Separation Regime Research Articles

Gendering the Arab-Jew: Feminism and Jewish Studies after Ella Shohat

Gendering the Arab-Jew:Feminism and Jewish Studies after Ella Shohat Shir Alon (bio) Setting out to write an essay about cultural theorist Ella Shohat's influence on Jewish Studies over the past 30 years, I couldn't help but wonder (perhaps a bit maliciously) what Shohat, who debuted in academia with an unprecedented study of Israeli cinema from a postcolonial feminist perspective,1 would say about the recent, so-called Jewish Studies film Footnote (2011). Given that it centers on quarrels between Jewish philologists, Footnote was a surprising success both in Israel and at international festivals, even nominated for an Academy Award.2 No doubt its depiction of the relationship between two generations of Talmud scholars, father and son, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem struck a (local and international) chord. Armed with a theatrical soundtrack and humorous voice-over, the film narrates contemporary Jewish Studies as an Oedipal struggle between Ashkenazi men over official recognition, embodied in the Israel Prize. Women are assigned supportive roles as wives and mothers (alas, they occasionally dare not to be supportive enough!). One scene in particular seems to give a knowing wink to the viewing Jewish scholar, as the soundtrack gives way to a squabble, overheard at a cocktail party, about Daniel Boyarin's feminized Jewish man.3 Nevertheless, the pleasure is somewhat bitter if that scholar happens to be a woman, since Boyarin is employed merely to enforce the story of Jewish modernity as a story of masculinity. Whether it is a masculinity gained or lost depends on what flavor of masculinity you favor, but what is certain is that women remain irrelevant to it.4 [End Page 57] It is only fitting that the plot of the film rises and falls on a dramatic philological inquiry into the word metsudah, "fortress," since it presents Jewish Studies as a bastion of white men surrounded by resolute gatekeepers. Women, Mizrahi Jews, or Jerusalem's Palestinians are absent from the university citadel on the hill. What we do see, again and again, are the expressionless security guards standing at every door, profiling those attempting to enter. These guards, ubiquitous in Israeli public spaces since the beginning of the Second Intifada in 2000, are the one visual reference in the film to Israel's ongoing regime of separation. To anyone working in the field of Jewish Studies, the film's image of the discipline is clearly anachronistic: the walls of the fortress have been breached (though not toppled). Work done over the past 40 years has introduced both new research approaches and new objects of study, in dynamic exchange with critical gender, race, and ethnic studies, as well as vital criticism of Jewish Studies' commitment to a Zionist telos. Ella Shohat's writing, taking place at the intersection of Jewish Studies and Middle Eastern Studies, postcolonial studies, feminist theory, and critical race scholarship, directly and indirectly inspired many of these changes. The recent publication of an anthology of her collected writing spanning the past 30 years provides an occasion to assess her influence on the field.5 It seems instructive to position Shohat's intervention alongside Boyarin's, since both have utilized postcolonial and feminist theoretical tools to present foundational and resonant challenges to Jewish Studies: both engage with Jewish identity against its immediate context—Christianity in Boyarin's case and Arab/Muslim culture in the case of Shohat; both associate Zionism, albeit in different ways, with a kind of colonial mimicry, an effort to whiten and westernize the Jew, with destructive psychological effects; and both identify gendered mechanisms of orientalization, demonstrating that the effeminate Jew and the effeminate oriental share the burden of the European gaze. Yet, there is also an important difference between the two: whereas Boyarin is invested in identifying Jewish difference (and therefore an ethical-political Jewish essence),6 Shohat strives to multiply Jewish histories and challenge the paradigms that partition Jews from Arabs, East from West, and modernity from tradition, and in this manner she threatens to dismantle the disciplinary boundaries of Jewish Studies and its coherent object of research.7 This is one possible reason why Shohat and Boyarin's interventions rarely interact in American scholarship. Critical seminars...

Backlog of cases - civil and criminal justice: a comparative study, Bangladesh perspective

The Judiciary was separated on 1 November 2017 and more than ten years have already gone but no impact of its former separation upon reducing the backlogs in either civil or criminal justice has fallen, rather the backlogs have been increased in each year in both cases. This paper has investigated comparatively upon the backlog of cases in civil and criminal justice from 2008 to 2016 (particularly judiciary post separation regime) and its impact upon the judiciary. It has also tried to find out the problems behind the backlogs in both systems and focused upon the challenges in reducing backlogs and ensuring civil and criminal justice. Lastly, this article has given a possible solution to reduce the backlogs from civil and criminal justice. In the study, it is found that the number of backlogs is more in civil justice than criminal justice due to many reasons and the people's confidence upon the judiciary is questionable due to the culture of absence of justice.

