Serum Glutamate Research Articles

Food-derived antioxidant ergothioneine improves sleep difficulties in humans

• Volunteers with reported high anxiety and sleep complaints daily took ergothioneine (EGT) for 4 weeks. • A questionnaire survey showed that EGT significantly ameliorate sleeping difficulties. • Electroencephalograph measurements showed that ingesting EGT resulted in a significant improvement in objective sleep quality. • Metabolome analysis suggested that EGT reduces consumption of antioxidant substances while enhancing lipid metabolism. Sleep disorders interfere with daily life and are associated with the development of various diseases. Here, we evaluated the effect of orally ingested ergothioneine (EGT) on improving sleep quality. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparison study. A 20 mg EGT or placebo capsule was ingested daily for 4 weeks by volunteers with reported high anxiety and sleep complaints. A survey showed that EGT significantly ameliorates sleeping difficulties. Electroencephalograph measurements showed that EGT intake increases the N2 stage, while decreasing the N1 stage in non-REM sleep and the frequency of waking after sleep onset. Serum metabolome analysis suggested that EGT reduces serum glutamate as well as the consumption of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances while enhancing lipid metabolism. Molecular targeting assays revealed that EGT inhibits histamine N-methyltransferase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and binding to α3β4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Hence, EGT may improve sleep difficulties via multiple mechanisms of action.

Factors Associated with Liver Enzyme Abnormalities in HIV-HBV and/or HCV Co-infected Patients in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Multicenter Cross-sectional Study.

Background and ObjectiveLiver enzyme abnormalities (LEA) are extremely common and sometimes severe in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but data for this disorder are lacking in the developing countries. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with LEA in HIV–hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.MethodsThis cross-sectional analytical study included 180 people living with HIV (PLWHIV) mono-infected or co-infected with HBV/HCV between November 10, 2013 and January 10, 2014 in Kinshasa. Sociodemographic, clinical, biological, serological, and immunological data were analyzed. Levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) were determined. Antibody levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsThe mean age of patients was 44.2±11.0 years; female sex was predominant (76.7%). Co-infection, mainly with HBV, but also HCV, was found in 43 (23.9%) patients. Elevated liver enzymes were found in 77 (42.8%) of the patients. No difference was found in the rate of liver enzyme abnormalities between patients with HIV mono-infection or HIV co-infection (46.7% versus 30.2%, respectively; P=0.08). Factors associated with LEA were age ≥50 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.7; 95% CI 1.4–5.5), duration of HIV infection >3 years (adjusted OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.4–5.5), and CD4 T cells count ≤303 cells/mm3 (adjusted OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.1–4.5).ConclusionsLiver enzyme abnormalities are frequent in patients co-infected with HIV–HBV/HCV as well as in HIV patients without co-infection. Diagnosis is determined based on age, immunodeficiency, and length of illness.

Anti Diabetetic Activity of Illupai Ver Chooranam on Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

Roots of Illupai (Madhuca longifolia) are mentioned for Madhumegam in Gunapadam -Mooligai (Siddha Materia Medica). The disease Madhumegam found in siddha text is correlated with Diabetes mellitus type-II. Madhuca longifolia known as Illupai in Tamil has been widely used for the treatment of diabetes. Hence, the present study aimed to demonstrate the antidiabetic effects of Illupai ver chooranam in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the chooranam showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, triterpenoids, polyphenols, carbohydrates, steroids, saponin and proteins. Acute toxicity studies revealed the nontoxic nature of the illupai ver chooranam up to a dose level 2000 mg/kg body weight until the end of the study period. The illupai ver chooranam (500 and 1000 mg/kg) significantly reduced (P**< 0.01) glucose levels in diabetic rats. The other biochemical parameters like cholesterol, lipid, urea, protein, liver glycogen, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), were found to be reduced by the illupai ver chooranam. The histopathological results of treated groups showed the regenerative/protective effect on cells of pancreas in diabetic rats. In the oral glucose tolerance test, the illupai ver chooranam increased the glucose tolerance. The current study revealed the antidiabetic potential of illupai ver chooranam effective in hyperglycemia and that it can effectively protect against other metabolic aberrations caused by diabetes in rats, which seems to validate its therapeutic traditional use.

