Serum Biochemical Tests Research Articles

Chronic oral toxicity study of proglumetacin maleate in beagle dogs

A chronic oral toxicity test of proglumetacin maleate (PGM), an anti-inflammatory agent, was studied at dose-levels of 0, 0.6, 2.5 and 10.0 mg/kg/day using male and female beagle dogs. They were treated for 12 months, followed by 1 month recovery period. Excretion soft and mucous feces was observed in females of 2.5 mg/kg/day group. In addition, excretion of diarrheal and blood-tinged feces was also found in females of 10.0 mg/kg/day group. One female animal given 10.0 mg/kg/day of PGM was found dead on day 178 of administration. For about a month before death, diarrheal and blood-tinged feces, decreases in body weight and food consumption, and anemia had been noticed. At the autopsy, brown-cloudy ascitic fluid, adhesion of visceral organs, hyperemia or hemorrhage in the mucosa and serosa of the digestive tract, and an ulcer in the duodenum were found. No significant influences of PGM were noted on the changes of body weights, food and water consumptions, excluding the dead animal. A fecal occult blood test showed an increase in no. of animals with blood-positive reaction in 2.5 and 10.0 mg/kg/day groups of both sexes, especially marked in females of 10.0 mg/kg/day group. In urinary tests, no significant changes were found in any of the PGM-treated groups of both sexes; the dead one, however, showed decreases in urine volume and electrolyte excretion on month 6 of administration. No significant hematological changes associated with the administration of PGM were found in any of the animals excluding the dead one, in which anemia and inflammation-related findings were found on month 6 of administration. Serum-biochemical tests showed no significant changes in any of the PGM-treated groups of both sexes. No significant influences of PGM were found on ICG and PSP clearances, ocular fundus and ECG. At the autopsy performed at the end of administration, no significant changes were found in any of the PGM-treated groups of both sexes. Histopathologically, a duodenal ulcer and peritonitis-related findings were observed in the female dead animal of 10.0 mg/kg/day group. No influences of PGM were found in any of the tests performed at the end of the recovery phase. From these results, the non-effective dose of PGM was estimated to be 0.6 mg/kg/day, and the toxic doses of PGM to be more than 10.0 mg/kg/day for males and 10.0 mg/kg/day for females, respectively, in beagle dogs treated orally with PGM for 12 months.

Aluminum-related bone disease in mild and advanced renal failure: evidence for high prevalence and morbidity and studies on etiology and diagnosis.

To study aluminum-related bone disease, bone biopsies and serum biochemical measurements were done in 97 patients on maintenance dialysis and in 100 patients with mild to moderate renal failure. Bone histology, histochemical staining for aluminum and determination of bone aluminum content were done. Stainable bone aluminum was found in 50% of dialyzed patients and in 5% of nondialyzed patients. The finding of stainable bone aluminum in dialyzed patients was associated with high morbidity and mortality; it was not only seen in most patients with low turnover osteomalacia, but also in 47% of patients with mixed uremic osteodystrophy and in 1 patient with predominant hyperparathyroid bone disease. Patients with stainable aluminum had lower bone mass and decreased activity of bone-forming and -resorbing cells. Cumulative doses of aluminum-containing phosphate binders were a major risk factor. Aluminum in drinking water represents an additional risk factor. Neither serum biochemical tests nor single infusion of deferoxamine could be employed as diagnostic tools. Bone biopsies were the only means for diagnosis.

Sémiologie biochimique du foie chez les ruminants

Many different serum biochemical tests can help in the diagnosis of liver disturbances in ruminants. The best tests for hepato-cellular damage are the measurement of enzymes such as glutamate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and, if available, arginase or ornithine carbamoyl transferase. Disturbances of biliary function can be investigated through the measurement of so-called "cholestasis enzyme markers" such as gammaglutamyl transferase or alkaline phosphatases; bilirubin and bile salts can also be helpful. Liver insufficiency can be approached through the measurement of serum albumin, fibrinogen and coagulation tests whereas inflammative and inductive processes are difficult to investigate. Moreover, liver clearances (bromosulfonephtalein or indocyanine green) can provide useful data about whole liver function.

