Separation Regime Research Articles

Matrimonial Regimes

Abstract The matrimonial regime represents the entirety of the legal provisions concerning the property relations between spouses during marriage, as well as the legal documents they conclude with other people, governing a (measurable) patrimonial asset. In addition to the legal community regime, with the adoption of the new Civil Code two new matrimonial regimes were introduced, namely the regime of property separation and the regime of the conventional community. Where the two spouses opt for one of the other two regimes, instead of the legal community regime, it is necessary that they should sign a marital agreement.

Separation of heat and charge currents for boosted thermoelectric conversion

In a multi-terminal device the (electronic) heat and charge currents can follow different paths. In this paper we introduce and analyse a class of multi-terminal devices where this property is pushed to its extreme limits, with charge $and$ heat currents flowing in different reservoirs. After introducing the main characteristics of such $heat-charge$ $current$ $separation$ regime we show how to realise it in a multi-terminal device with normal and superconducting leads. We demonstrate that this regime allows to control independently heat and charge flows and to greatly enhance thermoelectric performances at low temperatures. We analyse in details a three-terminal setup involving a superconducting lead, a normal lead and a voltage probe. For a generic scattering region we show that in the regime of heat-charge current separation both the power factor and the figure of merit $ZT$ are highly increased with respect to a standard two-terminal system. These results are confirmed for the specific case of a system consisting of three coupled quantum dots.

First-Order Melting of a Weak Spin-Orbit Mott Insulator into a Correlated Metal.

The electronic phase diagram of the weak spin-orbit Mott insulator (Sr(1-x)La(x))(3)Ir(2)O(7) is determined via an exhaustive experimental study. Upon doping electrons via La substitution, an immediate collapse in resistivity occurs along with a narrow regime of nanoscale phase separation comprised of antiferromagnetic, insulating regions and paramagnetic, metallic puddles persisting until x≈0.04. Continued electron doping results in an abrupt, first-order phase boundary where the Néel state is suppressed and a homogenous, correlated, metallic state appears with an enhanced spin susceptibility and local moments. As the metallic state is stabilized, a weak structural distortion develops and suggests a competing instability with the parent spin-orbit Mott state.

Phase separation in one-dimensional hard-core boson system with two- and three-body interactions

We investigate the ground state phase diagram of hard-core boson system with repulsive two-body and attractive three-body interactions in one-dimensional optic lattice. When these two interactions are comparable and increasing the hopping rate, physically intuitive analysis indicates that there exists an exotic phase separation regime between the solid phase with charge density wave order and superfluid phase. We identify these phases and phase transitions by numerically analyzing the density distribution, structure factor of density-density correlation function, three-body correlation function and von Neumann entropy estimator obtained by density matrix renormalization group method. These exotic phases and phase transitions are expected to be observed in the ultra-cold polar molecule experiments by properly tuning interaction parameters, which is constructive to understand the physics of ubiquitous insulating-superconducting phase transitions in condensed matter systems.

Operating a two-stage microbial fuel cell-constructed wetland for fuller wastewater treatment and more efficient electricity generation.

By integrating microbial fuel cells (MFCs) into constructed wetlands (CWs) the need and cost of building a reactor are eliminated, while CWs provide the simultaneous redox conditions required for optimum MFC performance. Two single-stage MFC-CWs, with dewatered alum sludge cake as the main wetland medium for enhanced phosphorus removal, were operated to determine the effects of electrode separation and flow regimes on power production and wastewater treatment. When the anode is buried and the cathode is at the air-water interface the system is inhibited by a large ohmic resistance resulting from the increased electrode separation. By placing the cathode directly above the anode and operating the system with simultaneous up-flow into the anode and down-flow into the cathode the ohmic resistance is reduced. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was, however, reduced to 64% (compared with 79%). A two-stage system was subsequently run for fuller wastewater treatment and increased power production. The results indicate that a two-stage MFC-CW can increase the normalized energy recovery and improve removal efficiencies of COD, total nitrogen, NH4⁺, total phosphorus and reactive phosphorus to 93 ± 1.7%, 85 ± 5.2%, 90 ± 5.4%, 98 ± 5.3% and 99 ± 2.9%, respectively.

