Serum Apelin Research Articles

The Effect of 8 weeks Aerobic Training and Glycogon Consumption on Serum Apelin and Insulin Resistance in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Objective: Apelin is a novel adipokine that plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis and improving insulin resistance. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of eight weeks aerobic interval training and glycogon consumption on serum apelin levels and insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. Forty diabetic women with mean age (48.08± 6.14) weight (72.61± 11.51) kg, height (156.33± 6.36) cm, body mass index (BMI) (29.73 ± 4.62) kg / m 2 were selected. Samples were randomly divided into four groups: aerobic interval training (n= 10), glycogon consumption (n= 10), combination (n= 10) and control (n= 10). To measure low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, insulin, apelin and insulin resistance were measured. Then the aerobic and combination group participated in an aerobic interval training program (8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 1 hour session, 40-60% of maximal beat intensity). Glycogel 3 capsules of 145 mg daily were used. After eight weeks, all variables were measured in four groups. T-test and analysis of variance were used. Results: The findings of this study showed that the level of apelin decreased significantly in all three groups (P-value=0.018). Changes in glucose (P-value=0.16) and insulin (P-value=0.31) in groups were not significant .Insulin resistance was significantly decreased in the combination and glycogel groups (P-value=0.03). Conclusion: Aerobic interval exercises and glycogon consumption can be used to reduce some of the risk factors for diabetes in people with diabetes.

Association of Adipocytokines With Carotid Intima Media Thickness and Arterial Stiffness in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients.

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) results in increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and arterial stiffness; however, the association between adipocytokines and IMT/arterial stiffness in OSA patients is unclear.Methods: We enrolled 95 normal weight and overweight, not obese, participants from May 2018 to December 2018 in this study. All subjects underwent a carotid artery ultrasound examination and polysomnography. Blood samples were used to determine serum chemerin, adiponectin, SFRP5, and apelin levels. Correlations between two quantitative variables were assessed using the Pearson or Spearman coefficient. Stepwise models of multiple linear regression analysis were performed to assess the independent relationships.Result: IMT in OSA patients was significantly higher than in the non-snorers. There were significant differences in the arterial stiffness parameters such as distensibility coefficient (DC), compliance coefficient (CC), and pulse wave velocity (PWV). SFRP5 level was lower in OSA patients than in non-snorers. Adiponectin correlated with CC, DC, and PWV among OSA patients; however, the relationship disappeared after a multivariable adjustment. Age was independently associated with all quantitative IMT and stiffness indices. AHI and minimum oxygen saturation (Mini SaO2) were independently related to arterial stiffness.Conclusion: The quantitative IMT and carotid arterial elasticity were significantly worse among OSA patients. Age was the main independent factor correlated with quantitative IMT and arterial stiffness, and AHI and mini SaO2 were associated factors. There were no relationships between aforementioned adipocytokines and quantitative IMT/carotid arterial stiffness.