Repensando los efectos de la separación de patrimonios y la sucesión del cónyuge

In this article an analysis is made of the effects of the separation of assets and the succession of the spouse. The traditional idea is that when two people marry, they must not only unite their lives in extra-patrimonial aspects, but also in those of patrimonial order. The community society has as its central objective that the bulk of the goods acquired in the future, with certain exceptions, be considered as common goods. In that sense, it implies that, from the moment of the celebration of marriage, the generality of goods acquired by the spouses, in strict, will not be the property of each one of them, but of the community of acquisitions. In this way, no matter how much a single person acquires a good, such good will not belong to him, but to the so-called community of acquisitions, and will have the quality of a common good legally distinct from the patrimony of each one of them. What is proposed in this article is that the regime of separation of assets may undergo a legislative amendment, which implies adding an option to it, which would consist in the separation of assets to be maintained after the death of the owner of said patrimony. This means that, in choosing this path, the spouses could agree to marry under separation of patrimonies and also to renounce each other.

Validation of the SST-HL turbulence model for separated flows and flows around airfoils

Testing of the modification of the SST turbulence model (SST-HL) developed for improvement of prediction of flow around airfoils was carried out for different flows. Although the SST-HL model is slightly worse than the original SST model for turbulent separated flows the agreement of the SST-HL model with the experimental data is quite satisfactory. For flow around airfoils the SST-HL demonstrates superiority over the SST model for separated flow regimes near stall conditions.

Industrial structure and economic performance: The role of productive public expenditure

AbstractI consider productive government spending and preference for diversity in an imperfectly competitive macroeconomic framework, and analyze how differences in industrial structure affect economic growth and the welfare level. Two main findings emerge from the analysis. First, the optimal ratio of government spending is related to the extent of public expenditure externalities and preference for diversity. Second, the vertical separation regime leads to a higher economic growth rate and welfare level than the vertical integration regime, provided that the degree of monopoly power is relatively small.

Normal Contact Model for Elastic and Plastic Mechanics of Rough Surfaces

An elastic and plastic mechanical model is proposed to characterize the normal contact of rough surfaces. The contact process is considered as three separated contact regimes, i.e., the fully elastic, mixed elastic–plastic and fully plastic ones. The Hertzian elastic contact solutions and the classical fully plastic contact model of Abbott and Firestone are used to model the contact behaviors of fully elastically deformed asperities and fully plastically deformed ones, respectively. For the mixed elastic–plastic regime, an improved Hermit interpolation method is applied to enforce the continuity and smoothness at the critical contact interference, and to decrease the interpolation waving effect by transforming the physical quantities of contact load into logarithmic coordinates. The contact model of rough surfaces is formulated by using the Greenwood and Williamson’s statistics analysis. Comparisons with the CEB, ZMC and KE models are then performed to examine the effects of plasticity index and mean separation. Agreeing well with the ZMC model, our results show that the total contact load of rough surfaces decreases with the increase in mean separation, and the difference between the prediction results of elastic models and the plastic ones also decreases, indicating that the contact behaviors mainly dominated by plastically deformed asperities have been changed to be controlled by elastically deformed ones. Larger plasticity index represents more plastically deformed asperities, inducing normal contact behaviors mainly dominated by plastic solutions.

Hundness versus Mottness in a three-band Hubbard–Hund model: On the origin of strong correlations in Hund metals