Investigation into potential mechanisms of metabolic syndrome by integrative analysis of metabolomics and proteomics.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex syndrome cluster of metabolic disorders, which greatly increases the risks of diabetic and cardiovascular diseases. Although it has become a significantly worldwide public health burden, its pathogenesis largely remains unknown. In this study, we first performed an integrated analysis of proteomic and metabonomic data of liver tissues of rats between MetS and control groups to reveal possible mechanisms of MetS. A total of 16 significantly perturbed pathways were identified, of which three pathways were shared by patients with MetS and diabetes identified by analysis of serum samples, including alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. Additionally, it was found that 18 differential metabolites were closely related with 36 differential proteins, which were considered as significantly discriminant metabolites and proteins between two groups and were mainly involved in metabolic processes of gamma-aminobutyric acid and acetyl-CoA, biosynthetic processes of cholesterol and amino acids. The results of PPI network analysis and topological parameter calculation of four methods revealed that 16 proteins can serve as hub proteins of MetS. Followed by searching the PubMed database and molecular docking of Cyp7a1 and Got1, we concluded that atorvastatin and resveratrol may be potential drugs for MetS.

Investigation of serum enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers in preeclampsia: a multiparameter analysis.

Preeclampsia, a high cause of fetomaternal morbidity-mortality, remains a significant burden affecting 8% of all pregnancies. Environmental conditions induce disease development leading to endothelial dysfunction in genetically predisposed women. Our aim is to discuss oxidative stress as a well-established contributing factor to disease progression with being the first study to show new evidence about serum dehydrogenase enzyme levels (isocitrate, malate, glutamate dehydrogenase) with oxidative markers (myeloperoxidase, total antioxidant-oxidant status, oxidative stress index). Serum parameters were analyzed with photometric method (Abbott ARCHITECT c8000). The enzyme levels and oxidative markers were significantly higher in patients, supporting the redox imbalance in preeclampsia. According to ROC analysis, malate dehydrogenase showed an outstanding diagnostic ability with the highest AUC value of 0.9 and the cut-off value of 51.2 IU/L. Discriminant analysis including malate, isocitrate and glutamate dehydrogenase had predicted preeclampsia with an overall 87.9% accuracy. Considering the above results, we propose that the enzyme levels increase with oxidative stress functioning as antioxidant defense factors. The unique finding of the study is that the serum levels of malate, isocitrate and glutamate dehydrogenase can be used both separately and combined in the early prediction of preeclampsia. As a novel approach, we also offer combining serum isocitrate and glutamate dehydrogenase levels with ALT, AST tests to state liver functions more reliably in patients. Still, larger sample-sized studies investigating enzyme expression levels are required to confirm the recent findings and to reveal underlying mechanisms.

The Hepatoprotective Effects of Ethanolic Extract Noni Fruits (Morinda citrifolia L.) on Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Liver with SGPT and Histopathological Evaluations

The liver is an important organ that plays a role in metabolism in the human body. However, the use of certain types of chemical compounds tends to damage these organs. This study aims to determine the hepatoprotective effectiveness of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) against exposure to hepatotoxic compounds. This research was conducted by experimental method with Groups I to III treated with noni extract with concentrations of 10, 15, and 20%, respectively. Group IV was treated with acetaminophen, a hepatotoxic substance, as a positive control and group V was treated with Na.CMC as a negative control. Data serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels and histopathological examination of the liver of the test animals were then analyzed by One-Way Anova. Histopathological examination results showed hepatotoxicity caused by high doses of acetaminophen 10 g/70 KgBW in the positive control group achieved a score of +4 (severe damage), groups I and II showed a score of +3 (moderate damage), and in group III only showed a score of +3 (moderate damage). +2 (light damage). The results of SGPT examination and histopathology showed that the ethanol extract of noni fruit at a concentration of 20% had a hepatoprotective effect.

Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Leaves Parts of Chenopodium Album Linn on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Waster Rats.

The liver is among the most complex and important organ in the human body. Its primary function is to control the flow and safety of substances absorbed from the digestive system before distribution of these substances to the systemic circulatory system. Carbon tetra chloride is well- known hepatotoxin which is widely used to induce hepatotoxicity in laboratory animals. Chenopodium album Linn also known as frost Bilte, Pigweed (Canada), found to have antipruritic and antinociceptic, sperm immoblizing agent, cryptomeridiol and 8- alpha-acetoxycryryptomeridiol as growth promoting activity, (patak and pandey) Chenopodium album has reported hepatoprotective activity, antifungal, antihelminitic, contraceptive, antipyretic and antinoceipetive activity. The present study was aimed to investigate hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic extract of leaves parts of Chenopodium album Linn on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in waster rats. The leaves of plant was dried under shed and then powdered. The Powder was packed into a Soxhlet apparatus, extract was concentrated in steam bath till the complete evaporation of the solvent. Administration of Carbon tetra chloride subcutanously (SC) in the lower abdomen, in a suspension of liq. paraffin (LP, 1:1 v\v) at the dose of 1ml\kg B.W. on alternate days of week showed significant increase in SGOT and SGPT. Methanol extract of Chenopodium album Linn. at dose of 200mg\kg B.W. P.O. (Group III) in a carbon tetra chloride treated groups cause significant decrease in SGOT and SGPT. Result of biochemical parameters of Chenopodium album Linn. (400 mg\kg B.W. P. O.), showed significantly arrestedin in rise of level of SGOT, SGPT was found in group IV. The standard drug Liv2R showed significant reduction in all parameters when compared to CCl4 treated groups. This study concluded that methanolic extract of Chenopodium album Linn. has hepatotprotective effect in CCl4 induced liver damage. This effect is evident especially with high dose of Chenopodium album Linn. (400 mg\kg B.W. p.o) because it caused drastic fall in serum markers as compared to other doses of Doses of Chenopodium Album Linn.
 Abbreviations- serum glutamate oxaloacetatae transaminase (SGOT) and serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT)
 Keywords- Chenopodium album Linn., methanolic extract, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), hepatotoxicity

Primary stress response and biochemical profile of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) experimentally parasitized with Argulus bengalensis (Ramakrishna, 1951).

Argulosis is a major problem that causes huge economic loss in aquaculture. In a microcosm, an infested condition was developed upon Labeo rohita with 100 ± 10 adult morphs of Argulus bengalensis per fish. Primary stress response and biochemical profiles of the host were evaluated to underscore the pathogenicity of the parasites. Significant alterations in biochemical parameters were monitored at four different post-infestation time points: days 1, 3, 6 and 9. The overall increasing trends of both plasma cortisol and plasma epinephrine indicate parasite-induced primary stress response among experimental fish. The study revealed a hyperglycaemic trend throughout the infestation period, which has been correlated with hypoxia-associated glycogenolysis. Decreasing level of plasma cholesterol has also been correlated with the development of anaemia and subsequent hypoxia among the infested fish. Plasma protein of the experimental fish initially increases as an outcome of the immediate innate immune response against Argulus infestation, whereas the decrease in plasma protein at the later period of infestation results from less-dietary protein intake due to loss of appetite, reduced digestibility and metabolic proteolysis. Plasma Na+ concentration showed an overall decreasing trend throughout the infestation period, which may be due to excess production of catecholamine under stress. Nonetheless, plasma K+ concentration showed an increasing trend up to day 6 of infestation, and thereafter the value declined to the control level. Plasma ionic imbalances reflect changes in cell permeability under tissue hypoxia and the wounds produced on the skin for intensive feeding activity of the parasites. Both serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities were significantly elevated throughout the infestation period, which indicates excess synthesis or release of those enzymes from the damaged cells of the tissues. Activities of some renal, hepatic and branchial antioxidant enzymes, viz., superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase, increased in the infested fish. The fact is explained as an effort of the fish for gaining adaptive adjustment to neutralize the oxidative stress generated under the parasitic stress. The overall experimental result points towards the generation of potential stress upon host fish by this branchiuran parasite. The biochemical alterations of the fish under argulosis are centred around the two stress-sensitive hormones, cortisol and epinephrine. The outcome of the study will be the important physiological determinants in adopting a suitable control measure as well as assessing the nutritional value of the fish under diseased condition.