The liver in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a clinical and histologic study.

We reviewed the clinical data and hepatic histologic findings of 25 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who underwent 29 liver biopsies. Our experience indicates that the only hepatic feature characteristic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is serologic evidence of exposure to the hepatitis B virus. The most common histologic finding was macrovesicular steatosis. Granulomas appeared in seven patients and were due to mycobacterial disease (3 patients), histoplasmosis (1 patient), adverse reaction to sulfonamide (2 patients) and unknown causes (1 patient). The clinical indication for liver biopsy was not significantly different in the patients without or with granulomas or with granulomas secondary to mycobacteria or fungi. Mycobacteria were cultured from all histologically positive specimens and one histologically negative specimen. Liver biopsy should be performed in any patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who has unexplained fever, hepatomegaly or abnormal results of serum biochemical liver tests, and all specimens should be stained and cultured for mycobacteria and fungi.

Evidence for heterogeneity in hereditary hemochromatosis: Evaluation of 174 persons in nine families

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disease in which the gene is linked to the HLA system. Investigation of nine unrelated probands and their family members has revealed distinct groups based on biochemical and clinical manifestations of the disease. Four different types of disease expression were identified: Group I—classic hereditary hemochromatosis with elevated transferrin saturation, serum ferritin levels, and liver iron content; Group II—severe iron overload, accelerated disease manifesting at an early age; Group III—elevated total body iron stores, normal transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels; Group IV—markedly elevated findings on serum biochemical tests, e.g., transferrin saturation, serum ferritin levels, with minimal elevation in total body iron stores. This evidence for several clearly distinguishable modes of expression in different families suggests that more than one genetic lesion in iron metabolism may be responsible for iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis. This genetic heterogeneity may be helpful in delineating the fundamental abnormalities in iron metabolism in this group of disorders.

The interpretation of serum biochemistry test results in domestic animals.

The interpretation of serum biochemistry tests used in the investigation of disease was reviewed. Different methods of calculating reference ranges for biochemical constituents of serum were discussed. Reference ranges in current laboratory use were analyzed statistically to produce means and coefficients of variation.

Chronic toxicity study of AC-1370 sodium, an antibiotics, intravenously administered in rats

A study on chronic toxicity of AC-1370 sodium (AC) in addition to recovery from its toxicity, was carried out using the rat. AC was administered to the rat through the tail vein in doses of 30, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg body weight/day, with the periods for administration and recovery being 26 and 13 weeks, respectively. The results obtained from the present study were as follows. In each group, neither death case nor fatal damage was observed throughout the whole process. In the group of 1000 mg/kg, the below findings were observed in one or both sexes: suppression in increase of body weight, increases in drunk amount of water, urinary volume and urinary excretions of electrolytes, degeneration in renal tubules and several correlated changes, tendency of anemia, changes in serum biochemical tests, and changes in each organ weight. In the group of 300 mg/kg, the above findings were observed slightly in comparison to the group of 1000 mg/kg. In the groups of 100 and 30 mg/kg, any changes suggesting the damages were not observed. In the recovery test, the group of 1000 mg/kg was found to be incompletely restored from the damages, with the partially residual damages being shown. In contrast, the group of 300 mg/kg showed to be almost restored from the damages. These results denotes that the maximal non-toxic dose of AC in this study is 100 mg/kg/day in long-term administration.

