Serum Biochemical Changes Research Articles

Dietary Origanum vulgare essential oil attenuates cypermethrin-induced biochemical changes, oxidative stress, histopathological alterations, apoptosis, and reduces DNA damage in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The study was designed to evaluate the possible protective roles of dietary Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) against cypermethrin (CP)-induced serum biochemical changes and oxidative stress of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Moreover, histopathological alterations, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and DNA damage in the gills and hepatic tissues were also assessed. Briefly, fish were allotted into six groups with three triplicates whereas a group fed on basal diet and did not exposed to CP and served as control (CTR), two groups were fed on diets supplemented with two levels of OVEO (0.5 % and 1.0 %), a group exposed to sub-lethal concentration of CP (1/10 of 96 h-LC50 = 0.4134 μg/L), and two other groups exposed to the same concentration of CP and fed on diets supplemented with both levels of OVEO (CP + 0.5 % OVEO, and CP + 1.0 % OVEO), respectively, for 30 days. CP induced significant elevation of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, and creatinine levels indicating hepato-renal toxicity (P < 0.05). Besides, there was a significant decrease in serum catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities (P < 0.05). Moreover, CP induced significant histopathologic alterations in gills, anterior kidneys, and hepatic tissues with activation of apoptosis (Caspase-3) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Comet assay demonstrated significant DNA damage in gills and liver tissues of the CP-exposed group. Interestingly, a significant attenuation of serum ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine, CAT, and SOD levels (P < 0.05) was noticed in CP-exposed fish and concurrently fed diets supplemented with either 0.5 % or 1.0 % OVEO. Moreover, histopathologic alterations and apoptosis were significantly reduced along with a concomitant significant decrease in DNA damage (P < 0.05) which indicated the mitigation of DNA damage. Conclusively, the study showed that OVEO is an effective counteractive treatment against CP-induced damage in exposed common carp and is recommended during the formulation of fish rations.

Longitudinal Analysis of Serum Biochemical Changes following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Reconstruction: A Matched Comparison-Control Analysis

Objectives:Individuals with an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are at high risk of developing posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). A comprehensive study is needed to determine the time course of joint tissue metabolic changes occurring following ACL injury and reconstruction (ACLR). The purpose of this longitudinal nested comparison-control study was to simultaneously evaluate serum biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage matrix damage in ACL injured patients prior to ACLR and 6 and 12 months post-ACLR, as well as in matched uninjured controls.Methods:Serum was collected from 34 ACL injured individuals (53% female, 20.7±2.4 years old, 24.2±4.1 body mass index [BMI]) within 14 days of primary ACL injury (baseline), as well as at 6 and 12 months following bone-patellar-tendon-bone autograft ACLR. Serum was also collected from 34 uninjured matched controls (53% Female, 20.5±2.4 years old, 24.1±3.5 BMI) at a single timepoint. Blood was collected from the antecubital fossa, centrifuged and stored at -80°C prior to batch analysis. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to evaluate concentrations of: 1) a pro-inflammatory cytokine [Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein; MCP-1]; 2) a matrix degrading enzyme [matrix metalloproteinase-3; MMP-3]; 3) a cartilage breakdown biomarker [cartilage oligomeric matrix protein; COMP]; and type-II collagen turnover [type-II collagen cleavage: synthesis; C2C:CPII]. Separate Bonferroni-corrected independent t-tests were used to determine differences between the ACL injured group at each timepoint and uninjured controls for each biomarker (P ≤ 0.015). Similarly, separate Bonferroni-corrected dependent t-tests were used to determine differences in biomarker concentrations over time for the ACLR group.Results:Serum concentrations of MCP-1 and COMP were greater in the ACL injured individuals at all timepoints compared to the controls (P ≤ 0.015, Table 1), yet no differences were found over time in the ACL injured group. MMP-3 concentrations increased between baseline and 6 months post-ACLR (P ≤ 0.015, see Table), yet no differences were found between 6 and 12 months post-ACLR, between baseline and 12 months, or between ACLR and controls at any of the time points. C2C:CPII was not different between ACL injured individuals and controls at baseline or 6 months post-ACLR. C2C:CPII was significantly increased between 6 and 12 months-post ACLR, and was found to be greater than baseline and greater than controls at 12 months post-ACLR (P ≤ 0.015, see Table).Conclusion:Our study is critical in demonstrating the time course of multiple joint tissue metabolic changes following ACL injury and ACLR. Elevated serum MCP-1 and COMP concentrations, linked to early deleterious metabolic processes associated with PTOA development, are evident soon after ACL injury and persist at 12 months post-ACLR. Serum MMP-3 concentrations were elevated 6 months post-ACLR compared to the baseline measurements, suggesting factors occurring after ACLR initiate upregulation of matrix degrading enzymes. Furthermore, elevated C2C:CPII occurs within the first 12 months post ACLR but not until after the 6-month post-ACLR timepoint. Further studies are needed to determine how long these joint tissue metabolic changes persist after ACL injury and ACLR, as well as how joint tissue metabolism is affected by the type and timing of different surgical and nonsurgical treatments.

