Series Circuit Research Articles

E-module design based on Golabz for online physics learning about RLC series circuits

There are many virtual physics laboratory applications, i.e., Golabz and Crocodile Physics. This study aims to design online physics learning about RLC series circuits using Golabz, which integrates Crocodile Physics and investigates its effectivity on students' understanding. The research method used here is the development research with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The online physics learning design based on an inquiry about the RLC series circuit using Golabz consists of three learning activities according to the learning objectives. Each learning has five steps, i.e., orientation, conceptualization, investigation, discussion, and conclusion. The research instruments are an observation sheet, evaluation, questionnaire, and validation sheet for the material and media. Based on the research above, the results of learning observation indicate that all respondents can follow the learning well with an average of 82% and gave positive responses to at least 70% of the statements with an average of 98%; some students were able to obtain evaluation results of more than 70% with an average of 71.88%. Thus, all indicators of success are achieved, and the online physics learning design about RLCseries circuits using Golabz is said to be sufficient to help students understand the material of RLC series circuits.

Experiments for students with built-in theory: ‘PUMA: Spannungslabor’ – an augmented reality app for studying electricity

With the help of augmented reality apps objects and text can be added virtually to the physical world (e.g. physical experiments) in real time. The augmented reality (AR) app ‘PUMA: Spannungslabor’ enhances simple electric circuits experiments for students with virtual representations based on the electron gas analogy including visualisations of interior processes in various components such as lamps and resistors. This opens up new possibilities for connecting theory and experiment in secondary school physics teaching. While using the AR app students are enabled to acquire qualitative and semi-quantitative knowledge about the basic concepts of current, voltage, potential, and resistance as well as the laws of series and parallel circuits easier and more directly. This holistic approach of learning through experiments can facilitate a deeper and more interconnected understanding of the topics covered in physics lessons.

Understanding negative capacitance physical mechanism in organic ferroelectric capacitor

The physical mechanism of the negative capacitance (NC) effect in an organic ferroelectric (OFE) remains unknown. Therefore, this paper presents a series circuit of a resistor and an OFE capacitor (R-OFEC) based on experimentally validated Ginzburg-Landau-Khalatnikov (GLK) theory, electrostatics, and Kirchoff’s circuit rule to understand the transient NC (TNC) mechanism in TCAD environment. We show that: (i) the fundamental mechanism of TNC in an R-OFEC is caused by switching rate difference between the free charge (QOFE) and OFE polarization (POFE) during the two stable state switching processes; (ii) QOFE-POFE difference is induced by the NC region of the OFE’s double-well free energy landscape and its relationship with the change in voltage transient is demonstrated analytically; (iii) a bipolar pulsing is needed for TNC appearance; (iv) TNC appears immediately when the change in voltage across the OFEC per unit time is negative. Finally, the TNC effect caused by the QOFE-POFE difference is justified by its dependence on R.

Pengaruh Bentuk Rangkaian Panel Surya Terhadap Kuat Arus, Tegangan dan Daya

<p><em>The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of solar panel circuits on current, voltage and power. This research is a true experiment. Dependent variables were current, voltage, and power. Independent variables were a series circuit of solar panels and a parallel circuit of solar panels. The sample numbers of studies were 12 for each group of independent variables. The data were analyzed using the t-test at the 5% signification level. The results showed that the electrical power produced by a series circuit of solar panels was, P = 4.81 watt, Sd = 0.24. The electrical power produced by a parallel circuit of solar panels was P = 4.69 watts, Sd = 0.13. The t-test showed that there was no difference in electrical power produced by the series circuit of solar panels and parallel circuit of solar panels, with t<sub>o</sub> = 1.525 < t<sub>α/2, v</sub> =2,074. The form of a circuit (series or parallel) has no significant effect on power but differs only in current and voltage. In series circuit, I<sub>1</sub> = I<sub>2</sub> = I<sub>Σ</sub> and V<sub>1</sub> +V<sub>2</sub> = V<sub>Σ</sub>. In parallel circuits V<sub>1</sub> = V<sub>2</sub> = V<sub>Σ</sub> and I<sub>1</sub> + I<sub>2</sub> = I<sub>Σ</sub>. This can be adjusted to our purpose of using solar panels circuit. If it requires a large current, the solar panels must assemble in a parallel circuit. But if it requires a large voltage, the solar panels must assemble in a series circuit.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>current, parallel, power, series, voltage</em></strong></p>