Serum Ferritin in Acute Viral Hepatitis

Serum ferritin and biochemical liver tests (serum bilirubin, serum aspartate transaminase, serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT), and serum alkaline phosphatase) were recorded at regular intervals from admission to recovery in six patients with acute viral hepatitis. There was a proportional, significant decrease in ferritin bilirubin, and transaminase were reached simultaneously, whereas gamma-GT and alkaline phosphatase remained elevated for a slightly longer time. The correlations between corresponding measurements of ferritin and biochemical liver tests were as follows: ferritin and alkaline phosphatase, r = 0.72, P less than 0.001; ferritin and bilirubin, r = 0.68, P less than 0.001; ferritin and transaminase, r = 0.53, P less than 0.001; ferritin and gamma-GT. r = 0.50, P less than 0.001. In viral hepatitis serum ferritin offers no diagnostic advantage compared with already established tests for hepatocellular damage.

Clinical biochemical and hematologic values of the american miniature horse: reference values

Sixteen clinical biochemical determinations and 13 hematologic measurements were performed on 49 healthy American Miniature Horses of mixed age and both sexes. Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine values were also determined. Serum biochemical test results from American Miniature Horses compared favorably with values for full-sized horses, whereas differences in hematologic test results were noticed between American Miniature Horses and full-sized horses.

Randomized controlled trial of adenine arabinoside monophosphate for chronic type B hepatitis

Twenty patients with chronic type B hepatitis were entered into a randomized, controlled study of adenine arabinoside monophosphate. Before entry, all patients were documented to have stable levels of hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e antigen, serum hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid, and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity. Ten patients received adenine arabinoside monophosphate and 10 received no treatment. The two groups were well matched with respect to age, sex, known duration of hepatitis B surface antigen, presence of symptoms, serum aminotransferase levels, and hepatic histopathoJogy. During the 4 wk of therapy, serum levels of hepatitis B virus fell dramatically. However, serum hepatitis B virus-deoxynbonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity, or both, remained detectable, and levels of hepatitis B virus invariably rose once therapy was stopped. From 2 to 9 mo after therapy, 4 of the 10 treated patients became hepatitis B e antigen or hepatitis B virus-deoxyribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase negative, or both, and the results of routine serum biochemical tests improved. However, 2 of these 4 patients later relapsed. In the control group, 2 patients became seronegative for hepatitis B virus-deoxyribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase and manifested improvement in serum biochemical results by 18–24 mo after randomization. Thus, long-term improvements in clinical and serologic features of disease occurred in 20% of both treated and control patients. Side effects of adenine arabinoside monophosphate therapy were common, and 3 patients developed a severe and prolonged neuropathic pain syndrome. These results suggest that a 4-wk course of adenine arabinoside monophosphate therapy does not induce an increased rate of long-term remissions in chronic type B hepatitis.

Subchronic Toxicity Study of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene in the Rat, Rabbit and Beagle Dog

Male rats, rabbits and dogs were exposed to 0, 30 or 100 ppm of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) for 7 hours/day, 5 day/week for 30 exposures in 44 days. In all 3 species, there were no significant effects on body weight gain, hematologic and serum biochemical tests or gross and histopathologic appearance of tissues. At 100 ppm TCB, both rats and dogs had increased liver weights, and the rats also had increased relative kidney weight at this higher exposure level. Urinary excretion of porphyrins were increased in rats exposed to 30 or 100 ppm TCB, most likely as a result of hepatic induction by TCB. In view of the reversibility of this porphyrin induction noted in a companion study, and the absence of other indications of discernible toxicity, this increased urinary excretion of porphyrins is best considered more of a compound-specific physiologic effect rather than a toxic effect.

Thyroid, renal, and hepatic function tests following cholecystography with high-dose contrast agents.

Serum biochemical tests were observed for about three weeks following oral cholecystography with fractionated high doses (6 g) of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) or sodium ipodate (Biloptin) in 24 and 29 patients, respectively. Both agents produced similar effects. No significant changes were seen in renal or hepatic function except for a mild increase in bilirubin on day 22. Serum urate decreased 10% on day 4, but the change was not significant. On days 4 and 11, there were significant increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine and free thyroxine index, and a moderate fall in triiodothyronine. Reverse triiodothyronine increased sharply on day 4. The pattern of changes observed suggests that these contrasts interfere with the extrathyroidal deiodination of iodothyronines. The temporary rise in thyroxine and free thyroxine index exceeded reference ranges in about half of all subjects, but they remained clinically euthyroid. Thyroid function tests should be interpreted with caution within three weeks of cholecystography.