Análise de creatina quinase, glicose e lactato em equinos Mangalarga Marchador pré e pós-exercício

Abstract. With the increased use of horses in sports of various modalities, sports medicine has been increasingly studied so as to have a better understanding of what happens to these animals during the proposed activity. Fitness and training are essential for proper performance and performance in equestrian events, being an important role in the routine of these animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in serum biochemistry (creatine kinase, glucose and lactate) in seven Mangalarga Marchador (MM) horses submitted to gait training. Three collections were performed within 60 days, divided into D0, D30 and D60 with the animals at rest and after exercise. The results were: regarding pre-training, mean CK values were obtained in 152.2 ± 50.9 IU/L, 277.2 ± 194.4 IU/L and 301.9 ± 125, glucose in 92. 3 ± 11.4 mg/dL, 97.0 ± 10.3 mg/dL and 87.6 ± 10.3 mg/dL, and lactate at 2.4 ± 0.5 mmol/L, 2.0 ± 0.4 mmol/L and 2.2 ± 0.6 mmol/L, respectively at D0, D30 and D60. Post-training mean CK values were 187.9 ± 25.5 IU/L, 358.6 ± 244.1 IU/L and 307.6 ± 116 IU/L, glucose 97.3 ± 11, 4 mg/dL, 119 ± 16.8 mg/dL and 108.6 ± 28 mg/dL and lactate at 3.3 ± 0.9 mmol/L, 3.6 ± 1.2 mmol/L and 4 ± 1 mmol/L at D0, D30 and D60 respectively. No significant increase in CK was observed under the type of exercise imposed, increasing the powders by 14.4% in the average of all collections. Of the lactated results, we had a significant increase in the pre-training average compared to the post in 39.4%. Already glucose was not significant having increased after 14.8% in the average days of the present study. We can observe that the change in glycemia was relatively different from lactate levels demonstrating the use of the aerobic route.

A mini review on the Lactic Acidosis in goats and its remedial approaches

The current study was performed in order to investigate the threat of lactic acidosis in goats worldwide and explore the curative strategies. In this regards a detailed review was performed, however obtained facts were found to be much interesting and valuable. It was indicated by researchers that lactic acidosis is the most common problem in goats throughout the worlds. It represents significant economic loss due to direct and indirect effects. It was further stated that goats with lactic acidosis show decreased body temperature up to 98.1±0.89 °F, rumen and intestinal movement 0.23±0.48/m, rumen pH 4.8±0.07, blood pH 7.1±0.08, increased respiration rate 56.14±7.15/m and heart rate, 136.28±4.71/m. Affected goats also show signs of dyspnea, anorexia, inactivity, incoordination and recumbancy. The glucose level remains 190.14±36.49 mg/dl, total bilirubin 0.75±0.04 mg/dl, direct bilirubin 0.27±0.03mg/dl, indirect bilirubin 0.40±0.03 mg/dl, alanine aminotransferase ALT 36.42±3.04 U/l and alkaline phosphatase 420±3.65 U/l. Furthermore, Glucose level, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, ALT (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase increase with treatment of Cassia Fistula, serum biochemical changes rapidly return to normal compared to treatment with Sodium bicarbonate or Magnesium hydroxide. The ruminal juices changes are also significantly improved with the treatment. The changes in the ingesta color, odor and consistency and rumen pH return to normal with the use of Cassia Fistula, Sodium bicarbonate and Magnesium hydroxide. In conclusion, Cassia fistula, Sodium bicarbonate and Magnesium hydroxide could be used as valuable strategies against lactic acidosis in goats. These therapies have been proved to be effective for treating the acidosis in goats.