Study of the effect of terlipressin with albumin vs only albumin in patients diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS)

Background: Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a potentially reversible, functional renal failure that occurs in patients with advanced liver disease. HRS is generally characterized by increased serum creatinine, azotemia, reduced diuresis, increased urine osmolarity, and reduced urine sodium values without signs of organic kidney damage1. AIM: The aim of the study is to investigate the efficacy, adverse effects, and outcomes of Terlipressin with Albumin vs. only Albumin in patients diagnosed with hepatorenal syndrome. Material and methods: A single centred hospital-based descriptive ,observational study was conducted in patients admitted with a diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome for 18 months (October 2019 to March 2021). A total 80 cases were studied. Results: All the parameters including Total Bilirubin, SGPT ( Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase ), INR ( Internationalised normalised ratio ) and Serum Albumin were found to be similar ion both the groups except except SGOT (p=0.002) which was found to be significantly lower in Terlipressin +Albumin treatment group (61.89±47.83) compared to only albumin .(96.80±109.30). Those who were treated with Terlipressin +Albumin showed significant decrease in serum creatinine. A significant decrease in serum creatinine was observed at Day 5 (1.73±1.49) from Day 1 (3.47±1.68) making a mean percentage decrease of 50.14%.

Comparative study on hepatoprotective activity of Pongamia pinnata (PP) & Annona squamosa (AS) leaf extracts against anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid & rifampin) induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Objectives: - The goal of this study is to compare the effects of Pongamia Pinnata and Annona Squamosa on anti-tubercular medicines-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and Procedures: - In rats, hepatotoxicity was caused by administering a suspension of isoniazid and rifampin orally for 21 days. Pongamia Pinnata and Annona Squamosa, as well as anti-tubercular medicines, were given to the treatment groups. Biochemical & histological criteria were used to measure liver destruction. Results: - The use of Pongamia Pinnata and Annona Squamosa in combination with anti-tubercular medicines dramatically reduced Serum Glutamate Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)& tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Inflammation, degeneration, and necrotic alterations in hepatocytes were reduced. Pongamia Pinnata also reduced a drop in blood Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) when compared to a control group getting only anti-tubercular medicines. Pongamia Pinnata, on the other hand, had no statistically significant effects when compared to Annona Squamosa and silymarin. Conclusion: - Annona Squamosa was found to be an effective hepatoprotective agent in rats, as it considerably reduced the hepatotoxic damage caused by anti-tubercular medicines. However, when the effects of Pongamia Pinnata & Annona Squamosa or silymarin were compared, there was no statistically significant difference.

The Effects of Enriched Rehabilitation on Cognitive Function and Serum Glutamate Levels Post-stroke.

