Serum Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase Research Articles

Evaluation of laboratory diagnostic markers in diabetic patients with COVID-19

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic metabolic disorder that increases both susceptibility and mortality rates in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a study on diabetic patients with COVID-19 to investigate the relationship between laboratory indicators and peripheral oxygen saturation (SPO2 ). Methods: In this analytical-cross-sectional study, the required information of diabetic patients with COVID-19 admitted to Taleghani educational hospital in Abadan from March 20, 2020 to March 19, 2021 was obtained by referring to the hospital information system of Abadan University of Medical Sciences and patient files. Results: Two hundred patients were studied, of which 88 (44%) were men and 112 (56%) were women. The mean age of the studied patients was 60.57±14.84. Among all the investigated markers, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and respiratory rate (RR) were higher than the normal range, while SPO2 was lower than the normal range. Based on the linear regression analysis results, a significant relationship was observed between the decrease in SPO2 of patients with disease outcome, duration of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (P<0.001), RR (P<0.001), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P=0.02), CRP+3 (P=0.002), platelet (PTT) (P=0.03), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P=0.002), and LDH (P=0.003). Conclusion: The results showed that some laboratory diagnostic markers were higher than the normal range, while SPO2 was lower than the normal range. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between SPO2 index and disease outcome, duration of hospitalization in intensive care unit (ICU), and some diagnostic markers of the liver, inflammation, and coagulation.

Effect of Acute Toxicity of Lead Nitrate on Serum Biochemical and Enzymological Parameters of Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita

To determine the LC 50 value of lead nitrate, Labeo rohita were exposed to different concentrations of the heavy metal through static assay method. LC50 value was calculated by employing Probit analysis and its acute toxicity was found to be 851mg/L. The acute toxic effect of lead nitrate on serum biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita were studied through 96-hour acute toxicity assay. Significant alterations were noticed in serum biochemical parameters viz. Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, and enzymes like Serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). There was an increase in the mean values of total protein, albumin, globulin, SGOT, SGPT and ALP in lead nitrate exposed fishes when compared to the control fishes, but fluctuations were noticed in the ALP mean values.

Investigating Laboratory Biochemical Factors in Different Types of Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases

Background: Due to the destructive effect of cardiovascular disease on vital organs, the study of laboratory biochemical factors in the most common heart diseases is essential to accelerate the treatment of cardiovascular patients. Materials and Methods: This study was cross-sectional and analytical. By referring to the hospital information system of educational hospitals of the Abadan University of Medical Sciences, the necessary information of 565 patients with cardiovascular diseases (e.g., demographic information and laboratory diagnostic markers) from March 21, 2019, to March 19, 2020, was extracted through the hospital information system and completed checklist. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22. Results: In this study, fasting blood sugar (FBS), international normalized ratio (INR), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin, creatine kinase (CK)- MB, and prothrombin time (PT) were higher than normal in patients with cardiovascular diseases. SGOT was significantly different between age groups (P=0.006), and the highest value was observed in the age group over 75 years. Moreover, FBS was significantly different between the male and female groups (P=0.002). Conclusion: FBS and some diagnostic markers such as renal markers, liver, coagulation, and inflammatory markers are abnormal in patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Effect of phyto-components of Allium sativum and Syzyginum aromaticum on the performance and biochemical indices in grower broiler chickens

The potentials of Allium sativum and Syzyginum aromaticum on the performance and immunocompetence of grower broiler chickens was focused in this study. A total of one hundred and five (105) day old broiler chicks(Anak breed) were used in the study. Broiler starter diet was used to managed the birds until they attained five weeks of age. Thereafter, they were randomly allotted to seven treatments of 15 birds of three replicate each. To the treatments T1- T5: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 g Kg-1 garlic-clove blend was supplemented, while 5g Kg-1 garlic alone (T6) and 2g Kg-1 clove alone (T7) were supplemented to the diets. Water, and supplemented feed were offered ad libitum. The duration of the experiment lasted to five weeks. Phytochemical analysis of the two spices revealed the presence of Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenols, terpenoids, anthraquinones and tannins, while, quantitative phytochemical screening showed high amount of Alkaloids (7.20 ± 0.05mg/100g), tannins (4.80 ± 0.03mg/100g), saponins (4.30 ± 0.02 mg/100g), flavonoids (2.18 ± 0.03), and anthraquinones (1.40 ± 0.03 mg/100g). The proximate analysis of Syzyginum aromaticum also revealed high amount of Carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) (52.2 ± 0.02), fibre (20.00 ± 0.1), fats (12.1 ± 0.45) and ash (5.2 ± 0.01). The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) in all the treatments was comparable to the control and better in T2, T5, T6 and T7. There was no significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in the serum Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and serum Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase (SGOT) between the treatments and the control group. The serum total protein and the serum albumin in the treated groups were not significantly different ((P≤ 0.05) while the serum globulin differ (P≤ 0.05) between the treatments and the control groups. The performance characteristics and serum biochemical indices displayed by the experimental birds clearly showed the potency of these spices in improving the immuno-competence of the experimental birds.