English

Bicyclol and silymarin are widely used in the treatment of various liver diseases; however, there is no report on comparative effect of them on liver fibrosis. To compare their liver protective effect, liver fibrosis rats induced by bile duct ligation (BDL) were orally treated with 100 mg/kg bicyclol and 100 mg/kg silymarin respectively for 4 weeks. Liver index, liver function activities, inflammatory biomarkers, fibrotic biomarkers and liver histopathology were assessed. BDL induced marked histopathological changes in liver tissues coupled with changes in serum biochemistry. Furthermore, hepatic content of hydroxyproline, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-&beta;1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were elevated, together with a reduction of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1&alpha;) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the liver. In addition, BDL increased the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (&alpha;-SMA). Treatment with bicyclol or silymarin protected against BDL induced liver fibrosis, as proved by the alleviation of inflammatory and fibrotic biomarkers. Overall, our results indicated that the effect of bicyclol was better than that of silymarin. Key words: Liver fibrosis, bile duct ligation, bicyclol, silymarin, comparative effect. &nbsp

Clinical Characteristics, Serum Biochemical Changes, and Expression Profile of Serum Cfa-miRNAs in Dogs Confirmed to Have Congenital Portosystemic Shunts Accompanied by Liver Pathologies

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and biochemical parameters cannot specify liver pathologies in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) that are easily determined by invasive histopathology. This study aims to assess the possibility of using circulating serum canine familiaris (cfa) microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel non-invasive serum-based fingerprints for liver injuries associated with various morphologies of extrahepatic and intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS and IHPSS). Data were obtained from 12 healthy dogs and 84 dogs confirmed to have EHPSS (splenocaval, splenophrenic, splenoazygos, right gastrocaval (RGC), right gastrocaval with caudal loop (RGC–CL)) and IHPSS (right divisional and left divisional) using CTA. Hepatic pathologies were determined by histopathology. Serum expression of miRNAs was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Based on the nature of liver injuries in each shunt type, cfa-miR-122 was significantly upregulated in all CPSS groups. Meanwhile, serums cfa-miR-34a and 21 were not significantly expressed in splenophrenic or splenoazygos groups, but they were extensively upregulated in splenocaval, RGC, RGC–CL groups and less frequently in right or left divisional groups. Also, serum cfa-miR126 was significantly upregulated in both IHPSS groups but less significantly expressed in RGC, RGC–CL, and splenocaval groups. Overall, estimated cfa-miRNAs could serve as novel biomarkers to mirror the histopathological and molecular events within the liver in each shunt type.

The Protective effect of Crocin on Ovary Mast cells, Blood Vessels and Ovary, Serum Biochemical changes following Busulfan-induced Oxidative Stress in Mice.

هدف: هدف این مطالعه ارزیابی اثرات محافظتی کروسین بر ماست‏سل­ها و عروق خونی و تغییرات بیوشیمیایی تخمدان و سرم در موش‌های درمان شده با بوسولفان می‏باشد.مواد و روش‏ها: در این مطالعه تجربی30 سر موش نژاد NMRI در6 گروه مساوی در یک دوره 21 روزه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. گروه کنترل سالم، حلال بوسولفان به حجم 1/0 میلی لیتر و گروه بوسولفان، فقط بوسولفان با دوز 10 میلی‏گرم بر کیلوگرم تک دوز دریافت کردند. گروه‌های تجربی شماره 1،2،3 کروسین را به‏ترتیب با دوزهای 100،200،400 میلی‏گرم بر کیلوگرم روزانه به‏همراه بوسولفان با دوز 10 میلی‏گرم بر کیلوگرم تک دوز دریافت نمودند. گروه کنترل مثبت، کروسین با دوز 400 میلی‏گرم برکیلوگرم روزانه دریافت نمود. پایان دوره تخمدان چپ موش‏ها جهت مطالعه ماست‏سل‏ها و عروق خونی و تخمدان راست و سرم خونشان جهت ارزیابی‏های بیوشیمیایی مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. دادههای حاصله با استفاده از نرم افزار SSPS و روش آماری AVONA یک طرفه و تست تعقیبی yekuT مورد مقایسه قرار گرفتند و اختلاف در سطح 5/0>p معنی‌دار توصیف شد.نتایج: نتایج نشان داد بوسولفان باعث افزایش معنی‌دار ماست‏سل­ها (011/0p=) و کاهش معنی‏دار عروق خونی (009/0p=) و افزایش معنی‌دار مالون‏دی‏آلدئید (000/0p=) و کاهش معنی‏دار آنزیم سوپراکسید دیسموتاز (000/0p=) نسبت به گروه کنترل شد، در حالی‏که کروسین در تمامی دوزهای مورد استفاده در مطالعه حاضر به‏خصوص در دوز 200 میلی‏گرم بر کیلوگرم به‏طور قابل توجهی آثار نامطلوب بوسولفان را تعدیل نمود.نتیجه‏گیری: متعاقب این تحقیق مشخص شدکه کروسین به‏علت خاصیت آنتی‏اکسیدانتی می‏تواند به‏طور قابل توجهی عوارض سوء بوسولفان را کاهش دهد.