AimThis study aimed to explore the effect of enriched rehabilitation (ER) on cognitive function and serum glutamate levels in patients with stroke.MethodsForty patients diagnosed with post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI), according to the inclusion criteria, and undergoing inpatient rehabilitation were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 8 weeks of ER treatment (ER group; n = 20) or conventional medical treatment (CM group; n = 20). In addition, 20 age-matched healthy subjects who were outpatients in our hospital during the same period formed the healthy control (HC) group. In- and between-group differences in cognitive function were assessed during pre-intervention and post-intervention based on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). The serum levels of glutamate, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also detected pre-intervention and post-intervention.ResultsPre-intervention cognitive function and the levels of all the serum parameters assessed significant difference between the HC group and the PSCI group (both ER and CM groups) (p < 0.05), but not between the two groups of patients with PSCI (p > 0.05). Significant improvements were observed in cognitive function in both the ER and the CM groups post-intervention compared with pre-intervention, as evidenced by the measured improvement in MoCA, SDMT, and TMT scores. Similar improvements were seen for serum glutamate, the degree of oxidative damage, and the level of inflammation in both the treatment groups (p < 0.05). More enhancements in cognitive function, including MoCA, SDMT, TMT scores, and the serum levels of glutamate, the degree of oxidative damage, and the level of inflammation were shown in the ER group compared with the CM group post-intervention (p < 0.05).ConclusionsER can improve cognitive function in patients with PSCI. The associated mechanism may be related to the negative regulatory effect of ER on serum glutamate, TNF, and MDA levels, which is likely to enhance synaptic plasticity and alleviate oxidative stress- and inflammation-related damage, at least to some extent.

Protective effects of pretreatment or concomitant treatment with Hypericum extract on renal function and renal toxicity in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity

Introduction: Cisplatin is a strong anticancer medicine, but its use is limited due to the potential nephrotoxicity induction. Objectives: The present study seeks to determine the impact of Hypericum hydroalcoholic extract on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male rats were assigned to groups 1 to 4. Group 1, control (Cont); treated by saline (IP). Group 2, Cis; cisplatin [intraperitoneal (IP), 7.5 mg/kg]. Group 3, CisH; cisplatin + Hypericum (70 mg/kg, IP, for one week). Group 4, HCis; first treated with Hypericum for a week, followed by cisplatin. Renal tissue and blood samples were obtained a week after cisplatin injection for tissue assay and biochemical analysis. Kidney tissue damage score (KTDS), plasma creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were measured. Results: Kidney weight showed significant differences between the treated groups and the Cont group (P&lt;0.001). Serum BUN, Cr, SGOT, and SGPT increased significantly in Cont (P&lt;0.01). BUN decreased in CisH and HCis groups compared to Cis group, although there was no significant difference. Serum Cr, SGOT, and SGPT decreased significantly in CisH and HCis groups compared to the Cis group (P&lt;0.05). MDA and KTDS increased in the Cis group and decreased significantly in the CisH and HCis groups compared to the Cis group (P&lt;0.05). Serum SOD and CAT decreased significantly in Cis compared to Cont (P&lt;0.05) and increased in CisH and HCis groups compared to Cis. There was no significant difference between the CisH and HCis groups in any of the measured parameters. Conclusion: This study reveals that pretreatment with Hypericum extract or its concomitant administration with cisplatin can moderate the side-effects of cisplatin, improve renal function and decrease lipid peroxidation, renal toxicity and the KTDS.

Pennisetum glaucum Protein Extract Protects RBC, Liver, Kidney, Small Intestine from Oxidative Damage and Exhibits Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet Activity