Acanthaster planci Inhibits PCSK9 and Lowers Cholesterol Levels in Rats.

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases which in turn, lead to the highest number of mortalities globally. This pathophysiological condition is developed due to a constant elevated level of plasma cholesterols. Statin is currently the widely used treatment in reducing the level of cholesterols, however, it may cause adverse side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to search for new alternative treatment. PCSK9 is an enzyme responsible in directing LDL-receptor (LDL-R)/LDL-cholesterols (LDL-C) complex to lysosomal degradation, preventing the receptor from recycling back to the surface of liver cells. Therefore, PCSK9 offers a potential target to search for small molecule inhibitors which inhibit the function of this enzyme. In this study, a marine invertebrate Acanthaster planci, was used to investigate its potential in inhibiting PCSK9 and lowering the levels of cholesterols. Cytotoxicity activity of A. planci on human liver HepG2 cells was carried out using the MTS assay. It was found that methanolic extract and fractions did not exhibit cytotoxicity effect on HepG2 cell line with IC50 values of more than 30 µg/mL. A compound deoxythymidine also did not exert any cytotoxicity activity with IC50 value of more than 4 µg/mL. Transient transfection and luciferase assay were conducted to determine the effects of A. planci on the transcriptional activity of PCSK9 promoter. Methanolic extract and Fraction 2 (EF2) produced the lowest reduction in PCSK9 promoter activity to 70 and 20% of control at 12.5 and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, deoxythymidine also decreased PCSK9 promoter activity to the lowest level of 60% control at 3.13 μM. An in vivo study using Sprague Dawley rats demonstrated that 50 and 100 mg/kg of A. planci methanolic extract reduced the total cholesterols and LDL-C levels to almost similar levels of untreated controls. The level of serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) showed that the administration of the extract did not produce any toxicity effect and cause any damage to rat liver. The results strongly indicate that A. planci produced a significant inhibitory activity on PCSK9 gene expression in HepG2 cells which may be responsible for inducing the uptake of cholesterols by liver, thus, reducing the circulating levels of total cholesterols and LDL-C. Interestingly, A. planci also did show any adverse hepato-cytotoxicity and toxic effects on liver. Thus, this study strongly suggests that A. planci has a vast potential to be further developed as a new class of therapeutic agent in lowering the blood cholesterols and reducing the progression of atherosclerosis.

Amelioration of hexavalent chromium-induced bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, tight junction proteins and immune-related signaling factors by Allium mongolicum Regel flavonoids in Ctenopharyngodon idella

Chromium (Cr) is the most common heavy metal and that becomes toxic when present at higher concentrations in aquatic environments. Allium mongolicum Regel flavonoids (AMRF) has been documented to possess detoxification, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of dietary AMRF and Cr exposure on bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and immune response in Ctenopharyngodon idella. After acclimation, 360 fish were randomly distributed into six groups. The fish were fed with diets supplemented with Cr and/or AMRF for 4 weeks (28 days), the Cr concentrations were 0, 120, and 240 mg/kg and the concentrations of AMRF were 0 or 40 mg/kg, respectively. The results shown that Cr accumulation in the kidney, liver, spleen, intestine and gill were significantly increased following Cr exposure, dietary AMRF supplementation attenuated the increased in Cr accumulation. Dietary AMRF supplementation significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) in liver, spleen and gill compared with the same Cr dose groups. When fish were supplemented with AMRF significantly increased lysozyme activity (LZM), complement 3 (C3) in kidney and intestine compared with the same Cr dose groups. Serum glutamic oxalate transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were significantly increased following exposure to Cr. Dietary AMRF supplementation significantly decreased GOT and GPT activity in the serum. In addition, AMRF supplementation can decrease the expression of inflammatory (NF-κB p65, TNF-α and IL-1β) and increased the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1) following Cr exposure in C. idella. These results indicate that AMRF has the potential to alleviate the effects of Cr toxicity in C. idella.