Localization and dynamics of long-lived excitations in colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals with dual quantum confinement.

Semiconductor nanocrystals consisting of a quantum dot (QD) core and a quantum well (QW) shell, where the QD and QW are separated by a tunneling barrier, offer a unique opportunity to engineer the photophysical properties of individual nanostructures. Using the thicknesses of the corresponding layers, the excitons of the first and second excited states can be separated spatially, localizing one state to the QD and the other to the QW. Thus the wave function overlap of the two states can be minimized, suppressing non-radiative thermalization between the two wells, which in turn leads to radiative relaxation from both states. The molecular analogy to such dual emission would be the inhibition of internal conversion, a special case that violates Kasha's rule. Using nanosecond time-resolved spectroscopy of QDQW CdSe/ZnS onion-like nanocrystals, an intermediate regime of exciton separation and suppressed thermalization is identified where the non-radiative relaxation of the higher-energy state is slowed, but not completely inhibited. In this intermediate thermalization regime, the temporal evolution of the delayed emission spectra resulting from trapped carriers mimic the dynamics of such states in nanocrystals that consist of only a QD core. In stark contrast, when a higher-energy metastable state exists in the QW shell due to strongly suppressed interwell thermalization, the spectral dynamics of the long-lived excitations in the QD and QW, which are spectrally distinct, are amplified and differ from each other as well as from those in the core-only nanocrystals. This difference in spectral dynamics demonstrates the utility of exploiting well-defined exciton localization to study the nature and spatial dependence of the intriguing photophysics of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, and illustrates the power of nanosecond gated luminescence spectroscopy in illuminating complex relaxation dynamics which are entirely masked in steady-state or ultrafast spectroscopy.

On the Coloniality of Modern Law

The article investigates modern law in its colonial career as it consisted in two paradoxical itineraries. Colonial rule developed under the auspices of governing through modern positive law as it claimed independence from religion and the administration. But the colonies also surfaced as zones of lawlessness, administrative measures, arbitrariness and excessive exceptions. Rather than posit the second itinerary as exceptional to the general first one, notwithstanding how constitutive the exception may be of the rule, this article examines a number of legalities that exemplified these two itineraries in colonial Egypt and theorizes them as co-existing modalities of juridical power that shared similar objectives and fields of intervention. In particular, under historical investigation are legalities that managed agricultural labor through penal/administrative measures. It is argued that these legalities co-existed with positive and liberal legal institutions. Agricultural legalities were “pervasive legalities,” enhancing modern positive law’s production of a gapless legal order that aspired to capture limitless terrains of social life. This legal history reveals that the hallmark of modern colonial law did not consist in substituting a regime of separation of powers and codification for that of pre-colonial fusion or administrative legalities. Rather, the historical achievement of modern law consisted in its “elastic positivism,” that is to say, in wedding positive law to pervasive legalities as both served to dominate the social: the first from the independent terrain of codified law and the second from the material domains of social life. This hallmark of gaplessness and pervasiveness is what made modern law fit for colonial rule.

