Series Parallel Resonant Research Articles

DGS Dual Composite Right/LeftHanded Transmission Line

The planar dual composite right/left-handed transmission line (D-CRLH TL) using a defected ground structure (DGS) and stub with rectangular patch is presented. The required series parallel resonance tank and shunt series resonance tank for the D-CRLH TL are provided by DGS and stub with rectangular patch, respectively. Its equivalent circuit is provided to analyze D-CRLH TL. The characteristics such as dispersion relation and frequency response of D-CRLH TL are analyzed by circuit analysis, Bloch-Floquet theory, and full wave simulation. The measured results of dispersion curves and frequency behaviors have good agreements with theory. Finally, it is shown that compact multiband resonator using proposed D-CRLH TL can be realized.

Analysis of a class E power amplifier with series-parallel resonator

The authors propose new class E power amplifier configuration with an equivalent series-parallel resonator network. The boundary conditions for the 100% efficiency operations are analysed under the conditions that the duty ratio is 0.5 and the loaded quality factor is infinite. If the DC supply voltage and the output power are assumed the same, the load resistance R is 53.65% higher, the excess series inductance Lx is 3.99% lower and the maximum frequency fmax is improved by 6.47% compared with the conventional class E amplifier. The theoretical analysis is verified by numerical results and harmonic balance simulations. And a lumped element test board is built and measured at 200 MHz utilising a Lateral Double Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor (LDMOS) transistor MRF21010 as the switching device. An output power of 33.03 dBm, a drain efficiency of 85.6% and a gain of 16 dB are measured. The approximate transmission-line topology with harmonics suppression is also proposed.

System efficiency of a DC/DC converter‐based wind farm

AbstractIn this paper, three DC/DC converter topologies are evaluated from an energy efficiency point of view regarding their suitability for the application in a DC wind farm grid. The three investigated topologies are the fullbridge (FB) converter, the single active bridge (SAB) converter and the series parallel resonant (LCC) converter. The energy efficiency of the three converter topologies is evaluated for different control strategies. It is found that the LCC and FB converters have the lowest losses of the three topologies. It is also shown that the wide range of operation creates problems for all three converters. The SAB converter has the largest increase in losses caused by the wide range of operation. The FB converter also has an increase in losses for this variable operating range, whereas the LCC converter has large stresses for the input and output filters. By considering some further factors, such as the contribution to the energy production cost, the design and the control of the converters, the FB converter is found to be a suitable choice for wind farm application. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Modeling and Digital Control of a Phase-Controlled Series–Parallel Resonant Converter

A nonlinear model for a phase-controlled series-parallel resonant converter is developed using the extended describing function method and d-q decomposition. The model is linearized and reduced using the balanced model reduction technique. Based on the reduced model and taking into account the zero-order hold delay and the computation delay in the sampled-data system, a digital controller for the converter is designed. The controller is implemented with a digital signal processor (DSP). The closed-loop converter with the DSP controller is built and tested experimentally. Recorded transient waveforms show that the closed-loop converter is capable of not only responding to the reference input change as required by the design specifications, but also stabilizing the output effectively under disturbances from both the output and the input

Novel VCO Architecture Using Series Above-IC FBAR and Parallel LC Resonance

A quasi-monolithic voltage-tunable film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) enhanced oscillator for 2.1 GHz in 0.25- <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$muhbox m$</tex> SiGe BiCMOS technology is designed, fabricated, and evaluated. The narrow-band FBAR was built above the SiGe circuit through later Si post-processing steps. The oscillator is based on a two-transistor loop structure and uses two resonators, namely a parallel LC tank and an above-IC FBAR in its series-resonant mode. The improvement in phase noise performance is significant compared to a similar reference LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), with the best phase noise being <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$- hbox144.1~dBc/Hz$</tex> at an offset of 1 MHz and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$- hbox149.6~dBc/Hz$</tex> at 3 MHz. The architecture offers advantages in overcoming frequency tuning difficulties usually present when using high- <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$Q$</tex> resonators. Although the width of the tuning range comes at some cost on phase noise, the measured performance satisfies contemporary wireless standards such as GPS.