The Effect of Adding Activated Sludge and Types of Series Circuit Systems Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Using Chinese Food Restaurant Wastewater

Electricity consumption expands every year. However, in Indonesia, electricity is still highly dependent on conventional energy sources such as coal. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is one of the alternative inventions that consists of a series of tools which converts chemical energy into electrical energy in the presence of microbial metabolism. In addition to produce electrical energy, it may also help to solve environmental issues by dealing with waste. This research was purposed to investigate the potency of Chinese food restaurant waste as substrate to generate electricity in microbial fuel cell. The research was done in three stages: wastewater preparation, assembly of MFC tools in various circuits, and running MFC processes. Results showed that the best electrical average (1.02 V) was found in the treatment system without active sludge. The best circuit was in the system in 4 series, which obtained a maximum voltage of 3.76 V and the largest power density of 62.66 mW/m2. In addition, with the addition of active sludge, biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater could be lowered up to 29.27%, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) up to 51.58%. Total suspended solid (TSS) could be decreased up to 49% on the sample withoud sludge addition.

A Deep Learning Approach for Series DC Arc Fault Diagnosing and Real-Time Circuit Behavior Predicting

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) produced by series arc fault has long been a concern in dc distribution systems. As EMI fault may lead to serious safety risks, it is important to detect and predict arc disturbance for EMI management purposes. This article proposes a deep-learning-based approach for series dc arc diagnosis and circuit behavior prediction. Using time–frequency slices generated from power supply-side signals as a reference input, the proposed method is capable of extracting supply-side circuit features with a time–frequency feature extractor. The two-step feature extractor adopts convolutional neural network to extract static features on each time–frequency slice, and combines a long short-term memory network to capture dynamic time-varying signatures of time–frequency slice sequence. Fully connected network layers are lined up behind to implement mapping relation between extracted features and expected output. To further evaluate the performance of the proposed method, an experimental platform is established for series dc arc simulation and circuit data collection. Experimental data under normal switching operation and various arcing states are captured and employed to train the deep learning model. In this article, trained models show an overall accuracy of 98.43% in arc fault diagnosis, and give a time-domain prediction result resembling the actual signal.

ANALISIS LOST ENERGY PADA OVERUNITY GENERATOR MAGNET PERMANEN DENGAN PROTOTIPE DINAMO JENIS FLUKS RADIAL

The practice of overunity generators that is developing in the community is quite worrying due to the lack of clear sources of information. The aim of this research is to provide a conceptual overview of the overunity generator through a description of the system and the energy conversion process in the overunity machine. This concept surgery method uses lab tests to get accurate measurement data. By using the modeling of two dynamos connected into a series circuit, the test is carried out by providing electrical energy with different voltage variations to obtain data in the form of output voltage, output current, and rotational speed. The results obtained indicate that there is lost energy in the overunity generator due to the relatively low engine specifications and the limited ability of the motor and generator to convert energy. Where the output generated by the overunity generator has a very large difference compared to the input energy given. Which means that the overunity of the system has not been fully proven in the practice of overunity generators. 
 
