Sequential Solvent Fractionation Research Articles

Effect of Molecular Organization on the Properties of Fractionated Lignin-Based Thiol-Ene Thermoset Materials.

In this study, the combination of sequential solvent fractionation of technical Kraft lignin was followed by allylation of most OH functionalities to give highly functional thermoset resins. All lignin fractions were highly functionalized on the phenolic (≥95%) and carboxylic acid OH (≥85%) and to a significant extent on the aliphatic OH moieties (between 43 and 75%). The resins were subsequently cross-linked using thiol-ene chemistry. The high amount of allyl functionalities resulted in a high cross-link density. Dynamic mechanical analysis measurements showed that the thioether content, directly related to the allyl content, strongly affects the performance of these thermosets with a glass transition temperature (Tg) between 81 and 95 °C and with a storage modulus between 1.9 and 3.8 GPa for all thermosets. The lignin fractions and lignin-based thermosets' morphology, at the nanoscale, was studied by wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements. Two π-π stacking interactions were observed: sandwich (≈4.1-4.7 Å) and T-shaped (≈5.5-7.2 Å). The introduction of allyl functionalities weakens the T-shaped π-π stacking interactions. A new signal corresponding to a distance of ≈3.5 Å was observed in lignin-based thermosets, which was attributed to a thioether organized structure. At the same time, a lignin superstructure was observed with a distance/size corresponding to 7.9-17.5 Å in all samples.

Elucidating the effect of the physicochemical properties of organosolv lignins on its solubility and reductive catalytic depolymerization

Unsatisfactory solubility and recalcitrant condensed structures of isolated lignins (technical lignins) severely limit their processability into renewable materials, fuels, and chemicals. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the structural and physicochemical properties of isolated lignins is of great value in explaining their performance in the solubilization and further depolymerization to high-value applications. In this work, we investigated the solubilization and depolymerization performance of organosolv lignins from three different sources (beech (L01), birch (L02), and wheat straw (L03)). We applied sequential solvent fractionation as a tool to subdivide parent lignins into four more homogeneous subfractions (SF1, SF2, SF3, and IF), with a gradual increase in molecular weight and interunit linkages and a decrease in phenolic –OH group from SF1 to IF. The solubility tests of the parent lignins and their subfractions at ambient conditions were carried out in six organic solvents (n-hexane, diisopropyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and acetone) with large differences in Hansen solubility parameters. Among the solvents studied, the solvents with δp > 8 MPa1/2 demonstrated a high solubilization yield of organosolv parent lignins and their subfractions. The solubilization behavior of parent lignins and subfractions was further described based on their inherent structural properties, such as molecular weight and functional group content (phenolic –OH and –COOH). The structure–reactivity characteristics of parent organosolv lignin and their subfractions were also investigated under different conditions in the presence of catalyst-containing transition (NiHTC-500) and noble (Pd/C) metals as active centers. Strong structural correlations between parent lignin/subfractions and depolymerized lignin oils were derived using GC-FID/MS, GPC, 1H–13C HSQC NMR, and 31P NMR.

Variations in phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of Scabiosa maritima (Scabiosa atropurpurea sub. maritima L.) crude extracts and fractions according to growth stage and plant part

This study aimed to assess for the first time how growing stage and plant part affect the phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of extracts and fractions of Scabiosa Atropurpurea sub. Maritima L. (S.maritima).An experiment was conducted on the different parts (leaves, stem, roots, inflorescences, and fruits) of plants collected from the Zaghouan region, Tunisia, at different growing stages: vegetative stage (March), early budding stage (April), late flowering stage (May) and late maturing stage (June). The various plant parts were subjected to hydro-methanolic extraction and sequential solvent fractionation (Chloroform and Acetate). For each extract or fraction, content of total phenolics (TPC), flavonol, tannin (CTC) and total flavonoids (TFC) were quantified. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was assessed using total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing power (FRAP), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities. A Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) and hierarchical clustering were done on the data set obtained from the various measurements. Additionally, the chemical composition of five selected crude extracts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array (HPLC-DAD).Phytochemical compounds (phenolic, flavonoids, flavonol and tannin) and antioxidant activities (TAC, FRAP, ABTS and DPPH) of S.maritima extracts and fractions differ among plant parts and change throughout the growing stages.The highest phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of plant parts during the different growing stages were mainly recorded in acetate fractions. Leaves generally exhibited higher phytochemical content and antioxidant activity compared to other plant parts. Their highest values were reached during flowering season (plants collected in May). Unlike leaves and stem, roots exhibited their highest phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in June.The MFA results distinguished leaf samples from the other plant parts and highlighted a strong correlation between phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity.High levels of catechin hydrate (ranging from 1951.86 to 6748.97 mg/100 g of extract) were recorded in all samples. Leaf samples were found to contain high amounts of luteolin-7-O glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside while particularly high contents of resorcinol and catechol (226.00 and 57.71 mg/100 g of extract, respectively) were observed in the stem sample.