Hund metals are multi-orbital systems with moderate Coulomb interaction, U, among charges and sizeable Hund’s rule coupling, J(<U), that aligns the spins in different orbitals. They show strong correlation effects, like very low Fermi-liquid coherence scales and intriguing incoherent transport regimes, resulting in bad metallic behavior. But to what extent are these strong correlations governed by Mottness, i.e. the blocking of charge fluctuations close to a Mott insulator transition (MIT) induced by U, or by Hundness, a new route towards strong correlations induced by J? To answer this question, we study the full phase diagram of a degenerate three-band Hubbard–Hund model on a Bethe lattice at zero temperature using single-site dynamical mean-field theory and the numerical renormalization group as efficient real-frequency multi-band impurity solver. Hund metal behavior occurs in this minimal model for a filling close to nd=2, moderate U and sizeable J, the “Hund-metal regime”. In particular, strong correlations manifest themselves there by an unusually low quasiparticle weight. Generalizing previous results on this model, we show that “spin–orbital separation” (SOS) is a generic Hund’s-coupling-induced feature in the whole metallic regime of the phase diagram for 1<nd<3 and sizeable J. There orbital screening always occurs at much higher energies than spin screening below which Fermi-liquid behavior sets in. The low quasiparticle weight can then be directly explained in terms of the Hund’s-coupling-reduced Fermi-liquid scale. We carefully analyze the effect of J (Hundness), and the effect of the MIT at nd=2 and nd=3 (Mottness) on the energy scales and the nature of SOS. In the Hund-metal regime, far from any MIT, Hundness is shown to be the key player to induce strong correlations by constraining the spin rather than the charge dynamics. There, physical properties are governed by a broad incoherent energy regime of SOS where intriguing Hund metal physics occurs: large, almost unscreened spins are coupled to screened orbital degrees of freedom. With increasing proximity to an MIT correlations are further enhanced and the Fermi-liquid scale is further reduced. However, in the Hund-metal regime, this effect of Mottness is minor. In contrast, very close to the MIT at nd=2, the incoherent spin–orbital separation regime is strongly downscaled and becomes negligibly small, whereas Mottness – the localization of charges – becomes dominant in inducing strong correlations. Close to the MIT at nd=3, the SOS regime widens up because the orbital degrees of freedom get blocked by the formation of an S=32 impurity spin, but its nature changes: the orbital and spin dynamics get decoupled. Our results confirm Hundness as a distinct mechanism towards strong correlations in the normal state of Hund metals, leading to various interesting implications for the nature of electronic transport.

Cluster Phases and Bubbly Phase Separation in Active Fluids: Reversal of the Ostwald Process

It is known that purely repulsive self-propelled colloids can undergo bulk liquid-vapor phase separation. In experiments and large scale simulations, however, more complex steady states are also seen, comprising a dynamic population of dense clusters in a sea of vapor, or dilute bubbles in a liquid. Here we show that these microphase-separated states should emerge generically in active matter, without any need to invoke system-specific details. We give a coarse-grained description of them, and predict transitions between regimes of bulk phase separation and microphase separation. We achieve these results by extending the $\phi^4$ field theory of passive phase separation to allow for all local currents that break detailed balance at leading order in the gradient expansion. These local active currents, whose form we show to emerge from coarse-graining of microscopic models, include a mixture of irrotational and rotational contributions, and can be viewed as arising from an effective nonlocal chemical potential. Such contributions influence, and in some parameter ranges reverse, the classical Ostwald process that would normally drive bulk phase separation to completion.

Gas concentration polarization and transport mechanism transition near thin polymeric membranes

Advanced material engineering gave rise to cutting-edge characteristics of sustainable separation by fabrication of high permeable and gas selective membranes. A developed fabrication process of ultrathin polymers with controlled microporosity helps understanding pore size dependent transport and performance of thin membranes with constant pore number from continuum to free-molecular to solution-diffusion regimes. Fabrication of polymer layers with controlled pore size was realized by stage-wise physical vapor deposition of dimethylsiloxane oligomers onto porous alumina support. Single process step forms high permeable porous films of 13 nm in thickness. Further deposition allows fabrication of up to 120 nm nanopore-free uniform layers with defined gas selectivity. Permeances as high as 1300 GPU through gas-selective, uniform dense films results in gas concentration polarization and apparent selectivity loss, so far only observed for porous materials. Our fabrication process enabled observation of two unseen separation regimes in the transport physics transition from (nano) channel flow to solution diffusion supported by mathematical model derived for transport through ultra-thin membranes.

