Serotype Research Articles

The synthesis of the phosphate-bridged tetrasaccharide representing the repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Human Leukocyte Antigen-G: A Promising Prognostic Marker of Disease Progression to Improve the Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis.

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense can be diagnosed in the early hemolymphatic stage (stage 1 [S1]) or meningoencephalitic stage (stage 2 [S2]). Importantly, individuals harbouring high and specific antibody responses to Tbg antigens but negative parasitology are also diagnosed in the field (seropositive [SERO]). Whereas some develop the disease in the months following their initial diagnosis (SERO/HAT), others remain parasitologically negative for long periods (SERO) and are apparently able to control infection. Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-G, an immunosuppressive molecule, could play a critical role in this variability of progression between infection and disease. Soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) was measured in plasma for patients in the SERO (n = 65), SERO/HAT (n = 14), or HAT (n = 268) group and in cerebrospinal fluid for patients in S1 (n = 55), early S2 (n = 93), or late S2 (n = 110). Associations between these different statuses and the soluble level or genetic polymorphisms of HLA-G were explored. Plasma sHLA-G levels were significantly higher in HAT (P = 6 × 10-7) and SERO/HAT (P = .007) than SERO patients. No difference was observed between the SERO/HAT and HAT groups. Within the HAT group, specific haplotypes (HG010102 and HG0103) displayed increased frequencies in S1 (P = .013) and late S2 (P = .036), respectively. These results strongly suggest the involvement of HLA-G in HAT disease progression. Importantly, high plasma sHLA-G levels in SERO patients could be predictive of subsequent disease development and could represent a serological marker to help guide therapeutic decision making. Further studies are necessary to assess the predictive nature of HLA-G and to estimate both sensitivity and specificity.

Solid-state NMR assignment of MxiH (serotype 5a) T3SS needles

Solid-state NMR assignment of MxiH (serotype 5a) T3SS needles

Serotypes of HFMD-associated HEV-B species and genetic characteristics of the VP1 gene in coxsackievirus B2 and B5 strains isolated in Anyang area from 2011 to 2015

Objective To investigate the serotypes of human enterovirus B (HEV-B) species causing hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and to analyze the genetic characteristics of VP1 region in coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2) and coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) strains circulating in Anyang area during 2011 to 2015. Methods Real-time RT-PCR and semi-nested RT-PCR were performed to identify coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), enterovirus 71 (EV71) and other serotypes of enterovirus in order to obtain the complete etiologic composition of HFMD. The numbers of HEV-B serotypes and the percentages of specimens positive for every serotype in all enterovirus-positive specimens were calculated. As CVB2 and CVB5 were the predominant serotypes of HEV-B species, five pairs of primers targeting the VP1 regions of CVB2 and CVB5 were designed to obtain the complete nucleotide sequences of CVB2 and CVB5 VP1 regions. The phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the VP1 sequences obtained in this study and those submitted to GenBank by using MEGA7.0 and BioEdit7.2. The selection pressures on VP1 regions of CVB2 and CVB5 strains circulating in China in recent years were evaluated with the online program of DataMonkey. Results A total of 57 specimens that belonged to 14 serotypes of HEV-B species were detected in Anyang area from 2011 to 2015. The 14 serotypes of HEV-B species accounted for 56% of all serotypes of enterovirus and the specimens positive for HEV-B species accounted for 3.06% of all enterovirus-positive specimens. The HFMD cases caused by most of the HEV-B serotypes were sporadic cases. Small outbreaks of HFMD could also be caused by some serotypes of HEV-B such as CVB2 and CVB5. The complete sequences of VP1 region were obtained from 8 CVB2 strains and 9 CVB5 strains. The phylogenetic trees based on the VP1 sequences demonstrated that the CVB2 strains were classified into four genotypes (A-D). The mean evolutionary distances between different genotypes ranged from 0.191 to 0.208 and the similarities in nucleotide sequences ranged from 79.7% to 85.8%. The CVB5 strains were classified into 6 genotypes (A-F). The mean evolutionary distances and the similarities in nucleotide sequences between different genotypes of CVB5 strains ranged from 0.170 to 0.285 and 76.0% to 86.8%, respectively. Strains of different genotypes varied significantly in the residues on positons 157 and 263 in the VP1 region of CVB2 strains and on positions 75, 90 and 95 in the VP1 region of CVB5 strains. All of the CVB2 strains isolated in Anyang area belonged to D genotype and located intensively in one lineage. The CVB5 strains circulated in Anyang area belonged to F genotype and located in two lineages. The selection pressures on CVB2 strains of D genotype and CVB5 strains of F genotype circulating in China in recent years were 0.037 and 0.036, respectively. Six positively selected amino acid sites were found in the VP1 region of CVB5 strains, but no positively selected amino acid site was found in the VP1 region of CVB2 strains. Conclusion HEV-B species was an essential component of the etiologic spectrum of HFMD in Anyang area during 2011 to 2015, of which CVB5 and CVB2 were the predominant serotypes. The VP1 region of CVB5 was more complex and active than that of CVB2 over the course of evolution. Key words: Hand, foot and mouth disease; Enterovirus; Coxsackievirus B2; Coxsackievirus B5; Phylogenetic tree; Positive selection pressure