Isolation and Fractionation of the Tobacco Stalk Lignin for Customized Value-Added Utilization.

The value-added utilization of tobacco stalk lignin is the key to the development of tobacco stalk resources. However, the serious heterogeneity is the bottleneck for making full use of tobacco stalk lignin. Based on this, lignin was separated from tobacco stalk through hydrothermal assisted dilute alkali pretreatment. Subsequently, the tobacco stalk alkaline lignin was fractionated into five uniform lignin components by sequential solvent fractionation. Advanced spectral technologies (FT-IR, NMR, and GPC) were used to reveal the effects of hydrothermal assisted dilute alkali pretreatment and solvent fractionation on the structural features of tobacco stalk lignin. The lignin fractions extracted with n-butanol and ethanol had low molecular weight and high phenolic hydroxyl content, thus exhibiting superior chemical reactivity and antioxidant capacity. By contrast, the lignin fraction extracted with dioxane had high molecular weight and low reactivity, nevertheless, the high residual carbon rate made it suitable as a precursor for preparing carbon materials. In general, hydrothermal assisted dilute alkali pretreatment was proved to be an efficient method to separate lignin from tobacco stalk, and the application of sequential solvent fractionation to prepare lignin fractions with homogeneous structural features has specific application prospect.

On Laccase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Biorefinery Lignin Fractions and Alignment of Lignin Nanoparticles on the Nanocellulose Surface via One-Pot Water-Phase Synthesis

Two series of well-defined lignin fractions derived from birch and spruce alkaline lignin (AL) by sequential solvent fractionation (i-PrOH-EtOH-MeOH) were engaged in a structure–property-application relationship study. The bacterial-derived alkaliphilic laccase (MetZyme) extensively catalyzed the oxidation and polymerization of AL fractions in an aqueous alkaline solution (pH 10). Lignin fractions with low molar mass reached a higher polymerization degree due to more phenolic-OH groups serving as reactive sites of oxidation and better lignin-laccase accessibility arose from a lower lignin condensation degree than the high molar mass ones. In comparison, AL fractions from spruce were found to be less reactive toward the laccase-catalyzed polymerization than those from birch, which was attributed to the much pronounced aryl-vinyl moieties’ oxidation. Furthermore, in situ polymerization of birch AL fractions using microfibrillated cellulose as a structural template was conducted in an aqueous medium and a dispersion of nanocellulose with its fiber network evenly coated by aligned lignin nanoparticles was obtained. The present study not only provides fundamental insights on the laccase-assisted oxidation and polymerization of lignin but also presents a new perspective for valorizing lignin in biobased fiber products through green processing of solvent fractionation and enzymatic treatment.

Sequential extraction of organosolv lignin from Chinese quince fruit: Structural features and antioxidant activities of the obtained fractions

Lignin from the Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) fruit offers a promising source of natural antioxidant for industrial applications. However, the utilization of Chinese quince fruit lignin is restricted by its inhomogeneous nature. Accordingly, Chinese quince fruit lignin was sequentially fractionated with organic solvents of increasing dissolving capacity to prepare homogeneous lignin fractions. The GPC (gel permeation chromatography) results showed that the molecular weights of lignin fractions increased from dichloromethane fraction to dioxane/water fraction. The five lignin fractions were also compared with respect to yield, carbohydrate content, thermal stability, inter-unit linkages, S/G ratios, and phenolic OH content. Among the five fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed a lower proportion of β-O-4′ linkages (48.4%), the highest thermal stability, the highest phenolic OH content (2.8 mmol/g), and the highest DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging index and reducing power. The high antioxidant performance of the ethyl acetate fraction implies that it can be used as a natural antioxidant. This study shows that sequential solvent fractionation of lignin can produce homogeneous fractions with enhanced antioxidant performance. In addition, it demonstrates that Chinese quince fruits are a potentially valuable natural resource.