Objective High level of exogenous ROS in the circulation affects RBC membrane integrity which facilitates the generation of endogenous RBC ROS, implicated in series of physiological changes primarily associated with thrombosis and vital tissue damage. Although, Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet) stores abundance of proteins, their therapeutic potential is least explored. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the role of Pennisetum Glaucum Protein Extract (PGE) on oxidative stress induced cell/tissue damage and thrombosis. Method In this investigation, protein characterization was done by using SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE, PAS-staining and HPLC. In-vitro oxidative stress was induced in RBC using sodium nitrite. While, in-vivo oxidative stress was induced in experimental rats using diclofenac. Stress markers and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Role of PGE on thrombosis was assessed by using, in-vitro plasma recalcification time, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, mouse tail bleeding time (In-vivo) and platelet aggregation. Results: PGE revealed varied range of molecular weight proteins on SDS-PAGE. PGE normalized the sodium nitrite induced oxidative damage of RBC and diclofenac induced oxidative damage in liver, kidney and small intestine. PGE exhibited anticoagulant effect by increasing the coagulation time of both PRP and PPP and mouse tail bleeding time. Furthermore, PGE prolonged the clotting time of only APTT but did not affect PT. PGE inhibited agonists ADP and epinephrine induced platelet aggregation. Conclusion Our findings suggest, PGE could be a better contender in the management of oxidative stress and its associated diseases. Abbreviations PGE Pennisetum Glaucum protein Extract APPT Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time PT Prothrombin Time ROS Reactive Oxygen Species PRP Platelet Rich Plasma PPP Platelet Poor Plasma SDS-PAGE Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis PAS Periodic Acid-schiff Staining OD Optical Density INR International Normalized Ratio PBS Phosphate Buffered Saline SOD Superoxide Dismutase TCA Trichloro Acetatic Acid DTNB Di-Thio-bis-NitroBenzoic acid SGOT Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase SGPT Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase ALP Alkaline Phosphatase DFC Diclofenac Syl Silymarin MED Minimum Edema Dose MHD Minimum Hemorrhagic Dose

An Optimized Herbal Formula Reverses the Hepatotoxicity Induced by Acetaminophen

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objectives: </strong>In this present study the hepatoprotective effect of an optimized herbal formula (HF) was appraised against paracetamol induced liver damage in rats. <strong>Methods: </strong><em>In vitro </em>antioxidant activity of the HF was evaluated by ABTS radical scavenging assay. The hepatoprotective activity of HF (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w) was assessed against paracetamol induced liver damage in rats. Serum enzymatic levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma-glutamyltransferase (&gamma;-GT) were appraised along with estimation of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH) and TBARS levels in liver tissues. Lipid profile was also examined. Furthermore, histopathological examination of the liver sections was performed to approve and advocate the induction of hepatotoxicity as well as hepatoprotective effectiveness.<strong> Results:</strong> The HF showed robust <em>in vitro</em> antioxidant activities in terms of ABTS radical scavenging. HF reinstated the significantly raised serum enzymatic levels of AST, ALT, ALP and &gamma;-GT in a dose dependent manner. The lipid profile was also found to be stabilized. The histopathological remarks did further establish the biochemical indications of hepatoprotection. Elevated level of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione (GSH) and reduced TBARS levels in liver tissues further reinforce the hepatoprotective actions. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The outcomes evidently unveil the antioxidant efficacy and hepatoprotective activity of HF against paracetamol induced liver damage in rats. <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Key words:</strong> Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Herbal formula, Paracetamol, Silymarin.

Effect of phyto-components of Allium sativum and Syzyginum aromaticum on the performance and biochemical indices in grower broiler chickens

The potentials of Allium sativum and Syzyginum aromaticum on the performance and immunocompetence of grower broiler chickens was focused in this study. A total of one hundred and five (105) day old broiler chicks(Anak breed) were used in the study. Broiler starter diet was used to managed the birds until they attained five weeks of age. Thereafter, they were randomly allotted to seven treatments of 15 birds of three replicate each. To the treatments T1- T5: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 g Kg-1 garlic-clove blend was supplemented, while 5g Kg-1 garlic alone (T6) and 2g Kg-1 clove alone (T7) were supplemented to the diets. Water, and supplemented feed were offered ad libitum. The duration of the experiment lasted to five weeks. Phytochemical analysis of the two spices revealed the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenols, terpenoids, anthraquinones and tannins, while, quantitative phytochemical screening showed high amount of Alkaloids (7.20 ± 0.05mg/100g), tannins (4.80 ± 0.03mg/100g), saponins (4.30 ± 0.02 mg/100g), flavonoids (2.18 ± 0.03), and anthraquinones (1.40 ± 0.03 mg/100g). The proximate analysis of Syzyginum aromaticum also revealed high amount of Carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) (52.2 ± 0.02), fibre (20.00 ± 0.1), fats (12.1 ± 0.45) and ash (5.2 ± 0.01). The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) in all the treatments was comparable to the control and better in T2, T5, T6 and T7. There was no significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in the serum Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and serum Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase (SGOT) between the treatments and the control group. The serum total protein and the serum albumin in the treated groups were not significantly different ((P≤ 0.05) while the serum globulin differ (P≤ 0.05) between the treatments and the control groups. The performance characteristics and serum biochemical indices displayed by the experimental birds clearly showed the potency of these spices in improving the immuno-competence of the experimental birds.

