Series Of Organic Solvents Research Articles

Synthesis, Solvatochromism and Estimation of Ground and Excited State Dipole Moments of Silylated Benzothiazole Dyes.

Dyes derived from benzothiazoles are an important class of heterocycles which have remarkable photophysical properties. New photoluminescent 2-phenylbenzothiazole derivatives containing different functional groups were synthesized in high yields and used for silylated derivatives synthesis. The new photoactive compounds were fully characterized and their photophysical properties were investigated. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of the benzothiazoles and their silylated derivatives were evaluated in a series of organic solvents. The results showed that the benzothiazoles present absorption in the ultraviolet range and emission in the blue region with moderate quantum yields and large Stokes shift. The solvatochromism of these compounds was investigated by using Lippert and ET(30) Dimroth-Reichardt empirical solvent polarity scales. The dipole moments obtained by Bakshiev and Kawaski-Chamma-Viallet equations revealed that the excited states were more polar than the ground states.

Solvatochromism and ZINDO-IEFPCM solvation study on NHS ester activated AF514 and AF532 dyes: Evaluation of the dipole moments

In this study, the solvatochromic effect on the photophysical properties of Alexa Fluor 514 (AF514) and Alexa Fluor 532 (AF532) fluorescent dyes is examined experimentally and computationally. To explore the solvatochromism and dipole moments, the steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dyes were measured in a series of organic solvents. Various solvent correlation models, like Bilot-Kawski, Lippert-Mataga, Bakhshiev, Kawski-Chamma-Viallet, and Reichardt microscopic solvent polarity parameters, were adapted to determine the dipole moments in their ground and excited states. For the computational investigation, the ground and excited-state geometries are optimized using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), respectively, in vacuum. Furthermore, semiempirical ZINDO with the IEF-PCM model is used to evaluate the absorption transition energies of these dyes, which are comparatively studied in various solvent polarity along with experimental data. Additionally, the highest occupied molecular orbital energies (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies (LUMO), chemical softness, chemical hardness, energy gap, chemical potential, electronegativity, and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) were estimated using DFT calculations at the CAM-B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level, in gas phase. The experimental and computational results reveal that the singlet excited state dipole moment is greater than that of the ground state for the molecules considered. The angle between ground- and singlet excited-state dipole moments are found to be 0.50 and 0.49° making them almost parallel to each other. The natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) has been employed to investigate the stability of the molecule, inter- and intra-hyper-conjugative interactions and charge delocalization within the molecule.

Two-Dimensional MFI Zeolite Nanosheets Exfoliated by Surfactant Assisted Solution Process

Two-dimensional (2D) zeolite nanosheets are important for the synthesis of high flux zeolite membranes due to their lateral size in a preferred orientation. A way to obtain 2D zeolite nanosheets is to exfoliate interlocked structures generated during the hydrothermal synthesis. The mechanical and polymer assisted exfoliation process leads to mechanical damage in nanosheets and short lateral size. In the present study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was introduced as an exfoliation agent and dispersant, so that multilamellar interlocked silicalite-1 zeolite nanosheets successfully exfoliated into a large lateral size (individual nanosheets 500~1200 nm). The good exfoliation behavior was due to the strong penetration of PVP into multilamellar nanosheets. Sonication assisted by mild milling helps PVP molecules to penetrate through the lamellar structure, contributing to the expansion of the distance between adjacent layers and thus decreasing the interactions between each layer. In addition, the stability of exfoliated nanosheets was evaluated with a series of organic solvents. The exfoliated nanosheets were well dispersed in n-butanol and stable for 30 days. Therefore, the PVP-assisted solution-based exfoliation process provides high aspect ratio MFI zeolite nanosheets in organic solvents for a long period.