 Key word: overunity, generator, lost energy

Boosting the efficiency of Cd-free kesterite/kesterite tandem solar cell: A numerical simulation approach

Here we present a monolithic kesterite-based tandem solar cell to harvest sunlight from a wide spectral range. The proposed tandem structure consists of a higher band gap Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) top cell and an underlying lower band gap (AgxCu1-x)2ZnSnSe4 (ACZTSe) bottom cell connected in a series circuit through a tunneling junction. In order to validate our model, CZTS based experimental solar cell has been simulated in SCAPS-1D environment considering all possible recombination pathways, which leads to a good fitting between simulated and experimental results. A careful analysis of the energy band diagram reveals that the power conversion efficiency of the experimentally designed cell was greatly affected by metal work function and interface recombination. A systematic optimization of top and bottom cells’ design by back contact modification and buffer/absorber interface engineering allows us to increase the open circuit voltage (VOC) up to 1.37 V, yielding a significant tandem efficiency of 16.2% under power matching condition. The present research is expected to provide a valuable guideline for the design and experimental fabrication of high efficiency tandem solar cells.

Uniform deposition of silicon oxide film on cylindrical substrate by radially arranged plasma jet array

In this work, the SiOx film was deposited on a cylindrical substrate by a radially arranged plasma jet array generated by an AC power supply. The properties of deposited SiOx film were studied systematically, including surface morphology, film thickness, elemental composition and chemical structure. Besides, the effect of surface modification on insulation improvement in a gas insulated transmission line (GIL) system was verified. The discharge uniformity of the plasma jet array was improved by adding ballast resistor in the series circuit. Our results showed that the SiOx films were composed with Si-O-Si group dominated by network structure along with a small amount of Si-OH group and inorganic groups (-CH2, Si-CH3). The film deposited by plasma jet array showed good uniformity on thickness and element composition. The lift-off voltage of metal particle improved by about 120.88% after SiOx film deposition. Our results provide a universal surface modification method for cylindrical substrate under mild conditions.

High electrical power designing the horizontal shaped of bulk Ca3Co4O9/CaMnO3

A horizontal-shaped cell of a bulk oxide thermoelectric material was constructed using misfit layered Ca3Co4O9 (CCO) and perovskite CaMnO3 (CMO). The electrical power was measured based on the operating parameters. The horizontal shape can improve the efficiency of the thermoelectric cell because it reduces the heat loss through the sidewalls to the junction of the thermoelectric legs, resulting in an improved thermoelectric efficiency. The pair was connected to a series circuit to generate an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 107.98 mV. The maximum output power (Pmax) of the thermoelectric cell was 7.1 μW at ΔT = 473 K. A significant increase in the output characteristics of the cell indicates that the bulk was effective. The horizontal-shaped cell of the bulk thermoelectric oxide exhibited promising output characteristics.

Thermoelectric power generation via transverse thermo-spin conversions

We theoretically propose a mechanism of thermoelectric power generation via transverse thermo-spin conversions. We consider a material with strong spin–orbit coupling (the target material) and apply a temperature gradient to the target material, where the temperature gradient induces a transverse spin current. By attaching ferromagnets to the target material, we show the conversion of the nonequilibrium spin accumulation induced by the spin current into the electric voltage based on an extension of the Valet–Fert theory used in the giant magnetoresistive effect. A series circuit application is also discussed.

Dynamic chemical bonds design strategy for fabricating fast room-temperature healable dielectric elastomer with significantly improved actuation performance

Dielectric elastomers are indispensable for soft actuators due to their fast actuation response and diverse configuration. However, the existing dielectric elastomers have poor electromechanical performance and are vulnerable to damage or failure, highlighting an urgent need for materials with remarkable dielectric, mechanical and self-healing properties. Aiming at these requirements, we herein propose an extraordinary design strategy of supramolecular elastomer by combining multitype dynamic chemical bonds via synthesizing, which is different from most previously reported dielectric elastomers. This strategy includes three typical features: (i) The S-S metathesis coupled with multi-degree hydrogen bonds provides the supramolecular poly(urethane-urea) (PUU) elastomer with fast room-temperature healability and ultrahigh efficiency. After mechanical damage, the electrical property completely recovered after ∼ 20 min restoration, and the mechanical performance is restored by 96% after healing at room temperature for 3 h, much higher than that of the elastomer without disulfide bonds (13%). (ii) Highly polar urethane and urea groups endow the supramolecular PUU elastomer with excellent dielectric properties (εr = 10.9@1 kHz). (iii) The aliphatic disulfide bonds have the capability to reduce the Young's modulus from 2.98 to 1.76 MPa by virtue of its dynamic exchange characteristic. These merits allow the resulting actuator to be more sensitive to driving field. Compared with the control sample, the area strain (at 60 MV/m) and bending angle (at 30 MV/m) for supramolecular elastomer is ∼ 4 and ∼ 2.2 times higher, respectively. As an example, a switch controlling a series circuit illustrates the potential application of such electric-field-activated actuators in high-voltage devices.