Surveillance for enteroviruses in healthy children in Yunnan Province from 2014 to 2015

Objective To investigate the enterovirus (EV)-carrying status and the circulating serotypes in healthy children from inner and border areas of Yunnan Province in 2014 and 2015 and to analyze the genetic characteristics of echovirus 6 (ECHO6), ECHO25 and ECHO11 strains. Methods Stool samples were collected from children less than 15 years old living in 6 to 7 counties of 3 inner prefectures/cities and 8 to 9 counties of border prefectures/cities. Altogether 921 samples were collected including 453 samples in 2014 (213 samples in inner counties and 240 samples in border counties) and 468 samples in 2015 (195 samples in inner counties and 273 samples in border counties). Viruses were isolated from the stool samples and their serotypes were identified by gene sequencing. Results The numbers of EV strains isolated from the samples collected in inner counties and border counties in 2014 were 20 (isolating rate: 9.39%, 20/213) and 16 (isolating rate: 6.67%, 16/240), respectively. The overall isolating rate for 2014 was 7.95% (36/453). The predominant species was enterovirus B, accounting for 88.89% of all isolated strains (32/36), followed by enterovirus A species (11.11%, 4/36). No strains of enterovirus species C (including poliovirus) and D was detected in 2014. In total, 46 EV strains were isolated in 2015 with an overall isolating rate of 9.83% (46/468), including 13 strains in inner counties (isolating rate: 6.67%, 13/195) and 33 strains in border counties (isolating rate: 12.09%, 33/273). Most of the strains were enterovirus B species, accounting for 78.26% (36/46), followed by enterovirus C species (19.57%, 9/46) and enterovirus A species (2.17%, 1/46). Altogether 82 EV strains were isolated in 2014 and 2015 with an isolating rate of 8.90% (82/921), of which 33 strains were isolated in inner counties (8.09%, 33/408) and 49 strains were isolated in border counties (9.55%, 49/513). Among the 82 EV strains, 9 strains were polioviruses (0.98%, 9/921) and all of them were Sabin-like polioviruses. The rest of the strains were non-polio enterovirus (7.93%, 73/921). Conclusion In 2014, the EV isolating rate in inner counties (9.39%) was higher than that in border counties (6.67%). However, the EV isolating rate in border counties (12.09%) was higher than that in inner counties (6.67%) in 2015. Enterovirus B was the predominant species in both 2014 and 2015. No wild type polioviruses and enterovirus D species were detected. Polio-free status was maintained well in Yunnan Province. Key words: Enterovirus; Healthy children; Border areas; Serotyping by gene sequencing

