.

Pancreatic inflammation and oxidative damage remain major concerns in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Punicalagin, a major polyphenol in pomegranates, exhibited antioxidant and protective effects on several organs in case of T1DM; however, no study has yet explored the protective effects of punicalagin on the pancreas and islets of Langerhans. T1DM was induced by injecting 40mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally. Punicalagin (1mg/kg ip) was injected daily for 15days after T1DM induction. In diabetic rats, punicalagin treatment lowered the levels of inflammatory biomarkers (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and C-reactive protein) and adhesion molecules (E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule, and vascular cell adhesion molecule) while activating myeloperoxidase activity. Treatment of diabetic rats with punicalagin improved glutathione content and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities; upregulated serum paraoxonase-1 activity; and prevented the elevation lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products in the pancreas. Furthermore, punicalagin protected the pancreas against STZ-induced histopathological alterations and increased immune-reactive β-cells while reducing leucocyte infiltration into the islets of Langerhans, leading to normalized blood glucose and insulin levels. These findings indicated that punicalagin might protect against the development of insulitis in T1DM. In conclusion, punicalagin exerts a strong protective effect on the pancreas against oxidative injury and inflammation in STZ-induced experimental T1DM. The present results recommend punicalagin as a potential adjuvant for reducing diabetes-associated insulitis.

Sensitive Assay for the Lactonase Activity of Serum Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) by Harnessing the Fluorescence Turn-On Characteristics of Bioorthogonally Synthesized and Geometrically Controlled Chemical Probes

The lactonase activity of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has a crucial antiatherogenic function, and also serves as an important biochemical marker in human blood because the aberrant lactonase activity of PON1 is a key indicator for a number of diverse human diseases. However, no sensitive fluorescence assays that detect PON1 lactonase activity are available. We report the synthesis of two fluorescence turn-on chemical probes 16a and 16b (16) able to quantify PON1 lactonase activity. The chemical probes were constructed utilizing a disulfide-containing bicyclononyne, derivatives of rhodamine B and carboxyfluorescein, and reactions including copper-free azide–alkyne cycloaddition. Fluorescence quenching in 16 was characterized by spectroscopic studies and was mainly attributed to the effect of contact quenching. Kinetic analysis of 16b confirmed the outstanding reactivity and specificity of 16b with thiols in the presence of general base catalysts. The 16b-based assay was employed to determine PON1 lactonase activity, with a linear range of 10.8–232.1 U L−1 and detection limit (LOD) of 10.8 U L−1, to quantify serum PON1 activity in human sera, and to determine the Ki of 20.9 μM for the 2-hydroxyquinoline inhibition of PON1 lactonase. We are employing 16b to develop high-throughput assays for PON1 lactonase activity.

Serum Paraoxonase-1 Activity and the Risk of Prostate Cancer Recurrence in Patients Treated with Radiotherapy.

The antioxidant paraoxonase-1 (PON1) may be involved in the response to radiation-induced oxidative stress and possibly prevent cell apoptosis. The correlation of PON1 with the risk of cancer recurrence after radiotherapy (RT) is not yet explored. We investigated changes in the activity of PON1 in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing RT, and the relation of PON1 activity to the risk of recurrence after RT. We included 56 men with PCa. Blood samples were obtained before irradiation and after the completion of RT. Patients were followed for an average of 51.2 months. Each case of biochemical recurrence was confirmed with biopsy. The control group was composed of 60 healthy men. There was no significant difference in PON1 activity between the control group and patients pre-radiotherapy. Irradiation was associated with a significant decrease in PON1 activity. Patients with PCa recurrence had significantly higher serum PON1 activity than those recurrence-free, both before and after RT. PON1 activity was a predictor of PCa recurrence, with sensitivity over 80% and specificity over 64%. Our results suggest that PON1 activity may be a predictor of PCa recurrence risk after RT. Studies with a larger number of patients and longer follow-up are needed to confirm this hypothesis.

Asendan aort dilatasyonunda oksidatif stres ile ilişkili belirteçlerin rolü: malondialdehit ve paraoksonaz-1 aktivitesi

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidative and oxidative status of patients with ascending aortic dilatation using malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, and paraoxonase-1 activity, an antioxidant enzyme.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between August and December 2020. It included 56 consecutive patients (mean age 55.3 ± 8.6 years; range 31 to 67 years; 26 males, 30 females) with ascending aortic dilatation and 33 sex-and age-matched controls (mean age 54.5 ± 10.5 years; range 32 to 67 years; 13 males, 20 females) with normal aortic diameters. All participants were evaluated using transthoracic echocardiography. Malondialdehyde was analyzed using the thiobarbituric acid assay. Paraoxonase-1 activity was measured manually using a spectrophotometer. The relation of ascending aortic dilatation with malondialdehyde levels and paraoxonase-1 activity was identified with correlation analyses.Results: The patient group had significantly higher mean malondialdehyde than the control group (2.5 ± 1.9 μmoL/mL and 1.7 ± 0.3 μmoL/mL, respectively; p &amp;lt; 0.001). The patient group had significantly lower mean activity of paraoxonase-1 than the control group (18.5 ± 12.9 U/mL vs.30 ± 17.6 U/mL, respectively; p &amp;lt; 0.002). Serum malondialdehyde was negatively correlated with ascending aortic diameter (r = 0.293, p = 0.009). A significant negative correlation was found between the activity of serum paraoxonase-1 and ascending aortic diameter (r = -0.364, p = 0.001). Malondialdehyde levels and paraoxonase-1 activity were independent predictors of ascending aortic dilatation.Conclusion: The results are in line with the notion that increased malondialdehyde levels indicate lipid peroxidation, and decreased paraoxonase-1 activity indicates impaired antioxidant defense. Using them may help protect against the pathophysiology of ascending aortic dilatation.