Tissue distribution of mercury and copper after Aarogyavardhini Vati treatment in rat model of CCl4 induced chronic hepatotoxicity

BackgroundAarogyavardhini Vati is a classical Ayurvedic herbomineral formulation. It contains mercury and copper compounds as principal minerals along with other minerals and herbal ingredients. Aarogyavardhini Vati is indicated in chronic liver ailments. However, safety concerns are often raised regarding the use of mercury containing ayurvedic drugs in disease conditions due to the risk of mercury and copper toxicity. ObjectiveThis study was performed to address the safety concerns regarding mercury and copper toxicity from Ayurvedic herbomineral formulations by investigating accumulation of these minerals in tissues and subsequent toxicity in chronic hepatotoxicity rat model. Materials and methodsQuantification of mercury and copper in Aarogyavardhini Vati was done. Chronic hepatotoxicity was induced in the Wistar rats by repeated administration of CCl4 for 8 weeks. Animals were treated with Aarogyavardhini Vati for various durations. Post treatment of 8 weeks, serum biochemical marker estimations was done. Estimation of mercury and copper from the liver, kidney and brain tissues was done after animal sacrifice. Histopathology evaluation of visceral organs was also performed. ResultsTreatment with Aarogyavardhini Vati exhibited significant accumulation of mercury in the kidney but not in the brain and liver. Similarly, no significant accumulation of copper was observed in liver, kidney, and brain due to the treatment of Aarogyavardhini Vati. Serum biochemical and histopathological changes were not affected by the treatment with Aarogyavardhini Vati. ConclusionAarogyavardhini Vati did not show any biologically significant potential to cause toxicity due to its mercury and copper content when administered for prolonged duration to rats with chronic hepatotoxicity.

Histological Sections of Pancreas and Serum Biochemical Changes in Rats after Dexamethasone and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Injection

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles have been prepared using a simple green synthesis method by green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) as a reducing and capping agent, XRD measurement of Nano powder stated that Zinc Oxide had a hexagonal wurtzite structure, UV-Vis. The maximum absorption peak was approximately 318 nm and the energy gap was nearly 3.8eV calculated using Planck’s equation, blood serum sugar levels, liver function after ZnO NPs injection for rats was recorded. Forty-eight adult male rats were used and separated randomly into six groups of eight (n=8) rats in each group.Results stated that blood glucose levels, liver enzymes were increased in groups that injected by dexamethasone while considerably modified in rats administered by the first dose (100 mg/kg) of ZnO Nanoparticles while the other dose (300 mg/kg) hadn’t any significant effects.

Ameliorative effect of naringin against thiram-induced tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chicken.

Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (thiram) is widely used in agricultural production as an insecticide and fungicide, which can also lead to tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in poultry. TD is characterized by leg disorders and growth performance retardation, and no targeted drugs have been found to treat TD until now. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to explore the ameliorative effect of traditional Chinese medicine naringin on thiram-induced TD chickens. A total of 180 one-day-old Arbor Acres (AA) broiler chickens were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 60): control group (standard diet), thiram-induced group (thiram 50mg/kg from day 3 to day 7), and naringin-treated group (naringin 30mg/kg from day 8 to day 18). During the 18-day experiment, the growth performance, tibial bone parameters, antioxidant property of liver, serum biochemical changes and clinical symptoms were recorded to evaluate the protective effect of naringin in thiram-induced TD broiler chickens. Additionally, mRNA expressions and protein levels of Ihh and PTHrP genes were determined via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Administration of naringin showed significant results by alleviating lameness, increased growth performance, recuperated growth plate (GP) width, and improved functions and antioxidant enzyme level of liver in broilers affected by TD. Moreover, naringin treatment restored the development of damaged tibia bone via downregulating Ihh and upregulating PTHrP mRNA and protein expressions. In conclusion, our study determines naringin could be used as an effective medicine to treat TD.