Opportunities and challenges for the development of dengue vaccine

Dengue virus (DENV) is an enveloped single positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family. It is the cause of dengue fever, life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are responsible for the wide transmission of DENV in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. Currently, there have been several dengue vaccines entering clinical trials, including the Sanofi Pasteur chimeric yellow fever dengue tetravalent vaccine (CYD), which has been licensed for use in some countries. However, CYD does not provide adequate protection against all four serotypes of DENV and induces severe dengue diseases in young and seronegative vaccine recipients. Therefore, a more efficacious dengue vaccine is still needed. Here, we reviewed the opportunities and challenges for the development of dengue vaccines. Key words: Dengue virus; Immunity; Vaccine; Sanofi Pasteur

Invasive meningococcal meningitis serogroup C outbreak in northwest Nigeria, 2015: third consecutive outbreak of a new strain

BACKGROUND In northwest Nigeria in 2013 and 2014, two sequential, localized outbreaks of meningitis were caused by a new strain of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (NmC). In 2015, an outbreak caused by the same novel NmC strain occurred over a wider geographical area, displaying different characteristics to the previous outbreaks. We describe cases treated by Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) in the 2015 outbreak. METHODS From February 10 to June 8, 2015, data on cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) cases and deaths were recorded on standardized line-lists from case management sites supported by MSF. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from suspected cases at the beginning of the outbreak and throughout from suspected cases from new geographical areas were tested using rapid Pastorex® latex agglutination to determine causative serogroup. A subset of CSF samples was also inoculated into Trans-Isolate medium for testing by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Oslo. Reactive vaccination campaigns with meningococcal ACWY polysaccharide vaccine targeted affected administrative wards. RESULTS A total of 6394 (65 confirmed and 6329 probable) cases of CSM including 321 deaths (case fatality rate: 5.0%) were recorded. The cumulative attack rate was 282 cases per 100,000 population in the wards affected. The outbreak lasted 17 weeks, affecting 1039 villages in 21 local government areas in three states (Kebbi, Sokoto, Niger). Pastorex® tests were NmC positive for 65 (58%) of 113 CSF samples. Of 31 Trans-Isolate medium samples, 26 (84%) tested positive for NmC (14 through culture and 12 through PCR); all had the same rare PorA type P1.21-15,16 as isolates from the 2013 and 2014 outbreaks. All 14 culture-positive samples yielded isolates of the same genotype (ST-10217 PorA type P1.21-15,16 and FetA type F1-7). More than 222,000 targeted individuals were vaccinated relatively early in the outbreak (administrative coverage estimates 98% and 89% in Kebbi and Sokoto, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The outbreak was the largest caused by NmC documented in Nigeria. Reactive vaccination in both states may have helped curtail the epidemic. A vaccination campaign against NmC with a long-lasting conjugate vaccine should be considered in the region.

Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis strains from male patients with urethritis in sexually transmitted disease clinic

Objective To investigate the serovar distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct)isolated from male patients with urethritis in sexually transmitted disease (STD)clinic. Methods Urine specimens were collected from male patients with urethritis in STD clinic at Hospital of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences between January 2013 and December 2013. Fluorescence-based quantitative PCR was performed to detect Ct DNA in these specimens. DNA was extracted from Ct-positive urine specimens, and nested PCR was conducted to amplify the VS1-VS2 regions of the outer membrane protein A (ompA)gene, followed by gene sequencing. The resulting sequences were aligned to reference sequences by the DNAStar5.0 software to determine Ct serovars. Results A total of 432 urine specimens were collected, and 33.1% (143/432)of them were positive for Ct. The VS1-VS2 regions of the ompA gene were amplified from 127 out of the 143 Ct-positive specimens, but not from the other 16 specimens. Nine serovars were identified by gene sequencing among the 127 specimens, including serovar E (29 strains, 22.83% ), F (28 strains, 22.05%), D (19 strains, 14.96%), G (16 strains, 12.60%), J (16 strains, 12.60%), K (8 strains, 6.30%), H (5 strains, 3.94%), I (3 strains, 2.36%)and B (3 strains, 2.36%), and Ct serovars E, F, D, J and G accounted for 85.02% among all the strains. Synonymous mutations were identified in 14 out of the 127 strains when compared with reference strains. Conclusions E, F, D and G serovars were the main Ct serovars in male patients with urethritis in STD clinic. The proportion of Ct serovar E strain was decreased, but that of serovar J strain was increased compared with 20 years ago. Key words: Chlamydia trachomatis; Urethritis; Genotyping techniques; Outpatients; Major outer membrane protein