Solvent effect on C60 tris-acid solubility: Light scattering, spectroscopic, electrochemical and computational studies

Fulleropyrrolidine tris-acid (CPTA) has a wide scope of applications, therefore, we study its solubility in the series of organic solvents and aqueous solutions in a full pH range. Since the solubility, primarily depends on the physicochemical properties of the solute and the solvent but also varies due to the change of the external factors like temperature or pressure we utilize complex experimental techniques (light scattering, UV–Vis spectroscopy, electrochemistry) along with density functional theory (DFT) based calculations. Our results provide a deep understanding of the CPTA solubility based on the CPTA–solvent, CPTA–CPTA and solvent–solvent interactions. Our studies show a distinct solubility of CPTA in DMF, DMSO and THF. In water (pH > 11) CPTA exists in stable colloidal solutions.

An insight into cyclocurcumin cis–trans isomerization: Kinetics in solution and in the presence of silver nanoparticles

Cyclocurcumin (CyCUR) is a non-diarylheptanoid curcuminoid characterized by an α,β-unsaturated dihydropyranone moiety generally existing as trans isomer in the ground state but able to convert into the cis form by photoisomerization. Herein the kinetics of thermal cis–trans isomerization of cyclocurcumin was spectroscopically determined in ethanol, pure water and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) aqueous solution. Energetic parameters were calculated by Arrhenius and Eyring plots in the temperature range 294–314 K. The presence of AgNPs increases the rate of the reaction, according to the polarizability of the environment. The solvatochromism of cyclocurcumin was also studied by using the Catalán empirical solvent parameters scale in a series of organic solvents. The bathochromic shift of CyCUR suggests that polarizability of the medium plays the major role in the investigated conditions.

In Situ Growth of Lithiophilic MOF Layer Enabling Dendrite-free Lithium Deposition.

SummaryLithium metal batteries have recently emerged as alternative energy storage systems beyond lithium-ion batteries. However, before this kind of batteries can become a viable technology, the critical issues of the Li anodes, like dendrites growth and low Coulombic efficiency (CE), need to be conquered. Herein, lithiophilic Cu-metal-organic framework thin layer (Cu-MOF TL) is in situ grown on the surface of Cu foil by a facile immersion strategy to construct a multifunctional current collector. Profiting from the high electrical conductivity and unique porous structure, the Cu-MOF TL with high affinity to electrolyte can provide uniform nucleation sites and promote homogeneous Li+ flux, as a result, radically restrain the Li dendrite growth, leading to stable Li plating/striping behaviors. The modified current collector enables Li plating/stripping with a prominent CE (∼97.1%) and a stable lifetime (∼2500 h). Importantly, the synthesis method can be easily large-scale production in a series of organic solvents.

Highly transparent and flexible surface modified chitin nanofibers reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites: Mechanical, thermal and optical studies

Surface modified chitin nanofibers (SMCNFs) were easily prepared by reacting chitin powder with dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) and mechanical treatment. The resulted SMCNFs were homogenously dispersed in a series of organic solvents since more hydrophobic group was introduced on the surface of chitin nanofibers. Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/SMCNFs nanocomposite films were prepared by simple solution casting method. The homogenous dispersion of the SMCNFs in the PMMA matrix was facilitated, due to the presence of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between the nanofillers and the PMMA matrix. Thus, PMMA/SMCNFs nanocomposite films shown high optical transparency, which were nearly the same as the transmittance of the neat PMMA film. Tensile testing results revealed that, inclusion of SMCNFs in the PMMA matrix yielding a more fracture strain and tougher films than the neat PMMA film. Thermal analysis of the neat PMMA and nanocomposite films demonstrated that, the thermal stability of PMMA was significantly enhanced upon inclusion of SMCNFs. The remarkable reinforcement effect of SMCNFs in enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of PMMA without altering its transparency was resulted from their crystallinity, high aspect ratio, and homogenous dispersibility in the DMF solvent and PMMA polymer matrix.