An Inquiry Approach to Effective Use of Instrumentation: An Example from RC Circuits

In this article, we present an intriguing experimental exercise that does not fall foul of improper use of instrumentation. The activity is designed as an electronics exercise where the role of the instruments in the measurement of the RC time constant is considered. Essentially, we study the accuracy and precision of a measurement of the RC time constant in a series circuit with an oscilloscope as a function of the value of the resistor, against the predicted linear model of τ = RC. As the value of the resistor approaches the value of the impedance of the oscilloscope, the time constant deviates from the linear model. We show how to adapt the model to account for this and create a mathematical model that agrees with the measurements. It is hoped that such an exercise will solidify a rule of effective use of oscilloscopes—that the resistance of the circuit should be much lower than the impedance of the scope—in the mind of the student.

A Wide-Band Passive Equalizer Design Approach for Improving the Gain Flatness With Multiple Peaks

This article proposes a new design approach of the wideband passive equalizer for improving the gain flatness with multiple peaks which often appears in the modern transmitter systems, and the general design formulas of this passive equalizer under different practical circumstances are obtained through theoretical analysis. The proposed equalizer mainly adopts multi-stage RCL series or parallel resonant circuit structure. According to the actual multi-peak gain flatness, the structure of the single-stage equalizer, the combination mode of each stage, and the required number of stages can be determined. The proposed equalizer can design the equalization frequency, bandwidth and attenuation flexibly according to the actual situation. Finally, the proposed design approach has been well verified by experimental tests of two four-stage broadband passive equalizers with different structures operating in 0.5-2 GHz.

Facile and Scalable Fabrication of Conductive Ceramic Composite for Energy Conversion and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

A conductive ceramic composite (CCC) based on carbonized phenolic resin is fabricated via a facile and scalable dry-pressing method. A conductive carbonaceous precursor solution is homogeneously mixed with a ceramic precursor. Subsequently, carbonization and ceramicization are achieved simultaneously in a single heating process. The carbonized materials endow the composites with excellent electrical conductivity and reliable cyclic heating properties. The temperature of the obtained composites is approximately 386 °C at 12 V after 10 min and 400 °C at 20 V after 48 s, and their energy consumption is low. Thermal images show that an even heat distribution is achieved on the composite surface, and that the electro-thermal performance can be adjusted by changing the electrical circuit arrangement (series or parallel circuits). In addition, the ceramic composites exhibit favorable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance of 26.2 dB at 8.2 GHz and improved photothermal conversion effect compared with the pristine ceramic. More importantly, this single-step heating provides a convenient and cost-effective approach for producing CCCs, thereby enabling the scalable production of conductive ceramics for electro-thermal applications. The excellent electrical performance facilitates the application of ceramic composites in Joule heating (e.g., deicing, boiling water, and cooking) and EMI shielding.

Analisis Pengaruh Variasi PH Larutan Acid Zinc Pada Sel Volta Dua Kompartemen dengan Elektrode Cu(Ag)-Zn

The research was conducted to analyze the effect of variations in pH of acid zinc solution in two compartment voltaic cells with Cu(Ag)-Zn electrodes on the value of electrical characteristics and the resulting corrosion rate. The Cu(Ag)-Zn pair is used to generate voltage and current in the cell with seawater electrolyte and zinc acid solution. The two compartments are lined with salt bridge made from mixture of Al2O3 (aluminum oxide), NaCl (seawater) 1 mole concentration dissolved in “tiga roda” white cement. The voltaic cell consisted of 5 cells arranged in series circuit, for each cell at the cathode (Cu(Ag)) containing ± 250 ml seawater and at the anode (Zn) containing ± 200 ml cid zinc solution which was varied with a pH of 4.5 and 6. The voltaic cell was measured with multitester every 1 hour for 3 days. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that by using an acid zinc electrolyte solution which has a lower pH value, it will increase the value of the electrical characteristics and increase the corrosion rate produced by voltaic cell.