The Impact of Different rs3917538 Genotypes with the PON-1 Activity, Atherosclerosis Severity in Patients of Coronary Atherosclerosis

Background: Coronary atherosclerosis is one of the coronary artery diseases (CAD) responsible for a significant percentage of mortality and morbidity in Iraqi subjects. Atherosclerosis compresses about 17 million death cases; 45% are under the age of 70. The improvement in atherosclerosis disease management paly a critical role in preventing this disease; despite that, new risk factors have been studied, including genetic studies. Many polymorphisms have been associated with coronary atherosclerosis in different ethnic populations. Paraoxonase is an enzyme located on HDL in serum. PON acts as a protective factor or agent against oxidative modification of LDL, suggesting that it could play an essential and influential role in atherosclerotic processes prevention.&#x0D; Objective: To evaluate the rs3917538 genotypes in the PON-1 gene associated with the coronary atherosclerosis risk and the effect of this single nucleotide polymorphism on the serum activity of PON-1 and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis.&#x0D; Methods: A case-control study included sixty patients diagnosed with coronary atherosclerosis and sixty healthy volunteers diagnosed with angiography examination. The study was carried out during the period from February 2019 till June 2020. Serum PON-1 was measured by fluorometric technique, and the genetic assessment was by RT-PCR technique.&#x0D; Results: The activity for PON-1 in patients was significantly lower than controls; the median activity of PON-1 in controls was 197.32 mU/ml, which was higher than that of patients (median =163.46 mU/ml). There was an impact of rs3917538 genotypes on the severity of the disease, P=0.041. The rs3917538 genotypes have no association with the risk of coronary atherosclerosis and the activity of PON-1.&#x0D; Conclusion: The measurement of serum PON-1 activity may help in the diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis patients. The rs3917538 genotypes in the PON-1 gene among the patient’s group impact the severity of coronary atherosclerosis.

The paraoxonase 1 activity and lipid levels in umbilical cord blood and maternal venous blood, and their relations according to birth weight

Objectives: Aim of this study is to find out the clinical relevance of estimating paraoxonase activity of PON1 enzyme, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL levels in maternal serum and umbilical cord blood according to birth weight. Methods: Venous blood samples were taken from mothers just before birth. Babies were divided into four groups: normal-weight babies, premature babies, low birth weight babies, and postmature babies. The weight of the newborns was measured and cord blood was taken. The samples were looked at HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride levels and PON1 activities. We have investigated the paraoxonase activity of the PON1 enzyme. Enzyme activity assay was obtained spectrophotometrically measurement of p‐nitrophenol at 412 nm. Results: Maternal PON1 paraoxonase activity levels in Pre-Term show a significant decrease in cases as compared to other groups. Baby PON1 paraoxonase activity levels are also found to be significantly decreased in cases concerning the Term and Post-Term groups. There was a significant difference in all values the such as baby's weight, TG, Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and PON1.belonging to babies (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Decreased paraoxonase activity in maternal serum may be considered as an additional risk factor for the development of low birth weight. It appears that PON1 activity plays an important role in infant development and affects birth weight. We think that the paraoxonase activity of the PON1 enzyme in mothers may be a marker in predicting the babies who are at risk in terms of birth weight.

Changes in serum PON1 activity, gene expression and their association with lipid profile parameters in healthy Darehshori neonatal foals: a preliminary study

Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) contributes to the antioxidant mechanisms that prevent lipoprotein oxidation and act as a negative acute-phase protein. This study aimed to evaluate changes in serum PON1 activity, the leukocyte PON1 gene expression, as well as lipid profile tests (LDL, HDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol) in 16 healthy Darehshori newborn foals up to 60 days of life. Blood samples were collected at 1, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days used for detecting biochemical parameters, PON1 activity, and, and its gene expression, using realtime RT-PCR. Low levels of PON1 activity were observed at birth, which increased significantly with increasing age at days 7, 15, 30, and 60. In addition, HDL levels were significantly increased at 15, 30, and 60 days in male foals, and in contrast, LDL and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced on days 15, 30, and 60 compared to the first day of life in newborn foals. For the first time, PON1 mRNA was detected in foal leukocytes and its gene expression showed a significant decrease compared to the birthday. The positive correlations between PON1 expression/HDL, LDL, and cholesterol in the first week of life and between PON1 enzyme activity/ HDL, LDL, and cholesterol in different samples and sexes may indicate an adaptive increase in antioxidant defenses in response to oxidative stress. The authors suggest that PON1 expression in leukocytes may be related to the enzyme?s ability to reduce intracellular oxidant levels.