Recent Developments in Clinical Omics

recognized for their biological importance. Even though we are just at the beginning of fully understanding the interac-tion between these different “Omics” regimes, does it seem clear that in many cases genetic alterations in conjunction with environmental factors appear to integrate into pheno-typic “Omics” disturbances that mark molecularly defined disease (sub-)types [9]. Next to the biomarker like 8, character of molecular “Omics” patterns, particular atten-tion may be paid to the biological activity of, e.g., distinct metabolites or lipids. Prominent examples include metabo-lites of the prostaglandin-, neurotransmitter- or steroid-hormone families, being crucial to numerous physiological processes.The enormous progress achieved in clinical “Omics” in recent decades has mainly been driven by technological innovations. The rapid developments in the field of mass spectrometry play a key role in driving this progress. Other important factors are the separation sciences, such as liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and capillary electro-phoresis which similarly experienced significant progress in the last decades. Hyphenation of these key technologies in LC–MS, GC–MS and CE–MS constellations is the most common mode of application that has proven useful for the analysis of a very wide range of biomolecules. Together with improvements in databases and data processing as well as analysis methods, these innovations have enabled clinical “Omics” research.This topical collection is positioned at the exciting inter-face of technological progress and application of “Omics” technology for answering biological as well as clinical research questions. Aspects of clinical sample collection, sample preparation, separation, and advanced mass spec-trometric detection regimes are addressed, covering a wide range of analytes such as metabolites, bioactive lipids, gly-cans as well as proteins and peptides. Next to manuscripts In the 1940s, Roger Williams and his associates investi-gated the concept that every individual has a metabolic pat-tern reflected by its bodily fluids [1]. While Williams and his co-workers had to rely on paper chromatography, tech-nical achievements allowing the use of gas and liquid chro-matography boosted progress in the field, resulting in the first reports about the use of these chromatographic tech-niques for the investigation of metabolic profiles in relation to disease [1]. As early as 1966, the first report describing the use of gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry was published by Dalgliesh et al. [2], mark-ing the beginning of what is known today as mass spec-trometry-based metabolomics. However, it took more than 30 years before the term metabolome/metabolomics was coined [3]. Today metabolomics or the systematic study of organisms’ metabolites is integrated into the “Omics” cascade from genome, transcriptome, proteome to metabo-lome [4].Recently, regulatory and modulatory layers of the “Omics” cascade, such as the epigenome, phosphopro-teome, glycoproteome and glycome [5–7], are increasingly

Evolution of wealth in a non-conservative economy driven by local Nash equilibria.

We develop a model for the evolution of wealth in a non-conservative economic environment, extending a theory developed in Degond et al. (2014 J. Stat. Phys. 154, 751-780 (doi:10.1007/s10955-013-0888-4)). The model considers a system of rational agents interacting in a game-theoretical framework. This evolution drives the dynamics of the agents in both wealth and economic configuration variables. The cost function is chosen to represent a risk-averse strategy of each agent. That is, the agent is more likely to interact with the market, the more predictable the market, and therefore the smaller its individual risk. This yields a kinetic equation for an effective single particle agent density with a Nash equilibrium serving as the local thermodynamic equilibrium. We consider a regime of scale separation where the large-scale dynamics is given by a hydrodynamic closure with this local equilibrium. A class of generalized collision invariants is developed to overcome the difficulty of the non-conservative property in the hydrodynamic closure derivation of the large-scale dynamics for the evolution of wealth distribution. The result is a system of gas dynamics-type equations for the density and average wealth of the agents on large scales. We recover the inverse Gamma distribution, which has been previously considered in the literature, as a local equilibrium for particular choices of the cost function.

From inter-Asia studies toward tricontinental studies

This paper proposes new conceptual frameworks for “inter-Asia studies” in order to be more appropriate for addressing and redressing the demands of global patriarchal capitalism as well as overcoming the “regime of separation” of Asian studies from African and/or Latin American studies. To do that, first, I will problematize the male-East Asia-metropolis centeredness of “inter-Asia.” Then, I will try to locate “inter-Asia studies” into the field of “tricontinental studies” invented by the decolonial and deimperial spirit of connection between the colonized continents of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the third section, I will propose a “feminist inter-referencing reading” that involves shuttling back and forth between the postcolonial sub-regions of Asia, Africa and/or Latin America horizontally from the location and perspective of gendered subalterns rather than upward-mobile metropolitan feminists. The feminist standpoint that reading takes is combined with the conceptual frameworks of labor, ecology and ethnicity. It is also held that such a feminist inter-referencing reading needs the imaginative and interpretative metaphor of the “planet” to overcome the Westernized notion of the “nation” and “globe” as well as the concept of “universality shared by all humans” not monopolized by Westerners. Lastly, this paper will illustrate the new kind of “tricontinental studies” by providing an example of “feminist inter-referencing reading” which connects and compares the sub-regions of South Korea, Vietnam and Liberia.

Comparative analysis of sharp separation regimes in the distillation of ternary zeotropic mixtures

A comparative analysis of the direct and indirect splits and class-1 fractionation of ternary zeotropic mixtures has been carried out in terms of total vapor flow rate by means of a mathematical experiment. Composition regions in which a certain separation flowsheet minimizes the total vapor flow rate have been found.