Apelin Contributes to Chronic High‐Fat Diet Induced Vagal Dysfunction in Rats

Gastric accommodation response (GAR) is the change in the size of the gastric compartment in response to the ingested meal which is known to be mediated both by enteric and autonomic nervous system that substantially involves the vago‐vagal reflexive neurocircuitry. In addition to induce obesity, exposure to prolonged high‐fat diet (HFD) has been demonstrated to impair meal‐induced satiety signals in rodents. Apelin and APJ receptor exhibit a widespread distribution within central nervous system (CNS) including the autonomic centers regulating gastrointestinal (GI) functions. Besides CNS, apelin is expressed in adipose tissue, moreover, serum apelin levels were found significantly higher in obese humans. Administration of novel neuropeptide apelin has been shown to abolish autonomic and sensory vagal functions through APJ receptor in rats, however, the relevant mechanism remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate the role of central apelin in vagal dysfunction induced by HFD. Fourweek old male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed with HFD or control diet (60% and 13.5% energy by fat, respectively) for 12 weeks. The experiments were performed in fasted rats placed on stereotaxic frame under urethane anesthesia. Vagal trigon in the caudal part of the medulla was exposed by removing the atlanto‐occipital musculature and membranes. To evaluate GAR, intragastric pressure was gradually increased through a balloon catheter inserted in fundus which was inflated with 6 ml of prewarmed saline at a rate of 1 ml min−1. The pressure‐induced changes in gastric tone were monitored through a pair of strain gage transducers serosally implanted in corpus and fundus. Simultaneously, electrocardiography was recorded to assess sympatho‐vagal balance through heart rate variability (HRV). Low frequency (LF; 0.05–0.75 Hz) and high frequency (HF; 0.75–2.5 Hz) oscillatory components were quantified to monitor vagal outflow and sympatho‐vagal balance. After basal measurements, APJ receptor antagonist F13A (10 nmol/2μL) applied onto the surface of fourth ventricle following a recovery period for 60 min, the measurements then were repeated on the same animal. Compared with the rats consumed control diet, 12 weeks feeding of HFD significantly increased body weight and visceral adiposity, while remarkably blunting the intragastric pressure‐induced GAR both in fundus and corpus (p<0.05) (n=4). In control rats, increased intragastric pressure caused a significant reduction in vagal signaling (HF); whereas, sympatho‐vagal balance (LF:HF) was increased (p<0.05) (n=4). In contrast, these autonomic responses were substantially attenuated in HFD rats (p<0.05) (n=4). The HFD‐induced changes in GAR and HRV significantly attenuated by preadministration of F13A. The present data suggest that central endogenous apelin may play a role HDF‐induced vagal dysfunction. In conclusion, the apelinergic system, particularly in vagal neurocircuitry appears to be a potential pharmacological target for GI disorders related to obesity and autonomic dysfunction.Support or Funding InformationThe Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK; Research Program 1001, 217S644)

Correlation between Serum and Tissue Levels of Adipokines in Obesity in Adult Male Rats with and without Antioxidant

Abstract Background Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, type2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Apelin and chemerin are identified as adipokines and adipose tissue markers. Several adipose-derived peptides are known to influence food intake, including apelin, whose expression is regulated by insulin and chemerin. Oxidative stress thought to be involved in the development of complications associated with obesity. Objective To study the nature of correlation between serum and liver levels of apelin, chemerin and oxidative parameters in obese rats with and without antioxidant. Aiming to clarify the pathophysiology of obesity. Material and Methods Thirty adult male albino rats, divided into three equal groups. Group I (control), group II (obese) and group III (obese and Lepidium sativum (LS) as an antioxidants). At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for estimation of the serum levels of chemerin, apelin, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (IR), lipid profile, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition to tissue homogenous extracts of liver were taken for the levels of MDA, CAT, chemerin and apelin. Results After eight weeks, high fat diet group showed a significant increase in serum levels of apelin, chemerin, fasting glucose, insulin, IR, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) & MDA and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) & GSH. HFD also caused a significant increase in tissue levels of MDA, CAT & chemerin and a significant decrease in apelin, compared to control group. While addition of LS to HFD caused a significant decrease in serum levels of apelin, chemerin, fasting glucose, insulin, IR, TC, TG, LDL-C & MDA and a significant increase in HDL-C & GSH. LS also caused a significant decrease in tissue levels of MDA, chemerin & insignificant decrease in CAT and a significant increase in apelin, compared to HFD group. Conclusion This study showed a significant positive correlation between liver & serum chemerin and between liver and serum MDA. On the other hand, it showed a significant negative correlation between liver and serum apelin and liver CAT and serum GSH

The Association Between Serum Apelin-13 and the Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

While a number of studies have reported an association between apelin-13 and ischemic stroke, few have verified its clinical effect. We investigated the prognostic value of serum apelin-13 levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We prospectively recruited 244 AIS patients within 24h after stroke onset, and 167 healthy controls. We assessed the serum apelin-13 levels using ELISA, and the severity of AIS using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The primary outcomes included death or major disability (modified Rankin Scale score, 3-6) and major disability (modified Rankin Scale score, 3-5). Secondary outcomes included recurrent stroke and combined events (all-cause death, or cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events). We found that the serum apelin-13 levels in the patients (38.63ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 29.86-50.99)) were lower than those in the healthy controls (42.50ng/mL [IQR, 31.25-59.17]) (P = 0.017). Patients with a NIHSS score ≤ 3 had higher apelin-13 levels than those with a NIHSS score > 3 (P = 0.048). At the 3-month follow-up, multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated an association between apelin-13 and death or major disability (OR 0.31; 95% CI 0.11-0.86; P = 0.024) and major disability (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.11-0.90; P = 0.030). At the 1-year follow-up, the patients with high apelin-13 levels showed a lower incidence of stroke and combined events (Log-rank test P < 0.05). Our findings indicate that serum apelin-13 may be a potential prognostic biomarker for AIS.