Partitioned Extracts ofBauhinia championiiInduce G0/G1Phase Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells

Bauhinia championii (Benth.) is one of the commonly used herbs in Taiwan. The stem of this plant has been used to treat epigastria pain and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the antitumor activities of this herb have never been reported. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of anticancer activity of the extracts from B. championii (BC). BC was fractionated with a series of organic solvents, including n-hexane (H), ethyl acetate (EA), 1-butanol (B), and water (W). We first investigated the effects of BC-H, BC-EA, BC-B and BC-W partitioned fraction on cell viability. In HCT 116 colon cancer cell lines, BC-EA showed the highest inhibition of cell viability and changed the morphology of cells. With dose- and time-dependent manners, BC-EA inhibited the proliferation of HCT 116 cells by inducing apoptosis and G0/G1 phase arrest of cell cycle. To determine the underlying mechanisms, down-regulated CDK2, Cyclin D, and Cyclin E and up-regulated p16, p21, and p53 may account for the cell cycle arrest, while the apoptotic effect of BC-EA may attribute to increased intracellular Ca, loss of mitochondria membrane potential (), increase of Bax, Bak, puma, and AIF, and decrease of Bcl-2. Furthermore, the inactivation of Ras signaling pathway by BC-EA also contributed to its apoptotic effect on HCT 116. Our study demonstrates that BC-EA not only inhibits cell growth but also induces apoptosis through inhibiting Ras signal pathway and increasing p53 expression levels. We suggest that BC-EA may be a new dietary supplement and a useful tool to search for therapeutic candidates against colon cancer.

Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds

The effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemical compounds in bean seeds was studied. Seed flour of three varieties of bean was extracted in a series of organic solvents with increasing polarity (n-hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone and water). Preliminary screening of phytochemicals showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthocyanins, terpenoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and reducing compounds in all extracts. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of results showed that extraction yield, phytochemical content and antioxidant properties were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the polarity of extracting solvents. The regression analysis of data showed polarity-dependent second order polynomial variations in the extraction yield, phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, reducing properties and free radical scavenging activity of each variety. Extraction in highly polar solvents resulted in high extract yield but low phenolic and flavonoid content as compared to non-polar ones. The polarity-dependent increase in total antioxidant activity and reducing properties indicates the extraction of strong antioxidant compounds in polar solvents. The study suggests the use of a combination of polar and nonpolar solvents to increase the extraction efficiency of phytochemicals with good antioxidant quality from the bean and other legume seeds.

Biodesulfurization of high sulfur coal from Shanxi: Optimization of the desulfurization parameters of three kinds of bacteria

ABSTRACT This study mainly combines single factor experiment with orthogonal experiment to systematically investigate the effects of particle size, inoculum amount, pH value of the medium, ultrasonication time and species of surfactant on biodesulfurization of the high sulfur coal from Shanxi by using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida. The results revealed that the dominant strain was Pseudomonas putida which attained 58.23% of total sulfur removal during 10 days at the particle size of -125 + 75 μm, pH of 6.0, inoculum amount of 25 mL, ultrasonication time of 60 mins and Tween 80 concentration of 0.1%. Analysis of raw coal and biotreated coal by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated a modification of the coal structure after biodesulfurization. The curves of thermogravimetry (TG) for raw coal and biotreated coal also showed that the temperature of the coal pyrolysis significantly reduced, which meant that the thermal stability of the coal after biodesulfurization was lowered than raw coal. And the energy value of coal was not affected in the biodesulfurization process. After treatment with Pseudomonas putida, its calorific value only increased from 6308 cal/g to 6326 cal/g. Liquid products after biodesulfurization were extracted with a series of organic solvents, and each extract was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), indicating the presence of sulfur-containing organic compounds in the liquid phase product. Ultimately, following these characterization results, the desulfurization mechanisms of all three bacteria were derived.