Individual and joint effects of trehalose and glutamate on diabetic retinopathy: a propensity score-matched case–control study

Although previous studies demonstrate that trehalose can help maintain glucose homeostasis in healthy humans, its role and joint effect with glutamate on diabetic retinopathy (DR) remain unclear. We aimed to comprehensively quantify the associations of trehalose and glutamate with DR. This study included 69 pairs of DR and matched type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients. Serum trehalose and glutamate were determined via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry system. Covariates were collected by a standardized questionnaire, clinical examinations and laboratory assessments. Individual and joint association of trehalose and glutamate with DR were quantified by multiple conditional logistic regression models. The adjusted odds of DR averagely decreased by 86% (odds ratio (OR): 0.14; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.33) with per interquartile range increase of trehalose. Comparing with the lowest quartile, adjusted OR (95% CI) were 0.20 (0.05, 0.83), 0.14 (0.03, 0.63) and 0.01 (<0.01, 0.05) for participants in the second, third and fourth quartiles of trehalose, respectively. In addition, as compared to their counterparts, T2D patients with lower trehalose (<median) and higher glutamate (≥median) had the highest odds of DR (OR: 36.81; 95% CI: 6.75, 200.61). An apparent super-multiplicative effect of trehalose and glutamate on DR was observed, whereas relative excess risk due to interaction was not significant. The study suggests that trehalose is beneficial to inhibit the occurrence of DR and synergistically decreases the risk of DR with reduced glutamate. Our findings also provide new insights into the mechanisms of DR and further longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings.

Effects of spirulina as a functional ingredient in arsenic-induced broiler diet on growth performance and hematobiochemical parameters.

The purpose of this research was to look into the impacts after the implication of feeding broiler chickens with spirulina in arsenic-incited toxicities. Birds (n = 125) were distributed equally (n = 25) into four groups treated (T 1, T 2, T 3, T 4) and a group controlled, T 0 (normal feed and water without supplement), the group taking in arsenic trioxide (100 mg/l)-induced diet (T 1), and the groups T 2, T 3, and T 4 (feed supplemented with 50, 100, and 200 mg/l of spirulina along with Arsenic Trioxide, respectively). The body weight and hematobiochemical parameters were recorded every 7 days. Different growth development indicators, e.g., body weight, feed intake ratio, feed conversion ratio, depression, and skin lesions, were weak in arsenic trioxide groups and upstanding in the arsenic plus spirulina group. Over and above, the lack of body weight gain in chicken (2.7%-13.00%) in the arsenic-introduced groups given spirulina (T 2, T 3, and T 4) overtook the mere groups exposed to arsenic, where the lack of weight gain was optimum (54.90%). Thereafter, in arsenic-instituted groups given spirulina (T 2, T 3, and T 4), the drop in total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume values became less notable than in arsenic pollutant groups (T 1, p < 0.01). Two measurable factors (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) were substantially (p < 0.01) raised in the group (T 1) treated with arsenic, but in the arsenic-induced groups (T 2, T 3, and T 4) treated with spirulina, they were elevated less. This study demonstrates that arsenic is a threat to poultry. However, spirulina may be advantageous for alleviating the effects of arsenic in poultry.

Evaluation of in vivo antidiabetic activity of Notonia grandiflora Wall.