Tailored Thermosetting Wood Adhesive Based on Well-Defined Hardwood Lignin Fractions

By aiming at tailoring the bonding strength of a thermosetting lignin-containing phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) wood adhesive, different fractions of an industrial hardwood alkaline lignin have been prepared through sequential solvent fractionation (i-PrOH, EtOH, and MeOH). Those fractions were comprehensively characterized by GPC, GC, Py/GC–MS, and NMR techniques. Lignin fractions with low molar mass and narrow dispersity, including the i-PrOH-soluble and EtOH-soluble ones, were of high purity and had more reactive sites for LPF adhesive synthesis and better accessibility due to lower degree of condensation than the high molar mass ones. Some recalcitrance of integrating high molar mass fractions covalently into the PF adhesive was observed, which was also true in the case of lignin phenolation. The tailored bonding strength of the LPF adhesive, tested by gluing wood pieces, provided strong evidence for molecular structure–performance correlation; the i-PrOH-PF had the lowest activation energy, the highest curing enthalpy, and the strongest bonding strength of 2.16 MPa. This study demonstrates a clear structure–property-application relationship of technical hardwood lignin in the LPF adhesive field, which might pave the way for a more effective bulk valorization.

The Impact of Lignin Structural Diversity on Performance of Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF)-Starch Composite Films.

Lignin fractions having different molecular weights and varied chemical structures isolated from kraft lignins of both softwood and hardwood via a sequential solvent fractionation technique were incorporated into a tunicate cellulose nanofibers (CNF)—starch mixture to prepare 100% bio-based composite films. The aim was to investigate the impact of lignin structural diversity on film performance. It was confirmed that lignin’s distribution in the films was dependent on the polarity of solvents used for fractionation (acetone > methanol > ethanol > ethyl acetate) and influenced the optical properties of the films. The –OH group content and molecular weight of lignin were positively related to film density. In general, the addition of lignin fractions led to decrease in thermal stability and increase in Young’s modulus of the composite films. The modulus of the films was found to decrease as the molecular weight of lignin increased, and a higher amount of carboxyl and phenolic –OH groups in the lignin fraction resulted in films with higher stiffness. The thermal analysis showed higher char content formation for lignin-containing films in a nitrogen atmosphere with increased molecular weight. In an oxygen atmosphere, the phenol content, saturated side chains and short chain structures of lignin had impacts on the maximum decomposition temperature of the films, confirming the relationship between the chemical structure of lignin and thermo-oxidative stability of the corresponding film. This study addresses the importance of lignin diversities on composite film performance, which could be helpful for tailoring lignin’s applications in bio-based materials based on their specific characteristics.

Spicatoside A derived from Liriope platyphylla root ethanol extract inhibits hepatitis E virus genotype 3 replication in vitro

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans worldwide. Although hepatitis E is self-limiting without chronic infection development, HEV infection often leads to severe liver diseases causing high mortality in pregnant women in addition to chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunosuppressed patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of a Liriope platyphylla ethanol extract (LPE) on HEV replication. Interestingly, LPE suppressed replication of the genotype 3 HEV replicon. Sequential solvent fractionation revealed that the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of LPE exerts the most potent inhibitory effects. With the aid of activity-guided fractionation and multi-step column chromatography, spicatoside A was subsequently isolated in the EA fraction of LPE and specifically shown to exert inhibitory effects on replication of the genotype 3 HEV replicon. In addition, spicatoside A interfered with replication of the HEV genotype 3 strain 47832c and expression of HEV ORF2 capsid proteins. Our findings clearly support the potential utility of spicatoside A as an effective anti-HEV agent.