Multicolor emissive carbon dot with solvatochromic behavior across the entire visible spectrum

Carbon dots (CDs) are a new class in carbonaceous family and have instigated remarkable research interests over the past decade both from fundamental and technological point of view due to its astonishing photoluminescence (PL) property, though the underlying PL mechanisms for CD are strongly disputed. Herein, we have synthesized nitrogen functionalized CDs (N-CDs) utilizing a facile and one-step hydrothermal approach. The synthesized CDs exhibit excellent solubility in a series of organic solvents and we have extensively investigated the CD-solvent interactions to understand the solvatochromic behavior of CDs which have hardly been studied. Our CDs show excitation wavelength and solvent dependent PL across nearly the entire visible spectrum without compromising the PL quantum yield (CD shows high quantum yield for both blue and red region in some selected solvents). The origin and spectral shift of PL property in different solvents are also thoroughly studied. These observations suggest that the hydrogen bonding between N-CDs and protic solvents is the primary driving force in controlling the PL in the system whereas both dipolar interaction and hydrogen bond acceptance basicity (β) of aprotic.solvents are to be counted for the irregular PL behavior of CDs. Interestingly, the CD-polymer solutions also provide better quantum yield compare to the bare CD which suggests that by monitoring the interaction between CD and polymer in different solvents we can tune the PL property of CD which can find potential applications in diverse fields.

Synthesis, structural/photophysical characterization and theoretical investigations with new β-pyridinium/quinolinium and β-bromine substituted bis(1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol dyes that display large Stokes shifts

An efficient 3-step procedure for the synthesis of novel β-pyridinium/quinolinium/bromine-substituted bis(1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid)trimethine oxonol dyes was developed that involves a simple triethylamine-promoted condensation of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid with preformed vinamidinium salts. 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and mass spectral data confirmed the structures of the dyes. Solutions of the dyes in CH3CN exhibited absorption and fluorescence emission maxima in the range of 467–480 nm and 531–712 nm, respectively, identifying that the dyes show unusually large Stokes shifts (~230 nm). Investigating the photophysical properties of dye 3a in a series of organic solvents with different polarity confirmed intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Optimized geometries of the synthesized dyes in the ground state calculated using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) theory level identified that planar cis and trans configurations were preferred for the pyridinium/quinolinium and bromine substituted dyes, respectively. TD-DFT calculations on the dye excited state structures identified that rotation of the bulky pyridinium substituents during relaxation is responsible for the large Stokes shift. The unique properties of the dyes suggest they could find use as fluorescent visualizers for intracellular imaging.

In vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Pluchea indica Extracts in Promoting Glucose Consumption Activity on A Liver Cell Line

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that is associated with mortality and morbidity. Recently, several plant-based agents have been used in the management of diabetes. Pluchea indica has been traditionally consumed as a medicinal plant in Southeast Asia, and its leaves have demonstrated induction of hypoglycemic effect in normal rats. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the potency of P. indica extracts in stimulating glucose consumption in human liver CCL-13 cell line model. Methods: P. indica leaves were dried and extracted using a series of organic solvents and water. The effect of the extracts on cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The glucose consumption was analyzed using glucose oxidase method. Results: Our results revealed that the methanol extract of P. indica could significantly increase glucose consumption of cells in a concentration-dependent manner, which suggests the usefulness of the extract as an antidiabetic candidate via stimulation of glucose uptake into the liver cells. Conclusion: Our study suggests that P. indica is a potential natural candidate for diabetes mellitus management.

Cu(I)-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks as Efficient and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalysts for Aqueous-Medium C–H Oxidation