非接触給電装置の受電器における直列共振と並列共振の比較

非接触給電装置の受電器における直列共振と並列共振の比較

Experimental study of a large-current-capacity magnet composed of HTS pancake coils

We have been investigating a superconducting fault current limiter (FCL) by series–parallel resonance LC circuit. Decreasing AC loss requires a superconducting reactor. There are two methods to increase the current capacity of a superconducting reactor that is composed of HTS pancake coils. One method involves the use of a toroidal magnet with symmetrically located pancake coils, and the other method involves the use of pancake coils that are composed of n-parallel strands. We constructed a two-parallel pancake coil and a toroidal magnet of 12 pancake coils. The magnetic field distributions of the two-parallel pancake coil and the three-parallel toroidal magnet are shown in the present paper. In addition, we investigated techniques for constructing a large-current-capacity magnet.

Suitability of PZT ceramics for mass sensors versus widespread used quartz crystals

Two piezoelectric materials, quartz and ceramic (PZT), were evaluated as mass sensors. Quartz crystals (polished and unpolished) and one ceramic (Nb–Mn–PZT) were used to detect and quantify fructose in aqueous solutions and s-butylamine in vapour. The frequencies at minimum impedance (fn), maximum impedance (fm), series resonance frequency (fs) and parallel resonance frequency (fp) were monitored. Sensitivities of the devices to the chemical compounds are compared and related to the observed changes of the electrical parameters of the equivalent circuit. Roughness of the surface of the discs (ceramic and quartz crystals) and electrodes were measured and their influence in the observed frequency responses discussed.

Analysis, design, and experimental results of an integrated electronic ballast based on the half-bridge structure

This paper presents the analysis, design, and experimental results of a new integrated electronic ballast based on the half-bridge boost rectifier followed by the half-bridge series resonant parallel loaded inverter. The electronic ballast features a high power factor and low harmonics input current. The involved converters share the power switches, reducing costs significantly. The input stage of the ballast works in discontinuous inductor current mode with constant duty cycle and variable switching frequency. It is important to maintain this operating condition in order to get a high power factor. Integrating the power stages results in higher complexity in the control design because a close relationship still exists between the power stages. Within the paper, the operating characteristic is established in order to obtain a design method for the ballast. The obtained method is used to design a laboratory prototype for a 26-watt fluorescent lamp. Some experimental results are included.

A comparison of UPS for powering hybrid fiber/coaxial networks

Four distinct uninterruptible power supply topologies are presented here for powering hybrid fiber/coaxial (HFC) networks. Topologies based on a low frequency isolation transformer are found to have better efficiency than the topologies with high frequency transformer. However, the latter topologies have much better performance in terms of transient response, quality of the output voltage, input power factor, total harmonic distortion of the input current, size and weight. The series-parallel resonant based UPS topology is found to have best overall performance for the emerging HFC applications.

AlN-based film bulk acoustic resonator devices with W/SiO2 multilayers reflector for rf bandpass filter application

In this article, a reactively sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric film and its application for a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) device are presented. The FBAR is composed of an AlN film sandwiched between top aluminum (Al) and bottom gold (Au) electrodes and an acoustic reflector block of SiO2/W stacked multilayers. Both the top and bottom electrodes are connected by a transmission line. The insertion loss (S21) and return loss (S11) were 6.1 and 37.19 dB, respectively. Using the empirical definition technique, the series resonance frequency (fs) and parallel resonance frequency (fp) were found to be 1.976 and 2.005 GHz, respectively. Based on these findings, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient (Keff2) and the quality factor (Q) were also obtained as 3.53% and 4261, respectively.

A fuzzy-logic-controlled single-stage converter for PV-powered lighting system applications

This paper presents a fuzzy-logic-controlled single-stage power converter (SSC) for photovoltaic (PV)-powered lighting system applications. The SSC is the integration of a bidirectional buck-boost charger/discharger and a class-D series resonant parallel loaded inverter. The designed fuzzy logic controller (FLC) can control both the charging and discharging current, and can improve its dynamic and steady-state performance. Furthermore, a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) based on a perturb-and-observe method is also realized to effectively draw power from PV arrays. Both the FLC and the MPPT are implemented on a single-chip microprocessor. Simulated and experimental results obtained from the proposed circuit with an FLC have verified the adaptivity, robustness and feasibility.