Tuning the phase separation in La0.325Pr0.3Ca0.375MnO3 using the electric double-layer field effect

Electric double-layer field effect experiments were performed on ultrathin films of La0.325Pr0.3Ca0.375MnO3, which is noted for its micrometer-scale phase separation. A clear change of resistance up to 220% was observed and the characteristic metal—insulator transition temperature TP was also shifted. The changes of both the resistance and TP suggest that the electric field induced not only tuning of the carrier density but also rebalancing of the phase separation states. The change of the charge-ordered insulating phase fraction was estimated to be temperature dependent, and a maximum of 16% was achieved in the phase separation regime. This tuning effect was partially irreversible, which might be due to an oxygen vacancy migration that is driven by the huge applied electric field.

Corrugation Profile for the Quasioptical Polarization Separator

We consider and classify the regime of separation of two orthogonally polarized E and H waves by using a reflecting metal diffraction grating, which sends all the energy of an incident wave with one polarization to the specular order of diffraction, and that of an incident wave with the other polarization, to the (−1)st order of diffraction (in this case, the autocollimation regime is used). The conditions of existence of such a regime are studied in the simplest cases (generalization of the approach presented in [1, 2] to the case of a sinusoidal surface), along with the possibility to construct more complex (nonsinusoidal) corrugation profiles, for which the specified regime has certain advantages, e.g., a wider bandwidth. Examples of such profiles are presented. The studies are performed on the basis of numerical solution of the problem of diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave by a perfectly conducting corrugated surface within the framework of the integral-equation method employing the authors’ computer visualization code.

Phenomenological Interpretation of Classical Expression for Force Affecting a Ferroparticle in the Magnetic Field

The unprecedented attempt has been made to fully expand classical and often quoted (above all by magnetic separation regimes and conditions analysis) expression for the force affecting the ferroparticle in magnetic field with the functional character of the following parameters of this expression being taken into account: magnetic induction, magnetic gradient and ferroparticle magnetic susceptibility. For this purpose a particular case of force impact has been analyzed in field approximating one-dimensional field. This field is produced in module of two distantly oriented magnetic elements. The obtained dependences for magnetic induction, magnetic gradient and ferroparticle magnetic susceptibility (according to distance x to polar surface one of the magnetic elements) have been used. By the analysis the fact has been taken into account that ferroparticle magnetic susceptibility depends on its shape as well as substance magnetic susceptibility depends, in its turn, on magnetic field intensity around ferroparticle. In other words, magnetic susceptibility of material depends on distance x to polar surface usually being ignored. The analysis of the following expanded variant of magnetic force expression allows to determine that phenomenological dependence (on parameter x) which has a very simple exponential form can be an alternative to this expression. Such dependence can be reasonably used by decision-making in theoretical and practical tasks of magnetic separation. The undertaken attempt to specify the role of another parameter B0 – magnetic induction on polar surface (that is often considered as the most essential) – shows the power (approximating square) character of magnetic force concerning this parameter.

Kinetics of phase separation in polymer mixtures: A molecular dynamics study

We present detailed results from a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of phase-separation kinetics in polymer mixtures. Our MD simulations naturally incorporate hydrodynamic effects. We find that polymeric phase separation (with dynamically symmetric components) is in the same universality class as segregation of simple fluids: the degree of polymerization only slows down the segregation kinetics. For d = 2 polymeric fluids, the domain growth law is L(t) ∼ t(ϕ) with ϕ showing a crossover from 1/3 → 1/2 → 2/3. For d = 3 polymeric fluids, we see the crossover ϕ = 1/3 → 1. Our MD simulations do not yet access the inertial hydrodynamic regime (with L ∼ t(2/3)) of phase separation in 3-d fluids.

Casimir interaction between spherical and planar plasma sheets

We consider the interaction between a spherical plasma sheet and a planar plasma sheet due to the vacuum fluctuations of electromagnetic fields. We derive the TGTG formula for the Casimir interaction energy and study its asymptotic behaviors. In the small separation regime, we confirm the proximity force approximation and calculate the first correction beyond the proximity force approximation. This study has potential application to model Casimir interaction between objects made of materials that can be modeled by plasma sheets such as graphene sheets.