Inhibitory effects of tangeretin and trans-ethyl caffeate on the HMG-CoA reductase activity: Potential agents for reducing cholesterol levels.

One of the pathways to reduce cholesterol production in the liver is through the inhibition of HMG-Coa reductase (HMGCR) by current drugs, statins. However, these have side effects if consumed in prolonged periods. Tangeretin and trans-ethyl caffeate as alternative drugs in reducing hypercholesterolemia and preventing atherosclerosis have never been reported. Their effects on inhibiting HMGCR activity were investigated through enzymatic method (in vitro and in vivo). The toxicity property was analyzed on the Serum Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase (SGOT)/Serum Glutamate Piruvate Transaminase (SGPT) levels and rat liver histology. The results showed that both compounds inhibited HMGCR activity significantly compare to the control simvastatin (p < 0.05). Tangeretin which showed very good activity in inhibiting HMGCR (83.8 of % inhibition, equal to simvastatin) was selected and used for anti-hypercholesterolemia in vivo assessment. Furthermore, tangeretin was shown to effectively reduced Total Cholesterol (TC) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and increased High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) levels significantly compared to the simvastatin group (p < 0.05). Tangeretin group was also proven to inhibit HMGCR rat liver activity significantly compare to the control simvastatin (p < 0.05). The toxicity study on the SGOT/SGPT levels and liver histology revealed that there were no side effects after administration by tangeretin. Results found that both tangeretin and trans-ethyl caffeate are potent candidates as anti-hypercholesterolemia agent in vitro. In addition, tangeretin was also shown to be safe and suitable as an alternative treatment for controlling hypercholesterolemia in vivo as well as have potency for preventing atherosclerosis.

Evaluation of Liver Protective Activity of Some Indigenous Plants Against Acute Paracetamol Toxicity in Rodents

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the liver protective activity of some indigenous plants against acute paracetamol toxicity in rodents. Liver intoxication was induced by paracetamol drug at a dose level of 500 mg/kg b.w, p.o for 9 days. To conduct this study the hydroalcholic extract of Prunus persica, Calotropis procera and Canscora decussate were taken as test compounds. Methods: Rats (180-200 g) were used for all the study and they were divided into 9 groups containing 6 animals each. Rats in Group I served as normal control (distilled water) group, Group II served as toxic control (Paracetamol treated) group, Group III served as standard (Silymarin) group. The rats of groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII and IX served as test control groups. Group IV, V received the hydroalcoholic extract of Prunus persica at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w, p.o respectively for 9 days. Group VI, VII received the hydroalcoholic extract of Calotropis procera at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w, p.o respectively for 9 days. Group VIII and IX received the hydroalcoholic extract of Canscora decussate at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w, p.o respectively for 9 days. The degree of protection was measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and total protein and albumin. Results: Results of this study showed that the treatment of the toxic effect of the paracetamol were significantly controlled in the hydroalcoholic extract of plants treated groups. The hydroalcholic extract of plants at 400 mg/kg b.w, showed significant reduction in elevated serum enzyme levels compared to paracetamol induced toxic group. The hydroalcoholic extract of Calotropis procera at a dose of 400 mg/kg, b.w showed the most significant hepatoprotective activity among all the test groups. Conclusion: From the results it was concluded that the all the test plants extract possess significant Hepatoprotective activity which was manifested by restoration of serum biochemical parameters to nearer the normal values. On the basis of results obtained, it can also be concluded that the hydroalcoholic extract of Plants seems to have hepatoprotective activity which may be due to the presence of flavonoids.

Protective effect of Curcuma amada acetone extract against high-fat and high-sugar diet-induced obesity and memory impairment