Blood Serum Biochemical Changes and Milk Fatty Acids Profile Due to Using Garlic Plant as Feed Additives for Sheep

Blood Serum Biochemical Changes and Milk Fatty Acids Profile Due to Using Garlic Plant as Feed Additives for Sheep

Effects of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Moringa oleifera&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Aqueous Leaf Extract on Some Serum-biochemical Constituents on Wister Rats

Medicinal plants have been used in healthcare since time immemorial. Studies have been carried out globally to verify their efficacy and some of the findings have led to the production of plant-based medicines. The global market value of medicinal plant products exceeds $100 billion per annum. This study was conducted to know the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf on Serum biochemistry of experimental exposed Wister rats. Moringa oleifera leaf was extracted with distilled water and concentrated to semisolid form with rotary evaporator at 42°C. Twenty apparently healthy rats weighing 128-233g were exposed to different concentration of Moringa oleifera aqueous leaf extract. Control group were exposed to only distill water. The animals were divided into 3 groups of five rats each, with Group-I exposed to 500 mg/kg crude extract. Group-II exposed to 1000 mg/kg crude extract and Group-III exposed to 2000 mg/kg crude extract. There significant difference (p< 0.05) in analyzed serum biochemical parameters (Creatinine, Urea, Aspartate amino transferase and Alanine amino transferase) between the experimental and control group. From this finding, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf extract up to 2000mg/kg is safe and cause slight changes in serum biochemistry. Toxicity studies of this plant extracts as well as phytochemical studies to reaffirm it effect in several body tissues and organs and identify the bioactive compounds are highly recommended.

Ameliorative Effect of Dietary Acetylsalicylic Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Growth and Health Status of broiler chicks exposed to heat-stress

The present study aimed to explain the role of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) in alleviation of the negative effect of heat stress on growth performance, some serum biochemical changes and hematology of broiler chicken reared under heat-stress (33-35◦C). One hundred and twenty, 15-day-old apparently healthy broiler chickens were selected and randomly assigned into 4 groups fed on a basal diet without any supplement (control) or supplemented by 0.05% ASA, 0.5% SB or both 0.05% ASA and 0.5% SB respectively. The results explained that dietary supplementation of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), sodium bicarbonate (SB) or combination of ASA and SB significantly (P˂0.05) increased final body weight and total gain of broiler chicks reared under heat stress by about (2.8% and 3.9%), (2.6% and 3.6%) and (8.8% and 6.8%) respectively, moreover, had no effect on total feed intake and non-significantly (P≥0.05) improved average FCR throughout whole experimental period by about 1.4%, 2.4% and 4. 2% respectively compared with control. All treatment reduced serum ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase activities and serum total protein, albumin, sodium and chloride concentrations compared with control. Results concerning the effect of ASA, SB supplementation in broiler chicken ration reared under heat stress alone or combined together non significantly increased Hb%, RBCs counts, platelets count and WBCs count compared with control. Moreover, all treatments had no significant effect on basophils%, eosinophil% and monocytes%, while decreased heterophils% and increased lymophocytes% compared with control. It could be concluded that dietary inclusion of acetylsalicylic acid and sodium bicarbonate separately or in a combination in broiler ration can be used to alleviate the negative effect of heat stress in broiler chicken performance, liver heath and hematology during summer season in Egypt.

Serum Biochemical Changes in Relation to Some Nutritional and Hormonal Managements for Treatment of Inactive Ovaries in Buffaloes

Summer infertility may be considered as the major reproductive problem in buffaloes. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of hormonal and nutritional-dependant protocols to alleviate summer infertility in buffaloes. In this study, thirty buffalo cows affected with summer infertility were used; they were divided randomly into three groups (10/each). Group-I: were administrated with propylene glycol in addition to trace element mixture (containing zinc and selenium), Group-II: received the same previous treatment with hormonal estrous synchronization (GnRH-PGF-2a- GnRH), Group-III: received only the previously mentioned hormonal treatment. The results revealed that, all the treatment protocols has succeed to stimulate the ovarian activity and follicular growth which was accompanied by a significant increase in estrogen and progesterone hormone, but, only the first two protocols have a favorable effect on metabolic-related hormones (T3, T4), serum glucose concentration and mitigation of the present oxidative stress state. All of the treatment protocols have increased the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1. Finally, it could be concluded that combination of both of nutritional and hormonal treatment has been proved to have the best plausible effect for relieving and cure of summer infertility in buffaloes.