Casimir interaction between spheres in (D + 1)-dimensional Minkowski spacetime

We consider the Casimir interaction between two spheres in $(D+1)$-dimensional Minkowski spacetime due to the vacuum fluctuations of scalar fields. We consider combinations of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. The TGTG formula of the Casimir interaction energy is derived. The computations of the T matrices of the two spheres are straightforward. To compute the two G matrices, known as translation matrices, which relate the hyper-spherical waves in two spherical coordinate frames differ by a translation, we generalize the operator approach employed in [IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. \textbf{36}, 1078 (1988)]. The result is expressed in terms of an integral over Gegenbauer polynomials. Using our expression for the Casimir interaction energy, we derive the large separation and small separation asymptotic expansions of the Casimir interaction energy. In the large separation regime, we find that the Casimir interaction energy is of order $L^{-2D+3}$, $L^{-2D+1}$ and $L^{-2D-1}$ respectively for Dirichlet-Dirichlet, Dirichlet-Neumann and Neumann-Neumann boundary conditions, where $L$ is the center-to-center distance of the two spheres. In the small separation regime, we confirm that the leading term of the Casimir interaction agrees with the proximity force approximation, which is of order $d^{-\frac{D+1}{2}}$, where $d$ is the distance between the two spheres. Another main result of this work is the analytic computations of the next-to-leading order term in the small separation asymptotic expansion. This term is computed using careful order analysis as well as perturbation method. We find that when $D$ is large, the ratio of the next-to-leading order term to the leading order term is linear in $D$, indicating a larger correction at higher dimensions.

Electromagnetic fluctuations near thin metallic films

We compute the electromagnetic fluctuations due to evanescent-wave Johnson noise in the vicinity of a thin conducting film, such as a metallic gate or a two-dimensional electron gas. This noise can decohere a nearby qubit, and it is also responsible for heat transfer and Casimir forces. We have improved on previous calculations of decoherence rates by including the nonlocal dielectric response of the film, which is an important correction at short distances. Remarkably, the fluctuations responsible for decoherence of charge qubits from a thin film are greatly enhanced over those arising from a conducting half space. The decoherence times can be reduced by over an order of magnitude by decreasing the film thickness. This appears to be due to the leakage into the vacuum of modes that are well localized in the perpendicular direction. There is no corresponding effect for spin qubits (magnetic field fluctuations). We also show that a nonlocal dielectric function naturally removes the divergence in the Casimir force at vanishing separation between two metallic sheets or half spaces. In the separation regime where local and nonlocal treatments are noticeably distinct, the Casimir attraction between two thin sheets and two half spaces is practically indistinguishable for any physical film thickness.

On the Influence of Fuel Distribution on the Flame Structure of Bluff-Body Stabilized Flames

This paper describes recent learning on the flame structure associated with bluff-body stabilized flames and the influence of the fuel distribution with nonpremixed, jet-in-crossflow fuel injection. Recent experimental and analytical results disclosing the flame structure are discussed in relation to classical combustion reaction zone regimes. Chemiluminescence and planar fluorescence imaging of OH* radicals as an indicator of the flame zone are analyzed from various tests conducted at Georgia Tech using a two-dimensional vane-type bluff-body with simple wall-orifice fuel injectors. The results described in this paper support the view that combustion occurs in separated flame zones aligned with the nonpremixed fuel distribution associated with the fuel jets that are very stable and contribute to flame stability at low fuel flow rates. The experimental data is also compared with computational reacting flow large-eddy simulations and interpreted in terms of the fundamental reaction zone regimes for premixed flames. For the conditions of the present experiment, the results indicate combustion occurs over a wide range of flame regimes including the broken reaction zone or separated flamelet regimes.

Evolution of the Distribution of Wealth in an Economic Environment Driven by Local Nash Equilibria

We present and analyze a model for the evolution of the wealth distribution within a heterogeneous economic environment. The model considers a system of rational agents interacting in a game theoretical framework, through fairly general assumptions on the cost function. This evolution drives the dynamic of the agents in both wealth and economic configuration variables. We consider a regime of scale separation where the large scale dynamics is given by a hydrodynamic closure with a Nash equilibrium serving as the local thermodynamic equilibrium. The result is a system of gas dynamics-type equations for the density and average wealth of the agents on large scales. We recover the inverse gamma distribution as an equilibrium in the particular case of quadratic cost functions which has been previously considered in the literature.