ABSTRACT Objectives: Curcuma amada Roxb. (Mango ginger) was evaluated for anti-obesity, anti-amnesic and neuroprotection using high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFHS)-induced obesity and cognitive impairment in rats. Methods: Animals were exposed to HFHS diet to evaluate lipid parameters and subjected to Y maze test and Pole climbing test to evaluate the memory. In addition, oxidative stress parameters, acetyl cholinesterase activity (AChE), neurochemicals and histopathology were assessed in the brain. Results: HFHS diet led to increased body weight and lipid parameters (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and very low-density lipoprotein [VLDL], triglycerides [TG]) but not high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Elevated serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), oxidative biomarker, decreased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and reduced percentage of spontaneous alternation behaviour (% SAB in Y-maze test) as well as reduced serotonin and dopamine levels and neurodegeneration were observed in HFHS diet-fed rats. Curcuma amada (CAAE1, 100 mg/kg and CAAE2, 300 mg/kg) treatment to HFHS diet-fed rats (21 days after HFHS diet feeding alone) showed dose-dependent activity and ameliorated the HFHS diet-induced alterations in lipid parameters related to obesity, hepatological parameters, memory, oxidative stress, neurochemicals and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, 300 mg/kg of C. amada (CAAE2) augmented the memory by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity; it also ameliorated the effect of antioxidants such as glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total thiol and mitigated the effect of malondialdehyde (MDA). CAAE2 also controlled the level of dopamine and serotonin and reduced the neurodegeneration in the hippocampus CA1 region. Discussion: The results of the present study indicated that treatment with C. amada 300 mg/kg (CAAE2) attenuated the HFHS diet-induced obesity, memory loss, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. These study results indicated that the administration of C. amada offers a potential treatment option for obesity and memory loss, and it requires further preclinical and clinical evaluations.

Hepatoprotective activity of Bridelia retusa bark extracts against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage rats.

The present study is aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Bridelia retusa bark extracts against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. The degree of protection was measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin. Treatment with Bridelia retusa bark butanol extract (200mg/kg b.w. p.o.) showed significant reduction in level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP and total bilirubin almost comparable to the Silymarin. The hepatoprotection confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver tissue. From the result it can be concluded that Bridelia retusa bark extract possesses hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats.

Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) leaves increase SR-BI expression and reduce cholesterol levels in rats fed a high cholesterol diet.

In vitro and in vivo studies of the activity of Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl (Thymelaeaceae) leaves against the therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia were done using the HDL receptor (SR-BI) and hypercholesterolemia-induced Sprague Dawley rats. The in vitro study showed that the active fraction (CF6) obtained from the ethyl acetate extract (EMD) and its component 2',6',4-trihydroxy-4'-methoxybenzophenone increased the SR-BI expression by 95% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study has proven the effect of EMD at 0.5 g/kgbw dosage in reducing the total cholesterol level by 224.9% and increasing the HDL cholesterol level by 157% compared to the cholesterol group. In the toxicity study, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity were observed to be at normal levels. The liver histology also proved no toxicity and abnormalities in any of the treatment groups, so it can be categorized as non-toxic to the rat liver. The findings taken together show that P. macrocarpa leaves are safe and suitable as an alternative control and prevention treatment for hypercholesterolemia in Sprague Dawley rats.

Determination of hepatoprotective effect of Mussaenda erythrophylla in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity

Background: Hepatotoxicity may be defined as liver injury caused by drugs and chemicals. Drug-induced liver injury is a major reason for withdrawing drugs from a market by Food Drug Administration, and it is based on the fact that drug-induced liver injury is responsible for more than 50% of all cases of acute liver failure. Many studies revealed about the hepatotoxic potential of paracetamol. Hence, the present study has undertaken to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Mussaenda erythrophylla (ME) in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: The ethanolic extract ME studied for its hepatoprotective effect on paracetamol induced acute liver damage in Wistar albino rats. The degree of protection was measured using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), total bilirubin (TBL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (GPx), GSH, and ceruloplasmin levels. Results: Paracetamol treated group had enhanced levels of SGPT, SGOT, TBL (p<0.001) and decreased levels of GSH, SOD, and GPx (p<0.001) when compared with control group. Treatment with silymarin and also 200 mg/kg of MEleaf extract had significantly (p<0.001) brought down the elevated levels of SGPT, SGOT, and TBL and an increase in the levels of GSH, SOD, (p<0.01), GPx and ceruloplasmin (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that ethanolic extract of ME leaf extract possesses significant hepatoprotective activity.