A Retrospective Study of Dogs Infected with Ehrlichia canis from 2017-2019 in the Thonburi Area of Bangkok Province, Thailand

Ehrlichia canis is a tick-borne rickettsia. It can cause canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). Infected dogs are often reported to have changes in their blood values, such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased liver enzymes, and increased kidney function values. This study aimed to collect data that may be related to infected dogs, including age, gender, breed, weight, close-open housing system, the use of ectoparasiticides products. The sample comprised 57 infected dogs. Collecting hematology and serum biochemistry changes in comparison with the reference values of dogs detected with Ehrlichia canis from 2017-2019, Thonburi District, Bangkok, Thailand was also carried out. In summary, dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis mostly included mixed-breed dogs aged between 1 and 10 years. There were no differences in body weight or housing systems. Dogs that had never used ectoparasiticide products or used them intermittently were infected more often (by 7.14 times) than protected. Clinical hematology and serum biochemistry found anemia, thrombocytopenia, and increased liver enzymes.

Effects of salinity level on the survival, growth, feed utilization, carcass composition, haematological and serum biochemical changes of juvenile Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) (Asso, 1801) grown in ground saltwater

A study was performed to examine the effects of salinity on water quality, fish performance, carcass composition and haemato-biochemical parameters in juvenile meagre, Argyrosomus regius. Fish (5.0 g) were stocked in fibreglass tanks at four salinity levels: 8‰, 16‰, 24‰ and 32‰, and fed a pelleted diet (47/17 protein/lipid) for 56 days. Results indicated that the growth, feed utilization, carcass composition and haemato-biochemical parameters of meagre gradually improved with the increase in salinity up to 24‰ and then significantly (p ≤ .05) decreased at 32‰. The survival per cent showed a significant decrease when A. regius exposed to 8‰ salinity. An improvement with 32%, 47% and 34.1% of FCR, protein productive value and energy utilization was detected at 24‰ compared with 8‰ salinity respectively. The highest content of protein and the lowest of lipids were recorded in fish carcass at 24‰ compared with the opposite trend at 8‰ salinity. The 24‰ salinity treatment exhibited the highest value of haemoglobin (4.9 g/dl) and the lowest ratio (0.73) of albumin/globulin. The serum total protein, albumin and globulin were significantly higher at 24‰ and 32‰ salinity than those at 8‰ and 16‰ salinity groups. These findings indicate that 24‰ salinity level might be the best for meagre.

PATHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ACUTE FASCOILiOSIS IN CATTLE SLAUGHTERED AT KIRKUK ABATTOIR, KIRKUK, IRAQ

Liver fluke disease (fascioliosis) is an important parasitic disease may accountable for morbidity and mortality in most species of animals, like cattle, sheep and goat as well as other domestic ruminants. It occurs worldwide due to infection with liver fluke species. The study aimed to notice the gross, microscopic lesions and measured serum biochemical changes accompanied with acute bovine liver Fascioliosis of cattle in Kirkuk. From March to April 2018, fifteen infected bovine livers of different ages were collected from Kirkuk abattoir, and examined grossly. A noticeable rise in the level of serum AST, ALP and also ALT were observed. In gross examination several short vermiform cords were observed on the hepatic surface and the surface had a rough appearance. Some immature, wandering flukes were noted on the cut surface. Histopathologically, a wide range of liver lesions were found. The most important lesions were moderate to severe perihepatitis and haemorrhagic tracts on the hepatic surface. These lesions related to migratory channels filled with blood, fibrin and cellular debris. The present study results indicated that serum biochemical alterations were consistent with pathological lesions; hence the analysis of serum biochemical could be used in diagnosis of acute bovine fasciolosis with other tests.