Effect of molecular size of lignin on the formation of aromatic hydrocarbon during zeolite catalyzed pyrolysis

Three lignin fractions with different molecular size (Fraction 3 > Fraction 2 > Fraction 1) were prepared by sequential solvent fractionation of soda lignin. These were structurally investigated by several analytical techniques, such as GPC, 31P-NMR, 2D-HSQC-NMR, and TGA. They revealed that F1 was the smallest and the most thermally labile lignin fraction. Pyrolyzing lignin fractions at 600 °C with zeolite Y produced aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes, and naphthalenes) with several types of monomeric phenols. Total pyrolysis product yields were the highest for F1, followed by F2 and F3. Additionally, aromatic hydrocarbons formation was inversely proportional to molecular size and abundantly produced with F1 (35.0 mg/g). They gradually increased in all fractions as the pyrolysis temperature increased (up to 800 °C). The transformation behaviors of functional groups were also investigated by using lignin model compounds. Lignin fractions prepared in this study had not only molecular size but also different phenolic hydroxyl (Phe-OH) content which would play a deleterious role in aromatic hydrocarbon formation during zeolite-catalyzed pyrolysis. Therefore, we prepared methylated lignin from each fraction (Methylated fraction 1, 2, and 3) and these were also pyrolyzed under same condition to investigate the independent effect of molecular size.

삼채의 조추출물과 유기용매 분획물에 대한 항산화 및 항염증 효과

This study describes the preliminary evaluation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Allium hookeri. A. hookeri was extracted using crude extract and then fractionated sequentially with n-hexane, CH 2 Cl 2 , EtOAc, and n-BuOH. To screen for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents effectively, we first examined the inhibitory effect of A. hookeri extracts on production of oxidant stresses (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, xanthine oxidase, and superoxide). In addition, we examined the inhibitory effects of A. hookeri on production of pro-inflammatory factors (nitric oxide, prostaglandin E 2 , inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2) in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Of the sequential solvent fractions of A. hookeri, EtOAc fractions showed decreased production of oxidant stresses, and CH 2 Cl 2 and EtOAc fractions of A. hookeri inhibited production of pro-inflammatory factors. EtOAc fraction inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and -1β). These results suggest that A. hookeri has significant effects on oxidant stresses and pro-inflammatory factors and is a possible antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic and preventive material.

Sequential solvent fractionation of lignin for selective production of monoaromatics by Ru catalyzed ethanolysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of lignin structure, especially its average molecular weight (Mw) on the distribution of catalytically depolymerized products.

Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Ocimum sanctum Extracts by Solvents with Different Polarity

In nanoparticle biosynthesis, identification and/or characterization of extract and its biochemicals, playing a key role to control the morphology of nanoparticle, are important to minimize the synthesis steps, and thus to reduce environmental risks and cost. Ocimum sanctum plant leaves were subject to sequential solvent fractionation with different polarity (hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water). In the steps, the four dried fractions were extracted and used for biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles of varying shape and size were synthesized according to the extraction solvents, i.e., chloroform fraction (circular discs with rough edges), hexane fraction (spherical nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm), aqueous fraction (large, anisotropic platelets with defined edges) and n-butanol fraction (Au aggregates). In second step, we identified the biochemicals in the extracts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Methyl eugenol and β-caryophyllene were observed in the hexan...