Towards a deterministic composite collision outcome model for surface-tension dominated droplets

The focus of the present study is on the modeling and simulation of coalescence of surface-tension dominated liquid droplets in a gaseous environment. In the framework of a four-way coupled Euler-Lagrange approach using the large-eddy simulation technique, an improved composite collision outcome model identifying the four regimes of binary collisions of such droplets (bouncing, fast coalescence, reflexive and stretching separation) is assembled based on well-known correlations. A specific feature is that a hard-sphere model in combination with a deterministic collision detection is applied and hence the stochastic parcel approach often used for spray simulations is obsolete. In this composite model the bounding curves between the regimes mentioned before are taken from available experiments and described by well-known analytic correlations. The main objective is to provide a compilation of the different modeling assumptions resulting in a consistent model for the entire regime. Furthermore, the composite model is improved by introducing an additional condition to consider the overlapping region of the stretching and reflexive separation regimes at high Weber numbers. The outcome of a binary collision is identified based on the collision Weber number, the dimensionless impact parameter and the droplet size ratio. The results of each collision is treated separately with regard to the collision regime found, whereas the formation of satellite droplets during stretching and reflexive separation is currently not taken into account. Additionally, a droplet injection model for spray systems is introduced to specify the injected mass, the position, the velocity and the diameters of the released droplets. In this model the initial droplet diameters mimicking the primary break-up (atomization process) of the jet are modeled by means of a number distribution function. The implementation of the composite collision outcome model is verified using the test case of an inter-impingement spray system consisting of two crossing conical water sprays. Besides correctly reproducing the experimental correlations the composite model predicts a coalescence rate which is within the experimental range found in the literature. Then, the composite collision outcome model is applied to simulate the injection process of a solid-cone non-evaporating diesel spray into a quiescent nitrogen environment and validated against experimental data. The validation study is carried out in terms of the spray tip penetration, since it is one of the most important characteristics of sprays. A detailed comparative study is carried out to investigate the effect of different simulation parameters on the spray tip penetration. The results clearly show that a four-way coupled simulation using the enhanced composite model leads to the best agreement with the experiment.

El régimen de separación de bienes y la violencia patrimonial en las relaciones de pareja

En este artículo de investigación se realiza un análisis de la figura jurídica del régimen de separación de bienes en las relaciones de pareja, tomando como base el derecho a la propiedad privada individual y el tipo penal de violencia patrimonial y económica contra la mujer, desarrollado en cuatro subtítulos. El primero menciona la definición de la propiedad desde un punto de vista de interés social y sus distintas formas como la propiedad privada individual, que es la mayor forma de expresión de respeto del derecho sobre la cosa o los bienes que tiene una persona, identificándose circunstancias que delimitan este derecho subjetivo. En la segunda parte, se refiere al patrimonio de uso familiar, al cual tiene derecho la mujer y se mencionan los bienes que lo comprende. Posteriormente se relata, la forma en que las parejas administran sus bienes y se específica el régimen patrimonial de separación de bienes, pactado entre el hombre y la mujer para conservar su derecho sobre patrimonios privados e individuales a los que tienen derecho, y se enuncia algunas excepciones a esa potestad, como el respeto a la vivienda familiar, ajuar, etc., para separar aquellos bienes o patrimonio que pueden ser afectado por las reglas generales que rigen los regímenes económicos de las parejas. Por último con el nuevo tipo penal de violencia patrimonial se considera el concepto de violencia, los instrumentos internacionales y la afectación del derecho a la propiedad privada individual del hombre.

SMASH: Structured matrix approximation by separation and hierarchy

SummaryThis paper presents an efficient method to perform structured matrix approximation by separation and hierarchy (SMASH), when the original dense matrix is associated with a kernel function. Given the points in a domain, a tree structure is first constructed based on an adaptive partition of the computational domain to facilitate subsequent approximation procedures. In contrast to existing schemes based on either analytic or purely algebraic approximations, SMASH takes advantage of both approaches and greatly improves efficiency. The algorithm follows a bottom‐up traversal of the tree and is able to perform the operations associated with each node on the same level in parallel. A strong rank‐revealing factorization is applied to the initial analytic approximation in the separation regime so that a special structure is incorporated into the final nested bases. As a consequence, the storage is significantly reduced on one hand and a hierarchy of the original grid is constructed on the other hand. Due to this hierarchy, nested bases at upper levels can be computed in a similar way as the leaf level operations but on coarser grids. The main advantages of SMASH include its simplicity of implementation, its flexibility to construct various hierarchical rank structures, and a low storage cost. The efficiency and robustness of SMASH are demonstrated through various test problems arising from integral equations, structured matrices, etc.