Single-stage converters for PV lighting systems with MPPT and energy backup

Single-stage converters (SSCs) are proposed for applications of photovoltaic powered lighting system (PPLS). The synchronous switch technique is employed to develop the SSCs which can fulfill maximum power point tracking (MPPT), battery charging, discharging, and lamp ballasting features. Several typical SSCs are discussed. One of the proposed SSCs, which is the integration of a buck-boost charger/discharger and a class-D series resonant parallel loaded inverter, is analyzed and designed into a PPLS. Both pulsewidth modulation (PWM) and variable-frequency controls are used to govern the system operation. The controller is implemented on a single-chip microprocessor. Simulated and experimental results of the proposed system for driving up to sixteen GE TBX 26 W fluorescent lamps are used to verify the theoretical prediction and feasibility. The proposed system has a simple configuration, as well as a zero voltage switching (ZVS) feature, and can achieve the same functions as those in conventional systems when abrupt insolation changes do not occur frequently. These result in the inherent merits of lower cost, more compact size and possibly achieving higher reliability over conventional systems.

Electromechanical coupling constant extraction of thin-film piezoelectric materials using a bulk acoustic wave resonator

Thin-film piezoelectric materials such as ZnO and AlN have great potential for on-chip devices such as filters, actuators and sensors. The electromechanical coupling constant is an important material parameter which determines the piezoelectric response of these films. This paper presents a technique based on the Butterworth Van-Dyke (BVD) model which, together with a simple one-mask over-moded resonator, can be used to extract the bulk, one-dimensional electromechanical coupling constant K(2) of any piezoelectrically active thin-film. The BVD model is used to explicitly define the series resonance, parallel resonance, and quality factor Q of any given resonating mode. Common methods of defining the series resonance, parallel resonance, and Q are shown to be inaccurate for low coupling, lossy resonators such as the over-moded resonator. Specifically, an electromechanical coupling constant K(2) of (2.6+/-0.1)% was measured for an (002) c-axis textured AlN film with an X-ray diffraction rocking curve of 7.5 degrees using the BVD based extraction technique.

Effect of mode inertia on the analysis of torsional dynamics in series capacitor compensated power systems

The accuracy of mode inertia, determined from manufacturer supplied turbogenerator mechanical data is not well established, but some studies suggest that in certain cases appreciable error may exist. This paper considers the effect of errors in mode inertia values on the prediction of torsional oscillation damping in series capacitor compensated power systems. Both series resonance and parallel resonance are considered using two different test networks from the IEEE Benchmark Models for Subsynchronous Resonance. The results show that, for parallel resonance, mode inertia error does not have a large affect on torsional damping predictions. However, for series resonance, mode inertia error can cause significant error in the prediction of damping for some modes, thus affecting conclusions about the maximum safe amount of series compensation in a network.

Two new methods of accelerating electric motors automatically

The first of the two methods discussed in this paper is particularly applicable to a-c slip-ring motors. Series-resonance circuits responsive to the variation in rotor frequency with motor speed provide a means of accelerating the motor automatically, while a series-parallel resonance circuit similarly connected to the rotor can be used to protect the motor when “plugged” or suddenly reversed. The sensitive response of the latter circuit within a narrow frequency range makes possible its use as a “zero-speed” switch.

Two New Methods of Accelerating Electric Motors Automatically

The first of the two methods discussed in this paper is particularly applicable to a-c slip-ring motors. Seriesresonance circuits responsive to the variation in rotor frequency with motor speed provide a means of accelerating the motor automatically, while a series-parallel resonance circuit similarly connected to the rotor can be used to protect the motor when ``plugged'' or suddenly reversed. The sensitive response of the latter circuit within a narrow frequency range makes possible its use as a ``zero-speed'' switch. The second method has a more general application in that it can be used with any type of motor. A neon tube timing circuit measures the time intervals between the closures of accelerating contactors. One ``timer'' can be used for all steps of acceleration, with or without separate time adjustment. For a-c motor control, the introduction of a current transformer and a rectifying circuit makes possible the obtaining of time intervals which are increased automatically with increase in motor load. Such a scheme is often referred to as ``time-current'' acceleration in order to distinguish it from ``constant-time'' acceleration where the time interval is independent of the load.