Serum asymmetric-dimethylarginine, apelin and NT-pro BNP levels in dialysis patients.

The relationships among serum Apelin, Asymmetric- dimethylarginine (ADMA), N-terminal probrain natriureticpeptide (NT-proBNP) levels, and blood pressures in dialysis patients are not well known. Age and sex matched 30 hemodialysis (HD), 30 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and 20 healthy controls were recruited. Serum apelin-36, ADMA, NT-proBNP levels, and blood pressures of both patients and healthy controls were measured and compared. Serum ADMA and Apelin levels in HD patients were significantly higher than in PD patients. In multiple regression analyses the predictors of higher serum apelin levels were higher BMI, higher ADMA and lower systolic blood pressure. The predictors of serum ADMA levels were being on HD. The predictors of serum NT-proBNP levels were lower serum albumin and higher systolic blood pressure. Being on HD is a predictor of high ADMA levels. HD might be less effective on ADMA removal than PD. It seems that higher serum apelin levels related with lower sytolic blood pressure levels, whereas higher NT-proBNP levels related with higher sytolic blood pressure levels indicating potential roles as independent prognostic factors for systolic hypertension in dialysis patients.

Serum elabela and apelin levels during different stages of chronic kidney disease

Purpose The association of serum elabela (ELA) and apelin with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unknown. We determined if serum ELA and apelin levels were associated with CKD stage. Methods This observational study involved 60 CKD patients and 20 healthy, age-, race-, and gender-matched controls. The participants were grouped according to renal function as follows: normal control group, CKD1 group (stage-1 CKD, 20 patients), CKD3 group (stage-3 CKD, 20 patients), and CKD5 group (stage-5 CKD, 20 patients) in accordance with the Kidney Disease Outcomes – Quality Initiative criteria. We recorded the demographic, clinical, and biochemical data of all participants. Serum ELA and apelin levels were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Serum ELA levels gradually and significantly declined with decreases in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Serum ELA showed significant negative correlations with serum creatinine (r = −0.529, p < .001), blood urea nitrogen (r = −0.575, p < .001), systolic blood pressure (r = −0.455, p < .001), and diastolic blood pressure (r = −0.450, p < .001), and significant positive correlations with hemoglobin (r = 0.523, p < .001) and eGFR (r = 0.728, p < .001). Multiple regression analysis showed that eGFR independently influenced serum ELA levels. No significant association was found between serum apelin levels and CKD progression. Conclusion In CKD patients, serum ELA levels decreased with decreasing eGFR. This finding may provide a new target for the prediction, diagnosis, and staging of CKD.

Expression of apelin among the individuals of chronic periodontitis, with and without type ii diabetes mellitus: A study using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Background: This is the first study showing the co-relationship of apelin among chronic periodontitis (CP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). CP has an anti-inflammatory and anti-glycaemic role in our system. In the future, a localised therapeutic dose of apelin can be used to lower the severity of periodontal disease by reducing the inflammation. The objective of the present study is to investigate the levels of serum apelin from patients with CP, CP + T2DM, and healthy individuals. Materials and Methods: This study included 180 individuals that were equally divided into three groups. Group A consisted of healthy individuals, Group B with CP, and Group C with CP + T2DM. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and serum Apelin (AP) were measured. Serum apelin expression was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: The highest apelin was in CP + T2DM group (24.0 ± 3.78 ng/dl) followed by CP (15.4 ± 2.01 ng/dl) and healthy individuals (7.6 ± 1.18 ng/dl). There was a significant increase in serum apelin (P ≤ 0.05) in Group C individuals. Similarly, PPD was significantly increased in individuals with CP + T2DM. Conclusion: Expression of significant apelin in patients with CP and T2DM suggests a possible role for these adipokines in inflammation and glucose level regulation. In the future, it may be used as a therapeutic agent in curing periodontitis.