Inhibitory effects of the Chlamydiaphage phiCPG1 capsid protein Vp1 on Chlamydia psittaci strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis and Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E

Objective To evaluate inhibitory effects of the Chlamydiaphage phiCPG1 capsid protein Vp1 on Chlamydia psittaci strain guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC)and Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct)serovar E, and to provide new ideas for the treatment of Ct infection. Methods The Chlamydiaphage phiCPG1 capsid protein Vp1 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 transfected with the recombinant plasmid Vp1-pET30a (+), identified by Western blot analysis and purified by using dialysis bags. Bicinchonininc acid (BCA)assay was performed to determine the concentration of Vp1 protein. GPIC and Ct serovar E strains were both classified into 4 groups to be firstly incubated with Vp1 protein (Vp1 group), Tris-glycine solution (Tris group), S protein (S group)or Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, DMEM group)at room temperature for 3 hours, then were used to infect Hela cells followed by 72-hour (GPIC) or 48-hour (Ct serovar E)culture with the presence of Vp1 protein (Vp1 group), Tris-glycine solution (Tris group), S protein (S group)or DMEM (DMEM group). Subsequently, immunofluorescence staining was conducted to observe and count chlamydial inclusions. Results The number of GPIC inclusions was significantly different between the 4 groups after 72-hour culture (F= 476.632, P 0.05). Compared with the DMEM group, the Vp1 group showed a significant decrease of 80.2%±3.99% and 77.2%±1.79% in the number of GPIC and Ct serovar E inclusions respectively, with no significant difference in the inhibitory effect of Vp1 on GPIC versus Ct serovar E (t = 2.057, P > 0.05). Conclusion The phiCPG1 capsid protein Vp1 can obviously inhibit GPIC and Ct serovar E infections to a similar degree. Key words: Chlamydia trachomatis; Chlamydia muridarum; Capsid proteins; Phages; Protein Vp1

Healthcare-Associated Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a highly contagious eye infection that often involves conjunctival inflammation with edema, lacrimation, a foreign body sensation, and light sensitivity. The causative organism is commonly a human adenovirus (H AdV); serotypes 8, 19, and 37 are the most frequent agents identified. On September 4, 2015, …

Salmonella Outbreak from Ingesting Pork

Distribution of food products from single processing facilities has led to foodborne infectious outbreaks involving large numbers of people in the past several decades. During June and July 2015, 22 clusters of gastroenteritis caused by one Salmonella serotype were investigated by the Seattle/King County and Washington State public health departments. Although this is the fifth most common …

Report of hypervirulent capsular serotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae clones groups with enhanced virulence and antimicrobial resistance