The enantioselective transformation of ubiquitous C–H bonds into valuable C═O bonds offers an efficient synthetic approach to construct carbonyl functionalized molecules. However, the grand obstacles in the reaction are the selectivity issues and side reactions under the harsh reaction conditions. In order to overcome the limits, two Cu(I)-based MOFs {(NEt4)0.5[Cu3(TTPB)0.75(CN)0.5(H2O)]·H2O}n (1) and {[Cu2(TTPB)0.5]·DMF·2H2O}n (2) were synthesized (H4TTPB = 5,5′-(4′,5′-bis(4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)-[1,1′:2′,1′′-terphenyl]-4,4′′-diyl) bis(1H-tetrazole)) under hydrothermal conditions with (triethylamine (TEA) and ethyldiisopropylamine (DIPEA) as structure-directing agents, respectively. Of these, 1 shows an anionic three-dimensional (3D) framework composed of two kinds of cagelike micropores with 7 × 17 Å and 10 × 17 Å, respectively. In comparison, 2 exhibits a 3D framework with open channels (14 × 8 Å). The stability studies showed that the crystallinity of 1 and 2 could remain in a series of organic solvents (ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, chloroform, dioxane, toluene) and acid and alkali aqueous solutions (pH = 1–13) at room temperature for 48 h. 1 and 2 with coordinatively unsaturated Cu(I) sites were applied as heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of arylacycloalkanes in aqueous medium and exhibited excellent catalytic activities, selectivities, and recyclabilities. Moreover, free-radical reaction mechanism and reversible valence-tautomeric conversions of central copper were confirmed during the process by control experiment.

Diffusion of Solvent-Separated Ion Pairs Controls Back Electron Transfer Rate in Graphene Quantum Dots

In the present study, the stability of the photogenerated, solvent-separated charged states of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in the presence of N,N-diethylaniline (DEA) has been evaluated in a series of organic solvents. The results indicate that the rate constant for back electron transfer (kBET) from GQD radical anion to DEA radical cation is diffusion-controlled. As a result of the diffusion-controlled back electron transfer (BET), kBET exhibits an inverse exponential relation to (a) the viscosity coefficient (η) of the solvent and (b) the average radius of the graphene quantum dots. An analytical expression for the diffusion-controlled back electron transfer rate constant has been formulated. The dependence of kBET on the diffusion of solvent-separated ion pairs has been evaluated for the first time for quantum dot systems and the results provide an efficient method for enhancing the lifetime of the photogenerated charge-separated states from graphene quantum dots. The present findings can potentially improve the performance of GQD-based photovoltaic and optoelectronic devices.

Studies on hydroquinone based maleate bolaamphiphile organogels and their drug formulations

ABSTRACTNow a day’s there is an upsurge in topical gel formulations, they can be prepared by varying physico-chemical methods and provide better localized action. A maleate based symmetric bolaamphiphile was synthesized by using cost-effective starting materials under mild reaction condition. The gelation ability of bolaamphiphile in aqueous medium was examined for a series of organic solvents. In hexane, the gelator showed better gelation ability with relatively higher critical strain (54 Pa) values. Further, the microscopic images of the gel revealed flakes like morphology, both the XRD and DFT studies revealed the presence of non covalent interactions. These gels showed a high internal-phase mole ratio of the topical drugs in the order of curcumin < salicylic acid < Ibuprofen. Formation of aqueous and organic gel-phase formulation may facilitate the topical medications for various applications related to ophthalmic and skin infections.

Remarks and further calculations on “Solubility measurement, model evaluation and thermodynamic analysis of rivaroxaban polymorphs in organic solvents”

The solubility of form II of anticoagulant drug rivaroxaban in a series of organic solvents was firstly reported by Zhai and coworkers [J. Chem. Thermodynamics 104 (2017) 218–229]. The three activity coefficient models (Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC equations) with the correlation between model parameters and temperature were employed to model the studied solid–liquid equilibrium. According to DSC thermograms, rivaroxaban form II has a phase transition between the experimental temperature and the melting point. The authors of published paper must take into consideration that the effect of phase transformation when calculating the activity coefficient of rivaroxaban form II. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to compare the relative applicability of these models.

Synthesis and Study of Molecular Assemblies Formed by 4,6-O-(2-Phenylethylidene)-Functionalized d-Glucosamine Derivatives.