The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo hypoglycaemic activity of ethyl acetate extract of Notonia grandiflora (EANG) in albino wistar rats. EANG was orally administrated to STZ (40 mg/kg, i.p, b.w) induced diabetic rats at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w for 21 days. The effect of EANG on blood glucose, body weight, plasma insulin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, Hb, HbA1C, liver glycogen content, bilirubin level, liver enzymes (Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases, alkaline phosphatase) were measured in the diabetic rats. Treatment of EANG significantly lowered the levels of blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin. It also restored body weight, liver glycogen content, and serum insulin level in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. A significant reduction in the activity of liver function enzymes associated with diabetes and serum levels of renal parameters after treatment with EANG was observed, signifying the protective effects of EANG in diabetes-associated complications. Hence, it could be used as a safer complementary drug in the management of diabetes and associated complications.

In vivo study of Rasa Bhasma on CCL4 induced Hepato-toxicity in Albino rats

India stands 27th in rank with 25.8% of death rate due to Liver diseases in 2016. In spite of scientific advancement in the field of Hepatology, Bio-medical science is clueless in finding out an effective drug against Hepatic Disorders. Detailed description on liver disorders and their management are given by all the three prominent Acharyas of Ayurveda. Rasa Bhasma is one such preparation that can be used to treat Hepatic Disorders. In present work an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficacy of Rasa Bhasma in the management of liver disorders. 24 animals were allocated into 4 groups having six animals in each group namely Group I (Normal/Control), Group II (Intoxicated Control) Toxicated Group, Group III (lower dose of Rasa Bhasma) and Group IV (Higher dose of Rasa Bhasma). All the four group were assessed for various biochemical Parameters viz. Alkaline phosphatase, SGOT (Serum glutamate oxalacetate transaminase)/AST, SGPT (Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase)/ALT, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin and Total Proteins. Finally, the animals from all the four groups were sacrificed for Histo-pathological studies. The results were expressed as mean ± SE and One way ANOVA by using statistical software SPSS version 16.0. Results revealed that the values of Group 4 are closer to the Normal Group1 than Group 3 meaning Rasa Bhasma in Higher dose is more effective than that in lower dose. Therefore, it can be concluded that Rasa Bhasma is a potent Herbo-mineral formulation for protection of hepatic cells.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Annona Squamosa Linn. (AS) Leaves on Isoniazid &amp; Rifampin Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

The goal of this investigation was to examine if an ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa has any hepatoprotective benefits in rats suffering from isoniazid-rifampin induced hepatotoxicity.&#x0D; Methodology: The rats were separated in five groups (n=6): group 1, a control; group 2 administered isoniazid (100 mg/kg, I.P.) &amp; rifampin (100 mg/kg, I.P.) in sterile water; group 3 as a control &amp; traditional silymarin, 2.5 mg/kg, B.W., P.O.; groups 4 &amp; 5 are treated &amp; received 200 &amp; 400 mg/kg, B.W., P.O., ethanolic extract of AS. All of the treatment procedures were monitored for a total of 21 days after the rats were slaughtered &amp; Biochemical &amp; histological investigations were performed on the blood &amp; liver respectively.&#x0D; Results: Rats (Group - 2) treated with Rifampin (RIF) &amp; Isoniazid (INH) elevated their blood Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transferase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) &amp; Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) levels during a variety of ways. The consumption of ethanolic extracts of Annona squamosa considerably reduced Rifampin &amp; Isoniazid induced elevations in serum diagnostic liver marker enzymes. SGOT, SGPT &amp; ALP are the three involved enzymes. Furthermore, the medical care groups had significantly larger total macromolecule &amp; total albumen levels. The extract result was compared thereto of Silymarin, a standard medication. The histological profile backed up the changes in biochemical markers. An ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa has been discovered to protect rats from oxidative liver injury caused by rifampin &amp; isoniazid.&#x0D; Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of AS protects rats from isoniazid &amp; rifampin induced oxidative liver injury.