Evaluation of Serum Apelin-13 in Psoriasis Vulgaris Patients

Psoriasis is a chronic, T-cell mediated inflammatory skin disease with multifactorial etiology. Recent studies support the relation of psoriasis with obesity. Apelin-13 is a novel adipokine that is secreted from white adipose tissue and plays a role in T-cell immunity. In this study, it was aimed to investigate potential relationship between apelin-13 and psoriasis. Serum apelin-13 was measured in 60 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris and 30 healthy controls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum levels for apelin13 clinched alongside patients with psoriasis vulgaris might have been discovered on make higher over On solid controls (P

Serum Adropin and Apelin as Potential Markers PredictingAcute Heart Failure-associated Renal Dysfunction among Elderly Iraqi Patients

Serum Adropin and Apelin as Potential Markers PredictingAcute Heart Failure-associated Renal Dysfunction among Elderly Iraqi Patients

Magnesium Sulfate in combination with Nifedipine in the treatment of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension.

Objective:To investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (PIHS).Methods:Total 118 pregnant women with PIHS who were admitted to our hospital from April 2017 to June 2018 were randomly divided into control group (59 cases) and observation group (59 cases). The observation group was treated by magnesium sulfate in combination with nifedipine, while the control group was treated by magnesium sulfate. The therapeutic effect, serum leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), Apelin level, blood pressure, blood viscosity, urinary protein, S/D and Umbilical Artery Resistance Index (UARI) were compared between the two groups.Results:The effective rate of the observation group was 94.9%, higher than 83.1% of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The decrease level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the observation group was better than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The decrease of blood viscosity, urinary protein, S/D and UARI in the observation group was greater than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The improvement of serum LIF and Apelin levels in the observation group was better than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion:Magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine in the treatment of PIHS has a significant effect, which can effectively control edema, blood pressure, proteinuria and protect kidney. It is worth clinical promotion.

Magnesium Sulfate in combination with Nifedipine in the treatment of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension

Objective: To investigate the effect of magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (PIHS).&#x0D; Methods: Total 118 pregnant women with PIHS who were admitted to our hospital from April 2017 to June 2018 were randomly divided into control group (59 cases) and observation group (59 cases). The observation group was treated by magnesium sulfate in combination with nifedipine, while the control group was treated by magnesium sulfate. The therapeutic effect, serum leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), Apelin level, blood pressure, blood viscosity, urinary protein, S/D and Umbilical Artery Resistance Index (UARI) were compared between the two groups.&#x0D; Results: The effective rate of the observation group was 94.9%, higher than 83.1% of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05). The decrease level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the observation group was better than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05). The decrease of blood viscosity, urinary protein, S/D and UARI in the observation group was greater than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05). The improvement of serum LIF and Apelin levels in the observation group was better than that in the control group (P&lt;0.05), and the difference was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine in the treatment of PIHS has a significant effect, which can effectively control edema, blood pressure, proteinuria and protect kidney. It is worth clinical promotion.&#x0D; doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.1.706How to cite this:Xiang C, Zhou X, Zheng X. Magnesium Sulfate in combination with Nifedipine in the treatment of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(1):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.1.706&#x0D; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Does exercise-induced apelin affect sarcopenia? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

There have been a number of studies on the role of the novel protein apelin, identified in 1998, in improving muscular function and structure in various human organs, as well as on how it is involved in pathological processes. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effect of exercise on serum apelin levels to provide up-to-date data for the development of an exercise intervention for older adults. We searched for articles in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and EMBASE from database inception to May 31, 2019. To conduct a meta-analysis of the primary outcome (serum apelin level), we analyzed intervention effect sizes of the differences between the exercise group and control groups for the primary outcome measure at post-treatment. The outcomes were analyzed using Hedge's statistic effect size (Zr) for weight mean difference (WMD) from various statistical results, including t, F, x2, and r. A heterogeneity test was conducted using Higgin's I2 statistic and Q statistics (p > 0.10) via a forest plot. A fixed-effect model was considered if Higgin's I2 was less than 50%. If heterogeneity was high (I2 > 50%), a random-effects model with a subgroup analysis or meta-regression was used. A meta-analysis using nine studies showed that exercise could increase serum apelin levels, which was beneficial for such metabolic diseases as diabetes. In the subgroup analysis, the 50-60-year-old group showed significant effects of exercise. However, the BMI (normal, overweight, and obesity) categories failed to show any difference in exercise-induced effect. Further studies are needed to clarify in greater detail the effect of resistance exercise on apelin levels, including data on frequency, type, intensity, and time of aerobic exercise, to compare their effects on sarcopenia and cognitive disorders.