Toxicological approaches to streptothricin antibiotics. III. Biological studies on delayed toxicity of streptothricin antibiotics in rats.

To delineate the time of onset and the mechanism of delayed toxic effects produced by streptothricin antibiotics in rats, the tissue antibiotic distribution, histopathologic features of the kidney, serum biochemical changes and antibiotic metabolites recovered in the urine after administration of a radiolabeled compound were investigated. Rats showed a pattern of tissue antibiotic distribution similar to that observed in the mouse. Microscopic examination of the kidney revealed lesions which became evident at 48 hr after the injection. Serum biochemical tests showed a rapid elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine nitrogen levels from 48 hr post injection, with abnormalities in the cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis pattern of serum proteins. Thus, nephrotoxic effects evoked by the antibiotic became evident about 48 hr after the injection, indicating that the time of onset of delayed toxicity of the compound is approximately 48 hr after dosing. As for the mechanism of the delayed toxic effects, evidence has been obtained for the formation of a toxic metabolite with an opened lactam ring, or an"acid compound"excreted in the rat urine. These findings support our previous inference, based on studies in mice.

A model of fulminant hepatic failure in the rabbit

A highly reproducible model of fulminant hepatic failure was developed by administering intravenously the selective hepatotoxin galactosamine hydrochloride (4.25 mmoles per kg) to genetically uniform rabbits. The great majority of rabbits died between 21 and 44 hr after injection following a period of coma which lasted 2.6 hr on average. Serum biochemical tests and liver histology reflected massive hepatic injury. Changes in plasma ammonia and amino acid concentrations, in coagulation parameters, and in the electroencephalogram were similar to those found in human fulminant hepatic failure. This model appears promising for future studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of fulminant hepatic failure.

Presentation and Course of Asymptomatic Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Twenty patients without symptoms of hepatobiliary disease were diagnosed as having asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. In every patient liver histology was diagnostic of, suggestive of, or compatible with the diagnosis. Eighteen had a positive serum mitochondrial antibody, 18 had raised serum immunoglobulin M, and 17 had markedly raised serum alkaline phosphatase values. A mean of 4.5 years after diagnosis, 10 of the patients had not developed hepatobiliary symtoms; 4 of these 10 patients have survived 6 to 10 years. Ten patients developed symptoms after a mean of 2.2 years from initial diagnosis; 7 are still alive but 3 have died of liver failure. The development of symptoms could not be predicted by either serum biochemical tests or hepatic histology. It is concluded that the diagnosis of asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis is compatible with 10 or more asymptomatic years.

The Diagnosis of Bronchial Carcinoma Using Serum Protein and Biochemistry Tests Combined with Discriminant Function Analysis

The Diagnosis of Bronchial Carcinoma Using Serum Protein and Biochemistry Tests Combined with Discriminant Function Analysis

Risk profiles of referred chronic kidney disease patients in a tertiary nephrology centre.

Objective:To determine the risk profile of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.Methods:This is an observational cross sectional study involving 130 patients for which data was collected prospectively.. Sixty five subjects with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 120 ml/min/1.73 m2 were recruited via random sampling technique from nephrology clinic in a tertiary nephrology referral center. Medical history, demographic data, urinary and serum biochemistry tests were obtained.Results:Most of the CKD patients who were referred to the nephrology clinic were asymptomatic. The most common laboratory abnormalities noted among CKD patients were proteinuria, anaemia and hyperkalaemia. Advancing age, pre-existing morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and overweight are characteristics that are strongly associated with the referred CKD patients.Conclusions:Most of the referred CKD patients are in advanced age with diabetes, hypertension and overweight. Majority of the CKD remained asymptomatic despite in the advance stage of CKD. This strongly calls for cost effective screening for population at risk.