Objective To study the prevalence, virulence and antimicrobial resistance of some hypervirulent capsular serotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Methods Retrospective study. One hundred and seventy five Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from all specimens in our hospital from January to August 2014 were collected. All isolates were assessed for six hypervirulent capsular serotypes, sequence type, 8 virulence genes and 17 common antimicrobial resistance genes. Hypermucoviscosity phenotype (HM) of all strains was determined by string test. Virulence scores were compared between groups by Rank-sum test, while the rates of groups were compared by Chi-square test or Fisher exact test. Results Out of 175 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, the detection rate of hypervirulent capsular serotypes was 32.6%. The 57 isolates were divided into capsular serotype K1, K2, K5, K20, K54, and K57, accounting for 42.1%, 31.6%, 1.8%, 8.8%, 3.5%, and 12.3%, respectively. The virulence scores (number of virulence genes) P50 were 7, 5, 5, 5, 5.5, and 7, respectively. ST23 and ST29 isolates belonging to serotype K1 exhibited virulence genes up 8. The virulence scores of serotype K1 were significantly different from that of serotype non-K1 (U=48.500, P<0.01). Strains of K1-ST23 were the most common isolates, accounting for 24.6% of the overall isolates. The serotype K1 isolates exhibited lower antimicrobial resistance to 17 kinds of antimicrobials than non-K1 isolates. The positive rate of ESBLs-producing strains was 42.1%(24/57). The results of PCR showed that among the 57 strains of hypervirulent capsular serotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 30 were positive for blaSHV (accounting for 52.6%), 29 positive for blaTEM (accounting for 50.9%), 27 positive for blaCTX-M (accounting for 47.4%). The sequencing results were as follows: TEM-1, a variety of CTX-M and SHV. The positive rate of HM was 61.4%(35/57). In addition, there were 15 strains positive to the PMQR genes and 3 strains positive to the 16S rRNA methylases genes, accounting for 26.3%(15/57) and 5.3%(3/57), respectively. Conclusion It is important to pay attention to high prevalence of some hypervirulent capsular serotypes of Klebsiella pneumoniae conal groups with enhanced virulence and (or) antimicrobial resistance in our hospital.(Chin J Lab Med, 2015, 38: 286-290) Key words: Klebsiella pneumoniae; Virulence; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Retrospective Studies; Sequence Analysis

Prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes in adults ≥ 50 yrs of age

Prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes in adults ≥ 50 yrs of age

Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and comparison from healthy carriers

Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of invasive and non-invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and comparison from healthy carriers

Serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance among isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive pneumococcal disease in adults in Turkey: 2005-2015

Serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance among isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive pneumococcal disease in adults in Turkey: 2005-2015

Co-infections with multiple dengue virus serotypes in patients from 3 different Provinces of Sri Lanka, a dengue hyper endemic country

This is an open access article under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Emerging trends in the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of vibrio cholerae in North Karnataka

Background: Acute diarrhoea is the second most prevalent communicable disease and a fourth leading cause of death in India with 10762500 cases and 32218 deaths reported in 2013. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal illness caused by toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139. This study has been done with the aim of evaluating the serogroups, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, age and gender wise distribution of Vibrio cholerae isolates from cholera epidemics in Bidar and rural parts of north Karnataka, India during the years 2008 to 2015 till date. Methods & Materials: A total 500 stool samples of cholera outbreak from Year 2008 to 2015 till date were collected and processed at Department of Microbiology, Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bidar, Karnataka, India as per the routine microbiological investigations. The isolates were identified as Vibrio cholerae and confirmed by serological tests with Polyvalent O1, O139 and mono specific Ogawa and Inaba antisera. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done as per the CLSI guidelines. Results: Vibrio cholerae biotype ElTor, sero group O1 grown in 155 samples (31%). Among 155 isolates obtained, of which, 136 (87.74%) were belonged to Ogawa, 13 (8.3%) belonged to Inaba and 06 (03.8%) to Hikozima. The isolates showed Multi drug resistance to Ampicillin (81.93%), Nalidixic acid (66.45%) and Ofloxacin (32.90%) throughout the study period. And Vibrio cholerae isolates showed resistance to Ciprofloxacin (22.58%), Doxycycline (14.83%) and Tetracycline (16.77%) indicating development of resistance of V. Cholerae to the drugs which are commonly used to treat Cholera infection. The infection was predominant in male and among patients age between 0-10 years (26%). Conclusion: This is the first study conducted in the North Karnataka which reflects the importance of control and monitoring of V. cholerae by serogroup and antibiogram typing for policy makers and health professionals of this region as incidence of cholera increased year wise and changing trend in the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of V. cholerae was observed which is due to environmental factors and widespread use of antibiotics.