Anticancer Effect of Rutin Isolated from the Methanolic Extract of Triticum aestivum Straw in Mice

Rutin is the bioactive flavanoid isolated from the straw part of Triticum aestivum and possess various pharmacological applications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the chemopreventive potential of rutin in an experimental skin carcinogenesis mice model system. Skin tumor was induced by topical application of 7,12-dimethyl benz(a) anthracene (DMBA) and promoted by croton oil in Swiss albino mice. To assess the chemopreventive potential of rutin, it was orally administered at a concentration of (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight) continued three times weekly for 16th weeks. The development of skin carcinogenesis was assessed by histopathological analysis. Reductions in tumor size and cumulative number of papillomas were seen due to rutin treatment. Average latent period was significantly increased as compared to carcinogen treated control. Rutin produced significant decrease in the activity of serum enzyme serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin when compared with the control. They significantly increased the levels of enzyme involved in oxidative stress glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. The elevated level of lipid peroxidase in the control group was significantly inhibited by rutin administration. The results from the present study suggest the chemopreventive effect of rutin in DMBA and croton oil induced skin carcinogenesis in swiss albino mice and one of the probable reasons would be its antioxidant potential.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Extract of Black Cincau (&lt;em&gt;Mesona palustris&lt;/em&gt; BL) on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats

Black cincau (<em>Mesona palustris</em> BL) or Grass black jelly is a traditional Indonesian food that has been used as a folk medicine and is effective against heat-shock, hypertension and diabetes. Therefore, the aim of this research was to determine the hepatoprotector effects of ethanol extracts of black cincau in protecting the liver induced by high doses of paracetamol. The ethanol extracts of black cincau were studied for their hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects on paracetamol (750 mg/kg BW) induced acute liver damage on Wistar rats and treatment during 4 weeks. The degree of protection was measured by using biochemical parameters such as Serum Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) were estimated. The result showed that ethanol extracts of black cincau IC₅₀ value of 46.92 ppm and 829.7 ppm for total phenols. The ethanol extracts of black cincau at a dose level of 500 and 1000 mg/kg BW produce significant (p<0.05) hepatoprotection by decreasing the activity of SGOT, SGPT and ALP). From this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extracts of black cincau is not only an effective hepatoprotective agent, but also possesses significant (p<0.05) antioxidant activity.

Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives in monkeys fed on adequate and low protein diets.

Rhesus monkeys were given either high estrogen, low progesterone or low estrogen-high progesterone oral contraceptive agents (OCAs) and maintained on either a 16% protein diet or a 4% protein diet. Both OCAs created a small but significant fall in hemoglobin and serum protein. On both diets, OCAs led to a gradual elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase and serum glutamic oxalic transaminase (SGOT) activities. There were no histologic liver lesions. On the low protein diet, glucose tolerance was impaired between cycles 10 and 11, and on the high protein diet between cycles 16 and 20. Vitamins B-12, A, and thiamine tended to be lower in OCA animals. The conclusion of these experiments is that the hazard of using OCAs is not exaggerated by protein deficiency.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and In-vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Leaves of Premna serratifolia Linn

Premna serratifolia is used by the traditional practitioners as cardiotonic, antibiotic, anti-coagulant, stomachic, carminative, hepatoprotective, antitumor etc. The present study aims in the evaluation of hepatoprotective and in-vitro cytotoxic activity of alcoholic extract of leaves of Premna serratifolia Linn. Hepatoprotective activity is studied by carbon tetrachloride induced hepato-toxicity in rats and the in-vitro cytotoxic activity is carried out by tryphane blue exclusion method using EAC cell lines. The degree of protection in hepatoprotective activity has been measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and total protein. The results suggest that the alcoholic extract at the dose level of 250mg/kg has produced significant  (p &lt; 0.001) hepatoprotection by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes, bilirubin, and lipid peroxidation which is comparable to that of standard drug silymarin. The alcoholic extract also does exhibit the IC50 value of 75µg/ml which indicates the significant in-vitro cytotoxic activity of the extract. It is concluded that alcoholic extract of leaves of Premna serratifolia Linn is not only an effective hepatoprotective agent, but also possesses significant antitumor activity.  Keywords: Premna serratifolia Linn; Alcoholic extract hepatoprotective; In-vitro cytotoxic activity.  © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i1.1046Â

Evaluation of hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of &lt;i&gt;Ichnocarpus frutescens&lt;/i&gt; (Linn.) R.Br. on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Purpose: The entire plant including the flowers, of Ichnocarpus frutescens R.Br. (Apocynaceae) has been used for the treatment of cancer, skin infections, diabetes and liver disorder. The present study is aimed at evaluating the hepatoprotective effect of chloroform and methanol extract (CEIF and MEIF) of whole plant of I. frutescens (Linns) by paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. Methods: The chloroform and methanolic extracts of I. frutescens (CEIF and MEIF) were studied for their hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects on paracetamol (750mg/kg) induced acute liver damage on Wistar albino rats. The degree of protection was measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin and total protein. Further, the effects of both extracts on lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were estimated. Results: CEIF and MEIF at a dose level of 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg produce significant (P