Microporous Inorganic Membranes for Gas Separation and Purification

The importance of inorganic membranes for gas separation and purification is analyzed. Although the cost of inorganic membranes is higher than that for polymeric membranes, they have higher permeance, selectivity and better resistance to higher pressure and temperature. The main materials used for porous inorganic membranes are alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), zirconia (ZrO2), zeolite and carbon. Ceramics are compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements. They generally have a macroporous support, an intermediate layer and a small porous top layer. Because the Knudsen gas separation regime has a very low selectivity, various membrane surface modification techniques have started to be experimented with at a number of laboratories. The research focuses on materials that exhibit molecular sieving properties, such as silica, zeolites, MOFs (metal-organic frameworks), graphene and carbon. Finally, gas transport mechanisms through porous membranes are summarized.

Hydrodynamic stress correlations in fluid films driven by stochastic surface forcing

We study hydrodynamic fluctuations in a compressible and viscous fluid film confined between two rigid, no-slip, parallel plates, where one of the plates is kept fixed, while the other one is driven in small-amplitude, translational, displacements around its reference position. This jiggling motion is assumed to be driven by a stochastic, external, surface forcing of zero mean and finite variance. Thus, while the transverse (shear) and longitudinal (compressional) hydrodynamic stresses produced in the film vanish on average on either of the plates, these stresses exhibit fluctuations that can be quantified through their equal-time, two-point, correlation functions. For transverse stresses, we show that the correlation functions of the stresses acting on the same plate (self-correlators) as well as the correlation function of the stresses acting on different plates (cross-correlators) exhibit universal, decaying, power-law behaviors as functions of the inter-plate separation. At small separations, the exponents are given by -1, while at large separations, the exponents are found as -2 (self-correlator on the fixed plate), -4 (excess self-correlator on the mobile plate) and -3 (cross-correlator). For longitudinal stresses, we find much weaker power-law decays in the large separation regime, with exponents -3/2 (excess self-correlator on the mobile plate) and -1 (cross-correlator). The self-correlator on the fixed plate increases and levels off upon increasing the inter-plate separation, reflecting the non-decaying nature of the longitudinal forces acting on the fixed plate.

Investigation of conjugate circular arcs in rocket nozzle contour design

The use of conjugate circular arcs in rocket nozzle contour design has been investigated by numerically comparing three existing sub-scale nozzles to a range of equivalent arc-based contour designs. Three performance measures were considered when comparing nozzle designs: thrust coefficient, nozzle exit wall pressure, and a transition between flow separation regimes during the engine start-up phase. In each case, an equivalent arc-based contour produced an increase in the thrust coefficient and exit wall pressure of up to 0.4 and 40% respectively, in addition to suppressing the transition between a free and restricted shock separation regime. A general approach to arc-based nozzle contour design has also been presented to outline a rapid and repeatable process for generating sub-scale arc-based contours with an exit Mach number of 3.8–5.4 and a length between 60 and 100% of a 15 $$^{\circ }$$ conical nozzle. The findings suggest that conjugate circular arcs may represent a viable approach for producing sub-scale rocket nozzle contours, and that a further investigation is warranted between arc-based and existing full-scale rocket nozzles.

Steady separation of flow from an inclined square cylinder with sharp and rounded base

Initial separation of laminar boundary layer for steady flow around square cylinders at 45° incidence is investigated numerically using a blockage of 0.05. The cylinder shapes differ solely at the base region where corner rounding of various degrees is provided such that the base point approaches the center of the cylinder as the corner radius continues to increase. The normalized corner radius is varied between 0 and 0.25, in steps of 0.05. A very narrow regime of Reynolds number (Re) bounded by 6 and 8.2 is found to surprisingly accommodate a wide description of flow physics unforeseen in common geometries, i.e. circle, square and ellipse at 0° or 90° incidence, etc. These include secondary (no wake) followed by primary (wake) separation, simultaneous primary and secondary separation, vortex merger, degeneration of half-saddles, dual nature of a singular point, etc. A very interesting vortex structure forms when separation bubbles meet at the sharp base point, yet do not form a wake immediately. This unique structure however, disappears once the base is rounded. Two fundamental and novel flow topologies are proposed and it is demonstrated that the classical wake topology is a degenerated structure of the proposed topologies. Each of the proposed topologies satisfies the kinematic requirement of [6] implying that the intermediate vortical structures are stable. Overall, three distinct regimes of separation are identified - regime I for secondary separation, regime II for simultaneous primary and secondary separation and regime III for primary separation alone. A ‘flow separation map’ that completely specifies all the regimes of separation is presented for the first time for steady flow past a symmetric obstacle. The flow bifurcation is a function of corner radius. The maximum number of bifurcations equals three and this is associated with small values of radius of curvature. For secondary separation, the critical Re marking its onset is virtually constant at 7.3. The occurrence of secondary separation ceases to exist beyond a normalized corner radius of 0.15. Among the cylinder shapes considered, it is only for this cylinder that the number of singular points on the surface or number of no-slip critical points reaches a maximum value of 8.