복분자주 주박의 항균, 항산화 및 항혈전 활성

복분자는 당도가 낮고 신맛이 강해 과실주로 주로 제조되고 있으며, 복분자주 제조 후 부생되는 주박은 대부분 폐기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 현재까지 생리활성이 보고된 바 없는 복분자주 주박을 대상으로 열수 추출물, ethanol 추출물 및 이들의 다양한 분획물을 조제하여 항균, 항산화 및 항혈전 활성을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 복분자주 주박의 ethylacetate (EA) 분획은 413~459 mg/g의 높은 polyphenol을 함유하고 있으며, 그람양성세균에 대한 강력한 성장억제 활성과, DPPH 음이온, ABTS 양이온에 대한 우수한 radical 소거능, nitrite 소거능 및 환원력을 나타내었다. 또한 혈액내의 thrombin, prothrombin, coagulation factor 에 대한 저해를 통한 혈액응고저해 활성이 우수하였다. 복분자주 주박의 butanol 분획은 우수한 항산화력과 함께 내인성 혈전 생성에 관련된 aPTT 연장활성을 나타내었으며, aspirin에 필적하는 강력한 혈소판 응집저해 활성을 나타내었다. 한편 복분자주 주박의 열수 추출물의 순차적 유기용매 분획 후의 물 잔류물은 aspirin보다 강력한 혈소판 응집저해를 나타내어 새로운 항혈소판제 개발 소재로 이용 가능함을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과는 폐기되고 있는 복분자주 주박을 이용한 고부가가치 식품 및 향장소재 개발이 가능함을 제시하고 있다. The immature fruit of Rubus coreanus Miquel (bokbunja in Korean) is mainly consumed as a fruit wine due to its sour taste and low sugar content. The lees (LBW) remaining after the production of bokbunja wine are discarded as they have no specific usage. The aim of this study was to develop high-value-added biomaterials for functional foods and beauty/health products by investigating the anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-thrombosis activities of LBW using ethanol and hot water extracts and their subsequent organic solvent fractions. The ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of LBW extracts has a high polyphenol content (413–459 mg/g), and showed strong anti-microbial activity against gram-positive bacteria. The EA fraction also showed excellent radical-scavenging activity against DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite, with strong reducing power. The polyphenol-enriched EA fraction strongly inhibited thrombin, prothrombin, and blood coagulation factors. The butanol fraction showed a specific inhibition of coagulation factors, as measured in activated partial thromboplastin time assay, which is linked to intrinsic blood coagulation. The butanol fraction also showed strong inhibition of platelet aggregation, at levels comparable to aspirin. The residue of the hot-water extract, which is produced by sequential solvent fractionation of the LBW extract, showed superior inhibition against platelet aggregation when compared to aspirin. Our results suggest that the LBW, which are currently discarded, are a promising source of novel functional foods and beauty/health products.

Characterisation of Sequential Solvent Fractionation and Base-catalysed Depolymerisation of Treated Alkali Lignin

An alkali lignin (OL) with a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 11646 g/mol was used to prepare low-molecular weight lignin for resin synthesis. The low-molecular weight lignin feedstock was obtained via base-catalysed depolymerisation (BCD) treatments at different combined severity factors. Sequential fractionation of the OL and BCD-treated lignins using organic solvents with different Hildebrand solubility parameters were used to alter the homogeneity of the OL. The yield and properties of OL itself and OL and BCD-treated OL dissolved in propan-1-ol (F1), ethanol (F2), and methanol (F3) were determined. Regardless of the treatment applied, a small amount of OL was dissolved in F1 and F2. The BCD treatment did not increase the yield of F1 but did increase the yields of F2 and F3. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the repolymerization reaction occurred in F3 for all BCD-treated OL, so these lignins were not suitable for use as feedstocks for resin production. The GPC, 13Carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the F3 in OL exhibited the optimum yield, molecular weight distribution, and chemical structure suitable for use as feedstocks for resin synthesis.

Murine Macrophage RAW 264.7 세포에서 구실잣밤나무 추출물의 항염증 효과

Abstract - This study describes a preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Castanopsis cuspidata extracts. C. cuspidata was extracted using 80% ethanol and then fractionated sequentially with n -hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and butanol. To screen for anti-inflammatory agents effectively, we first examined the inhibitory effect of the C. cuspidata extracts on the production of pro-inflammatory factors and cytokines stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. In addition, we examined the inhibitory effect of C. cuspidata extracts on pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, COX-2) in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The amounts of protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Of the sequential solvent fractions of C. cuspidata , the n ‑hexane, dichloromethane and ethylacetate fractions inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 β and IL-6), production of NO, and the protein level of iNOS and COX-2. These results suggest that C. cuspidata may have significant effects on inflammatory factors and may be provided as a possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic plant.