Association of serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin concentrations with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Omentin-1 is a novel adipokine with anti-inflammatory functions. Apelin is associated with hyperinsulinemia and pathological angiogenesis. Chemerin has both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions and implicated in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin concentrations and to investigate their association with the presence and severity of DR in T2DM patients. Serum omentin-1, apelin and chemerin were measured in 112 patients with DR and 56 patients without DR. Bivariate analysis showed omentin-1 correlated negatively with hsCRP and TyG index; while apelin correlated positively with chemerin. Linear regression data showed that apelin and chemerin were independent predictors of DR severity. ROC curve revealed that omentin-1 was the best discriminant for DR while apelin was the best discriminant for vision threatening retinopathy. Serum omentin-1 concentration correlates negatively, while serum apelin and chemerin concentrations correlate positively with DR presence and severity in T2DM patients.

The polymorphism of Apelin gene rs2235306 and serum Apelin level in breast cancer women in Samarra- Iraqi population

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer leading to death in women and the fifth type of cancer leading to death worldwide, The study was done on 59 women, including 20 non-breast cancer women as a control group, their ages ranged from (30-74years) and 39 women with breast cancer their ages ranged from (29-80years).The results showed significant increase (p ≤0.05) in the concentration of Apelin in women with BC compared with non-breast cancer women, This finding suggests that Apelin may promoted carcinogenesis. The result of Apelin rs2235306 polymorphism using T-ARMS-PCR technique show no difference in the allele frequencies between BC patients and control group, the results also show that there is no association of the observed genotypes (TT&amp;TC) with serum Apelin concentration in the studied Population. The result of the study suggest that the serum Apelin level can be independent of Apelin rs2235306 polymorphism which should be confirmed by further studies on larger populations.&#x0D; The aim: The aim of this study was to determine Apelin level in serum and apln rs2235306 polymorphism in breast cancer (BC) patients in Samarra city-Iraq.

Mechanism of KLF4 Protection against Acute Liver Injury via Inhibition of Apelin Signaling.

Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a key transcription factor that regulates genes involved in the proliferation or differentiation in different tissues. Apelin plays roles in cardiovascular functions, metabolic disease, and homeostatic disorder. However, the biological function of apelin in liver disease is still ongoing. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of KLF4-mediated protection against acute liver injury via the inhibition of the apelin signaling pathway. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4; 0.2 mL dissolved in 100 mL olive oil, 10 mL/kg) to establish an acute liver injury model. A KLF4 expression plasmid was injected through the tail vein 48 h before CCl4 treatment. In cultured LX-2 cells, pAd-KLF4 or siRNA KLF4 was overexpressed or knockdown, and the mRNA and protein levels of apelin were determined. The results showed that the apelin serum level in the CCl4-injected group was higher than that of control group, and the expression of apelin in the liver tissues was elevated while KLF4 expression was decreased in the CCl4-injected group compared to the KLF4-plasmid-injected group. HE staining revealed serious hepatocellular steatosis in the CCl4-injected mice, and KLF4 alleviated this steatosis in the mice injected with KLF4 plasmid. In vitro experiments showed that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) could downregulate the transcription and translation levels of apelin in LX-2 cells and also upregulate KLF4 mRNA and protein expression. RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the overexpression of KLF4 markedly decreased basal apelin expression, but knockdown of KLF4 restored apelin expression in TNF-α-treated LX-2 cells. These in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that KLF4 plays a key role in inhibiting hepatocellular steatosis in acute liver injury, and that its mechanism might be the inhibition of the apelin signaling pathway.