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ANALISIS HASIL VOLTAGE DETECTOR THE SKY DANCER 500W PADA PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA BAYU SKALA MIKRO DI PT. LENTERA BUMI NUSANTARA

Voltage Detector is a tool that can read the output voltage value of a generator. Voltage detector on the controller serves as a voltage detector input controller derived from the generator. The output of the Voltage detector is an analog signal processed by the microcontroller to then activate the relay and then forward the input voltage when the input voltage is in accordance with the provisions to the rectifier circuit. The output of this Voltage detector is an analog signal so it needs to be connected with a microcontroller ADC for processing. Voltage detector is prepared using the concept of voltage divider between 2 pieces of resistance. At resistance 1, it is the result of a series and parallel circuit relationship between the 9 receipts used. When the maximum rectifier output voltage is 200V and the maximum output voltage of the designed detector is no more than 5V, then the value of the components used is set according to the needs. Resistor resistance values 1 to resistors 9 are determined at 56KΩ and capacitors are used as large as 1μF.

Design and Implementation of Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverter With Reduced Components and Low Voltage Stress

Multilevel inverters with a high device count, low boosting and DC voltage imbalance are all common problems exists in the traditional topologies. In this article, a new single-phase asymmetrical multilevel inverter (MLI) that can generate 33 levels at the output with fewer components and lower total standing voltage (TSV) at the switches is presented. The multiple input sources of the proposed inverter make it suited for the use in renewable energy generating systems which have a variety of DC sources. The stress distribution among the switches is investigated that reduces the use of high rated devices with which overall cost of the inverter gets reduced. The topology can be extended by adding the circuits in series for higher levels. The performance of the inverter is calculated considering a variety of critical parameters such as TSV, cost function (CF), power loss, and efficiency calculations. The MLI is tested under dynamic load conditions with sudden load disturbances with a range of combinational loads and it has been determined to be stable throughout its operation. A detailed comparison is made based on stress across the switches, stress distribution, switches count, DC sources count, gate driver circuits, component count factor, TSV, CF, and other existing topologies using graphical representations and shown to be cost-effective and superior in all aspects. The total harmonic distortion (THD) derived from simulation and experiment complies with IEEE standards. The proposed framework has been developed in MATLAB/Simulink and tested in a laboratory environment with hardware.

Electrical impedance analysis of NaCl and CaCl2 solutions based on equivalent electric circuit

In this paper, we report the behaviour of electrical impedance of sodium chloride (NaCl) and Calcium chloride (CaCl2) with the concentration of 1.25 to 100 mM/L in frequencies ranging from 10 mHz to 1 MHz. The complex electrical impedance (real and imaginary parts) is obtained using the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. The experimental data had been fitted with three models of equivalent electrical circuit (EEC), model-a is Randles circuit, model-b consist of R solution (Rs) in series with constant phase element (CPE) and model-c consist of Randles circuit in series with CPE. Best fit data is obtained from model-c with goodness of fit less than 0.005. The CPE in this circuit associated with the electric double-layer. As expected from the experimental and fitting spectra, even for a low concentration for both salts, an inverse relationship was observed between impedance and salt concentration. The number of ions contains in CaCl2, which are more than NaCl is estimated to be the cause that CaCl2 impedance is lower than NaCl. The total impedance influenced by the CPE component increased significantly at frequencies about 100 Hz, indicating that the equivalent electric circuit used can estimate the effect of double-layer on the measurement.