딱지꽃 (Potentilla chinensis) 추출물의 항염증 효과

In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammation effect of Potentilla chinensis (PC) on Raw264.7 macrophage cells. Ethanol extract of PC decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Ethanol extract was fractioned by n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, water and each fraction was tested for inhibitory effects on inflammation. Among the sequential solvent fractions, PC chloroform extracts (50, 100, 300, and 500 <TEX>${\mu}g/mL$</TEX>) significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated production of NO. During the entire experimental period, 200 and 300 <TEX>${\mu}g/mL$</TEX> of PC chloroform extracts had no cytotoxicity. LPS-induced NO and prostaglandin <TEX>$E_2$</TEX> (<TEX>$PGE_2$</TEX>) production were inhibited by PC chloroform extracts up to 50% and 90% of these productions, respectively. PC chloroform extracts reduced the expression of iNOS and COX-2 gene. These results suggest that PC chloroform extracts exhibit strong effects of anti-inflammation and can be a potential candidate in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Sequential solvent fractionation of heterogeneous bamboo organosolv lignin for value-added application

Value-added utilization of lignin is affected by its heterogeneous nature. In this case, bamboo organosolv lignin was successively fractionated with organic solvents of increasing dissolving capacity (i.e., ether, ethyl acetate, methanol, acetone, and dioxane/water) to obtain homogeneous preparations. The starting lignin and the fractions obtained were compared in terms of molecular weight distribution and functional groups by a set of chemistry and spectroscopy technologies. It was found that the yield of the five fractions obtained was 2.80%, 39.85%, 18.64%, 23.38%, and 13.30%, respectively. The lignin fraction extracted with ethyl acetate contained homogeneous materials of low molecular weight whereas the lignin fraction extracted with acetone was composed of a mixture of medium and high molecular weight materials. As evidenced by sugar analysis, there was strong association between hemicelluloses and lignin in the preparations with different molecular weights. Spectroscopy analysis indicates that with increasing the dissolving capacity of solvent, the contents of methoxyl, phenolic, and aliphatic hydroxyl groups in the extracted lignin fractions were decreased. The lignin fraction extracted with ethyl acetate, having a high radical scavenging index (RSI), will be a good feedstock as stabilizer. The results above suggest that the sequential solvent fractionation provides a promising way to prepare lignin with homogeneous structure and good functional properties for potential application.

Characterization of Red Pine Pyrolysis Bio-oil by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Negative-Ion Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

A red pine fast pyrolysis bio-oil was subjected to sequential solvent fractionation into n-hexane soluble (HS), ether soluble (ES), ether insoluble (EIS), dichloromethane soluble (DS), and methanol soluble (MeS) fractions. The volatile components of bio-oil were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), indicating the presence of acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, and anhydromonosaccharides, which consisted of methoxy, hydroxy, and carbonyl functional groups. These results imply that the bio-oil was similar to the most reported fast pyrolysis bio-oil samples in molecular composition. The bio-oil and its five subfractions were analyzed by negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The predominant compounds in bio-oil were O2–O17 class species with 1–22 double-bond equivalent (DBE) values and 4–39 carbon numbers. The most abundant class species in biocrude oil, HS, ES, EIS, DS, and MeS subfractions were O7, O...

Lipopolysaccharide로 처리 된 RAW264.7 세포에서 고마리 추출물의 항염증 효과

In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammation effect of Persicaria thunbergii (P. thunbergii) on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of P. thunbergii was determined by measuring expression of the LPS-induced inflammatory proteins, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). Methanol extract of P. thunbergii decreased the expression of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB, and increased the expression of HO-1 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Methanol extract was fractioned by n-butanol, hexane and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and each fraction was tested for inhibitory effects on inflammation. Among the sequential solvent fractions, the EtOAc soluble fraction was investigated by the expression of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and showed decreasing form to the dose-dependent manner. EtOAc extract showed the most effective inhibitory activity of the expression of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB, and the production of NO. The study showed that P. thunbergii has anti-inflammatory activity through the decrease of NO and inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, PGE₂ and NF-κB expression, and by the increase of HO-1 enzyme. This study needs for more investigation to find out the most effective single compound with anti-inflammatory activity.