584 Apelin Association With Hepatic Fibrosis and Esophageal Varices in Chronic HCV Patients

INTRODUCTION: Portal hypertension (PH) and esophageal varices complicating HCV-related chronic liver disease (CLD) are the most devastating sequelae. Angiogenesis is the hallmark of their pathogenesis. Apelin is one of the recently identified angiogenic and fibrogenic peptides. We studied apelin gene expression, apelin (rs3761581) SNP and serum apelin level in chronic HCV patients, and their association with hepatic fibrosis and esophageal varices. METHODS: 112 patients with HCV related CLD (40 having liver cirrhosis (LC)/low grade varices, 33 with LC/high grade varices and 39 with fibrotic non-cirrhotic liver/no varices), and 80 healthy control subjects were included. Real time PCR was used for apelin gene expression assay and apelin rs3761581 SNP analysis in peripheral blood samples. Serum apelin level was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Apelin gene expression was undetectable in studied samples. SNP analysis revealed higher frequency of the C-(mutant)-allele among patients compared to controls (P = 0.012, odds ratio 3.67). Serum Apelin level was significantly higher in patients with hepatic cirrhosis/ varices (median 31.6 ng/L) compared to non-cirrhotic patients/ no varices (median 2.9 ng/L) (P &lt; 0.001). Serum apelin level at cut off value 16.55 ng/L predicted the presence of varices with AUROC 0.786. Positive correlation was found between serum apelin level and grade of liver fibrosis (r=0.346, P &lt; 0.001) and PH (r=0.438, P &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: Apelin rs3761581 C-allele may be associated with progression of HCV-related CLD and varices formation, and can be considered as a potential therapeutic target to control fibrosis progression. Serum apelin level provided accurate prediction of the presence of esophageal varices.

M27 AN INTEGRATIVE NETWORK-BASED ANALYSIS REVEALS GENE NETWORKS, BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, AND DRUG TARGETS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

An association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection have been shown by many studies. The present study investigated the role of vaspin and apelin and their association with biochemical, clinical and histopathological parameters in patients with CHC with and without diabetes in 40 patients (20 with CHC without diabetes and 20 CHC with diabetes) and 20 as controls. Our results showed that apelin increased significantly in CHC patients with diabetes (4.01 ± 1.40 ng/ml) and in CHC patients without diabetes (3.39 ± 1.37 ng/ml)compared to control group (1.84 ± 0.8 ng/ml). Vaspin showed significant decrease in CHC patients without diabetes (0.83 ± 0.20 ng/ml) than control group (1.14 ± 0.56 ng/ml). Vaspin significantly increased in CHC patients with diabetes(1.40 ± 0.31 ng/ml) in comparison with control group. Progressive fibrosis is associated with rise of both apelin and vaspin levels. We conclude that vaspin and apelin could be used as specific predictors for liver fibrosis in CHC patients with and without diabetes. Since serum apelin and vaspin significantly correlated with serum level of liver enzymes in CHC patients, this may emphasize the role of apelin and vaspin in the pathogenesis of this liver disease.

Evaluation of Apelin and Apelin Receptor Level in the Primary Tumor and Serum of Colorectal Cancer Patients.

Colorectal cancer is the second deadliest tumor, which has a positive correlation with obesity which led to increasing interest in the relationship between adipokines and cancer progression. Apelin is a secreted peptide involved in regulation of tumor progression and invasiveness. In this study, we examined apelin and apelin receptor expression level in colorectal cancer. Apelin, and its receptor mRNA, and protein expression levels were measured in tumor tissue of 56 surgically treated colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) patients. We also analyzed apelin and apelin receptor protein levels in sera of 56 CRC patients and 27 healthy controls. The mRNA and protein level of this peptide and its receptor was higher in tumors than that in control tissue. Serum levels of apelin and apelin receptor were increased in CRC patients in comparison to controls. The concentration of serum apelin level significantly increased in individuals with lymph node and distant metastasis. Obtained results suggest that apelin could be an important factor in progression of colorectal carcinoma.

Serum Apelin Levels in Cardiopulmonary Diseases

Serum Apelin Levels in Cardiopulmonary Diseases