Protective Effect of Flunixin meglumin on Changes Induced by Isoproterenol in Serum Biochemical Profile, Malondialdehyde and Heart Histology of Adult Male Rats

Background: Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of death worldwide. The effect of flunixin meglumine (FM) on MI is unknown. We investigated the protective effect of FM on the serum biochemical profile, malondialdehyde (MDA), and heart histology changes induced by isoproterenol (ISO) in adult male rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into four groups of six each as follows: Group 1, control. Group 2, was administered ISO subcutaneously at 85 mg/kg for 2 days. Group 3 was administered FM intraperitoneally at 2 mg/kg/d, for 3 days; and Group 4 was administered FM 2mg/kg/d intraperitoneally for 3 days and ISO 85mg/kg subcutaneously for two consecutive days. Blood samples were collected after anesthesia, 24h after the second ISO administration. The heart tissue was immediately removed for histopathological examination. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and serum MDA levels were measured on an autoanalyzer and spectrophotometer. Results: In Group 4 (FM+ISO) the levels of AST, LDH and MDA decreased compared with those for Group 2 (ISO) (P&lt; 0.05). Histopathologic tests revealed that ISO induced myocardial injury in Group 3 rats, whereas the alterations of the heart architecture were improved by FM in Group 4 (FM+ISO). Conclusions: The results suggest that FM has a potential cardioprotective effect against an experimental model of MI in rats.

Haematological, serum biochemical and histopathological changes in hepatitis E virus seropositive pigs in Ibadan, Nigeria

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been recognised as an important cause of acute viral hepatitis of zoonotic importance globally. This study evaluated the haematological, serum biochemical and histopathological changes in HEV seropositive pigs. A total of 120 pigs were sourced from the Bodija Municipal abattoir, Ibadan, Nigeria, for this study. The haematology and serum biochemistry of the sampled pigs seropositive to HEV antibodies using the ID Screen® Hepatitis E Indirect Multi-species ELISA biwell kit were analysed. Liver and spleen samples were also taken for histopathological examination and lesion scoring. HEV seropositivity was reported in 57.5% (69/120) of the pigs and associated with a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in erythrocyte parameters with a tendency to a non-regenerative anaemia. A significant moderate thrombocytopenia (1.81 ± 0.82 × 105/μL) was also observed in the HEV seropositive group. There was a significant elevation in the level of serum hepatocellular leakage enzymes (aspartate transaminase and sorbitol dehydrogenase), albumin and total bilirubin level in the seropositive group. A semiquantitative analysis of the lesion score also revealed a significantly higher frequency and severity of hepatic lesions (including hepatocellular vacuolation, necrosis, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, Kupffer cell hyperplasia and fibrosis) in the seropositive group. This study underscores the need for further HEV studies in Nigeria as an important tentative aetiology in porcine hepatitis.

Hepatobiliary Events in Migraine Therapy with Herbs-The Case of Petadolex, A Petasites Hybridus Extract.

Petadolex®, a defined butterbur extract has clinically proven efficacy against migraine attacks. However, spontaneous reports indicate cases of herbal induced liver injury (HILI). While most HILI patients presented mild serum biochemistry changes (<3 ULN, dose range 50 to 225 mg/day; treatment duration 4–730 days) nine developed severe HILI (average time-to-onset 103 days, ALT-range 3–153; AST 2–104-fold ULN). HILI cases resolved after medication withdrawal though two patients required liver transplantation. Liver biopsies revealed an inconsistent injury pattern, i.e. necrosis, macrovesicular steatosis, inflammation, cholestasis, and bile duct proliferation. Causality assessment rated 3 cases likely, 13 possible, 8 unlikely and 24 as unclassifiable/unclassified. Note, 22 patients reported hepatotoxic co-medications especially during periods of pain. A no-observable-adverse-effect-level at 15-fold of the maximal clinical dose (3 mg/kg/day MCD) was established for rats. At >45 and 90-fold MCD bile duct hyperplasia was observed but could not be confirmed in an explorative minipig study at 218-fold MCD. Human hepatocyte studies at 49-fold Cmax serum petasins (=active ingredient) and therapeutic Ibuprofen, Paracetamol and Naratriptan concentrations evidenced liver transaminase and CYP-monooxygenase changes. Collectively, Petadolex® HILI cases are rare, idiosyncratic and frequently confounded by co-medications. A physician-supervised self-medication plan with herbs and pain relief medication is needed to minimize risk for HILI.