The beneficial effect of vitamin E supplementation on zinc status, carbohydrate metabolism, transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activities in alloxan-diabetic rats fed on zinc deficiency diet

The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effect of vitamin E supplementation on zinc deficiency in experimentaldiabetes. Male alloxan-diabetic Wistar, albino rats of 10 weeks of age were divided into three groups. The first groupreceived a diet containing 54 mg zinc/kg (adequate zinc group, AZ), the second group received a diet containing 1mg zinc/kg(zinc deficient group, ZD), and the third group received a diet containing 1mg zinc/kg supplemented with vitamin E(500mg/kg diet) (ZD+VE). Body weight gain and food intake of all rats were recorded regularly over a period of four weeks.On day 28, after overnight fasting, animals were killed and blood glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serumprotein, serum urea, serum zinc, femur zinc, pancreatic zinc, testis zinc, liver glutathione concentrations and serum glutamicoxalic transaminase (GOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and serum alkaline phosphatase activities weredetermined on blood and tissue samples. Body weight gain of zinc deficient diabetic animals at the end of four weeks ofdietary manipulation was significantly lower than that of zinc adequate diabetic animals. Dietary zinc intake significantlyincreased blood glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum urea of zinc deficient diabetic rats. In contrast,serum zinc, femur zinc, pancreatic zinc, serum protein and liver glutathione levels were lower. The consumption of zincdeficient diet led also to an increase in serum GOT, GPT coupled with a decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase. Vitamin Eameliorated all the previous parameters. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that vitamin E supplementationsignificantly reduced the severity of zinc deficiency in diabetes mellitus. (Int J Diabetes Metab 15: 46-50, 2007)

Hepatoprotective Activity of Fruit Pulp Extract of Litchi chinensis Sonner on Carbon tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in albino Rats

Purpose: To evaluate aqueous and alcoholic extract of fruit pulp of Litchi chinensis for hepatoprotective activity on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats Methodology: Fruit pulp of Litchi chinensis was pulverized, first batch was extracted with alcohol (90% v/v) and second batch was extracted with distilled water. Both the extracts were concentrated and dried separately under vacuum. Extracts were screened for hepatoprotective activity using albino rats (250-300gms) of either sex. Control group was treated with normal saline. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administering carbon tetrachloride, LIV-52 a marketed product was taken as standard and other groups were treated with alcoholic and aqueous extracts. After nine days the serum was analyzed for Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase (SGOT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and serum bilirubin. Livers were isolated, weighed and subjected for histopathological studies. Results: Carbon tetrachloride administration in rats elevated the level of SGPT, SGOT, ALP and bilirubin. Administration of LIV-52, alcoholic and aqueous extract significantly prevented this increase. Aqueous extract was found to be more effective than the alcoholic extract. Histopathological studies also confirmed the above investigation. Conclusion: Both alcoholic and aqueous extract of fruit pulp of Lichi chinensis has shown significant (p<0.05) hepatoprotective activity in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity and aqueous extract is found to be more effective than the alcoholic extract.

Safety evaluation of long-term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride and its non-invasive reversal on accessory reproductive organs in langurs

To evaluate the safety of the long term vas occlusion with styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) and its non-invasive reversal at the level of accessory reproductive glands ARGs in langurs. The morphology of seminal vesicle and ventral prostate was evaluated by light as well as transmission electron microscopy. Serum clinical chemistry and urine albumin were evaluated in an autoanalyzer using reagent kits. Fructose, acid phosphatase and zinc in the seminal plasma were evaluated spectrophotometrically according to the WHO manual. Serum testosterone, prostate specific antigen and sperm antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using reagent kits and hematology was estimated according to standard procedures. The morphological features and secretory activity of the seminal vesicle and prostate were normal as evidenced by the presence of well-developed mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, secretory granules and normal nuclear characteristics throughout the course of investigation. Serum testosterone and prostate specific antigen remained unaltered and serum antisperm antibodies level presented negative titres. Urine albumin was nil. Total red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and red cell indices, serum protein, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK), serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin, urea, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) did not show appreciable changes following vas occlusion and after its non-invasive reversal. Although fructose, acid phosphatase (ACP) and zinc in the seminal plasma showed a significant reduction following vas occlusion, it could not be related to the morphology of seminal vesicle and prostate. SMA vas occlusion and its non-invasive reversal do not damage the accessory reproductive organs.