Low-molecular-weight gelators are interesting small molecules with potential applications as advanced materials. Carbohydrate-based small molecular gelators are especially useful because they are derived from renewable resources and are more likely to be biocompatible and biodegradable. Various 4,6-benzylidene acetal protected α-methyl 2-d-glucosamine derivatives have been found to be effective low-molecular-weight gelators. To understand the influence of the 4,6-benzylidene acetal functional group toward molecular self-assembly and to obtain effective molecular gelators, we synthesized and analyzed a new series of d-glucosamine derivatives in which the phenyl group of the acetal is replaced by a benzyl group. The homologation of the acetal protection from aromatic to aliphatic functional groups allows us to probe the effect of increasing structural flexibility on molecular self-assembly and gelation. In this study, nine representative amides and nine urea analogs were synthesized, and their gelation properties were analyzed in a series of organic solvents and aqueous solutions. The resulting amide and urea derivatives are versatile organogelators forming gels in toluene, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, and aqueous mixtures of organic solvents. More interestingly, the amide analogs are also effective gelators for pump oil and engine oil. NMR spectroscopy at variable temperatures was used to analyze the molecular assemblies and intermolecular forces. The selected gelators with several drug and dye molecules in DMSO and water were studied for their effectiveness of encapsulation and release of these agents.

Factors controlling the reactivity of divalent metal ions towards pheophytin a

In this study, we evaluate the factors which determine the reactivity of divalent metal ions in the spontaneous formation of metallochlorophylls, using experimental and computational approaches. Kinetic studies were carried out using pheophytin a in reactions with various divalent metal ions combined with non- or weakly-coordinative counter ions in a series of organic solvents. To obtain detailed insights into the solvent effect, the metalations with the whole set of cations were investigated in three solvents and with Zn2+ in seven solvents. The reactions were monitored using electronic absorption spectroscopy and the stopped-flow technique. DFT calculations were employed to shed light on the role of solvent in activating the metal ions towards porphyrinoids. This experimental and computational analysis gives detailed information regarding how the solvent and the counter ion assist/hinder the metalation reaction as activators/inhibitors. The metalation course is dictated to a large extent by the reaction medium, via either the activation or deactivation of the incoming metal ion. The solvent may affect the metalation in several ways, mainly via H-bonding with pyrrolenine nitrogens and the activation/deactivation of the incoming cation. It also seems to affect the activation enthalpy by causing slight conformational changes in the macrocyclic ligand. These new mechanistic insights contribute to a better understanding of the “metal–counterion–solvent” interplay in the metalation of porphyrinoids. In addition, they are highly relevant to the mechanisms of metalation reactions catalyzed by chelatases and explain the differences between the insertion of Mg2+ and other divalent cations.

Identification of a Potential ISR Determinant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM12 against Fusarium Wilt in Tomato.

Biocontrol of plant diseases through induction of systemic resistance is an environmental friendly substitute to chemicals in crop protection measures. Different biotic and abiotic elicitors can trigger the plant for induced resistance. Present study was designed to explore the potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM12 in inducing systemic resistance in tomato against Fusarium wilt. Initially the bioactive compound, responsible for ISR, was separated and identified from extracellular filtrate of P. aeruginosa PM12. After that purification and characterization of the bacterial crude extracts was carried out through a series of organic solvents. The fractions exhibiting ISR activity were further divided into sub-fractions through column chromatography. Sub fraction showing maximum ISR activity was subjected to Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the identification of compounds. Analytical result showed three compounds in the ISR active sub-fraction viz: 3-hydroxy-5-methoxy benzene methanol (HMB), eugenol and tyrosine. Subsequent bioassays proved that HMB is the potential ISR determinant that significantly ameliorated Fusarium wilt of tomato when applied as soil drench method at the rate of 10 mM. In the next step of this study, GC-MS analysis was performed to detect changes induced in primary and secondary metabolites of tomato plants by the ISR determinant. Plants were treated with HMB and Fusarium oxysporum in different combinations showing intensive re- modulations in defense related pathways. This work concludes that HMB is the potential elicitor involved in dynamic reprogramming of plant pathways which functionally contributes in defense responses. Furthermore the use of biocontrol agents as natural enemies of soil borne pathogens besides enhancing production potential of crop can provide a complementary tactic for sustainable integrated pest management.