Virological Perspectives and Characterization of Seasonal Influenza B Viruses in Mumbai

Acute respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses are major life-threatening infections affecting the global population. Information on influenza viruses in Mumbai region in India is limited. With an estimated population above one crore, it becomes imperative to identify the predominant circulating strains, seasonal evolution, epidemiology and impact of influenza virus infection on the public health of Mumbai. The present study is aimed to isolate and identify the prevalent influenza B virus strains circulating in the Mumbai region. Virological analysis of 482 throat and nasal samples from patients presenting with suspected influenza-like illness was conducted from January to December 2012 at a research institute in Mumbai. Isolation of positive influenza B samples was performed on Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line. The isolates were further characterized by hemagglutination inhibition assay and one-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Among all the specimens tested, 71% were positive for influenza virus. The positivity for influenza B virus, influenza A (H1N1) pdm 09 and seasonal influenza A virus was 38%, 22% and 11% respectively. Of the 80 influenza B specimens cultured on MDCK, virus was isolated from 38 (48%) samples. Influenza B/Wisconsin/1/2010-like serotype belonging to the B/Yamagata/18/88 lineage was the predominant serotype identified. Influenza was a significant public health concern in the Mumbai region during the study period. Young children were the most affected age group. The study data generated will help understand the epidemiology of the disease in the Mumbai region as well as generate information for global influenza surveillance.

HOMOLOGY MODELING AND TOPOLOGY PREDICTION OF TBP1IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS

Neisseria meningitidis, an obligate human pathogen, is the most common cause of pyogenic meningitis worldwide, and is the only bacterium capable of generating outbreaks of bacterial meningitis. It also causes overwhelming meningococcal septicaemia that can kill within hours of the appearance of the first symptoms. Production of a cross-protective vaccine capable of generating long-lasting immunity against the disease among infants and older age groups is still a high priority worldwide.An ideal meningococcal vaccine should be safe; offer long-lasting immunity to all age groups; cross-protect against all meningo- coccalserogroups, serotypes and serosub types; be given orally or nasally; and be easily incorporated into the WHO Expanded Program on Immunisation. These include constitutively expressed and environmentally regulated OMPs. Most investigations on bacterial pathogens, including N. meningitides, are with organisms grown in vitro under conditions that do not necessarily reflect those in vivo. This is likely to give, at best, only a partial picture of bacterial characteristics associated with virulence and with immune responses importantfor protection. . Here we describe the topology and 3D structure of a novel antigen which was discovered by mining the bacterial genome and that is very effective in inducing bactericidal antibodies. This antigen is a very good candidate for inclusion in universal vaccines against N.meningitidis

IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONALLY AND STRUCTURALLY IMPORTANT RESIDUES OF OUTER MEMBRANE PROTEIN P1 IN HAEMOPHILUSINFLUENZAE

Haemophilusinfluenzae (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae) is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic pathogenic bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family. The presence of the capsule in encapsulated type b (Hib), a serotype causing conditions such as epiglottitis, is known to be a major factor in virulence. Their capsule allows them to resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis in the nonimmune host. The unencapsulated strains are almost always less invasive. Haemophilusinfluenzae infections cause some severe and fatal, especially in children such as meningitis and epiglottitis. The property of an antigen to bind specifically complementary antibodies is known as the antigen’s antigenicity; likewise, the ability of an antigen to induce an immune response is called its immunogenicity. Attempts should be made to discover peptides that could mimic protein epitopes and possess the same immunogenicity as the whole protein. Subsequently, theoretical methods for epitope prediction have been developed leading to synthesis of such peptides that are important for development of immunodiagnostic tests and vaccines. The present study was designed to in silico resolving the major obstacles in the control or in prevention of the diseases caused by Haemophilusinfluenzae . We exploitedbioinformatic tools to better understanding and characterizing the Outer Membrane Protein P1 structure in Haemophilusinfluenzae and select appropriate regions as effectiveB cell epitops.