Coherent neural oscillations induced by weak synaptic noise

We analyze the effect of synaptic noise on the dynamics of the FitzHugh–Nagumo (FHN) neuron model. In our deterministic parameter regime, a limit cycle solution cannot emerge through a singular Hopf bifurcation, but such a limit cycle can nevertheless arise as a stochastic effect, as a consequence of weak synaptic noise in a regime of strong timescale separation (varepsilon rightarrow 0) between the slow and fast variables of the model. We investigate the mechanism behind this phenomenon, known as self-induced stochastic resonance (SISR) (Muratov et al. in Physica D 210:227–240, 2005), by using multiple-time perturbation techniques and by analyzing the escape mechanism of the random trajectories from the stable manifolds of the model equation. Even though SISR occurs only in the limit as the singular parameter varepsilon rightarrow 0, decreasing varepsilon does not increase the coherence of the oscillations in the FHN model, but rather increases the interval of the noise amplitude sigma for which coherence occurs. This is in contrast to the dynamical system studied in Muratov et al. (2005). Moreover, the phenomenon is robust under parameter tuning. Numerical simulations exhibit the results predicted by the theoretical analysis. In fact, our analysis together with that in Yamakou and Jost (Weak noise-induced transitions with inhibition and modulation of neural oscillations, 2017) reveals that the FHN model can support different stochastic resonance phenomena. While it had been known (Pikovsky and Kurths in Phys Rev Lett 78:775–778, 1997) that coherence resonance can occur when the slow variable is subjected to noise, we show that, when noise is added to the fast variable, two other types, inverse stochastic resonance and SISR, may emerge in the same weak noise limit and that the transition between these phenomena can be induced by varying a simple parameter.

Mathematical modelling of cyclic pressure swing adsorption processes

The paper discusses the results of a numerical analysis of the properties and regimes of the adsorption air separation and oxygen concentration process with a purity of ∼ 40-60%, carried out in a 2-adsorption vacuum-pressure plant with a granular zeolite adsorbent 13X with a productivity of 1.6 · 10-5 m3/s. Computational experiments were carried out using the developed mathematical model and the influence of temperature, pressure, reflux ratio, the duration of the adsorption and desorption stages, the harmonic fluctuations of the inlet pressure during the adsorption stage and the outlet pressure during the desorption stage on the kinetics, and the efficiency of the air separation process by the PSA method were investigated. It is established that the specially organized harmonic fluctuations of the inlet pressure at the stage of adsorption and outlet pressure during the desorption stage lead to an increase in the purity of product oxygen by 4% (vol.).

Hydrodynamics and separation regimes in a cyclonic–static microbubble flotation column

AbstractA cyclonic–static microbubble flotation column (FCSMC) operates under multiple flow regimes, which significantly improves recovery and selectivity. To understand the flow behavior and separation in an FCSMC, unsteady gas–fluid flow numerical simulations are performed. The computational fluid dynamics model is validated against the particle image velocimetry measurements applied to a lab‐scale FCSMC. Hydrodynamic features and qualitative mineralization characteristics are studied. Global analysis reveals that an FCSMC operates under plug flow, swirling flow, and jet and pipe flow regimes along the pulp flow direction, through which the flow velocity, gas holdup, and turbulence gradually increase. This gradual intensification should overcome the mineral's decreased floatability over time. Local hydrodynamic and separation analyses indicate that the gas and liquid in the column unit move axially in opposite directions with very‐low velocities, which results in countercurrent collisions, a low recovery capacity and high selectivity. In the cyclone unit, both phases rotate clockwise with high tangential, low radial, and axial velocities. Both axial and radial velocities of the gas and liquid have different magnitudes and opposite directions, which indicates the countercurrent collisions in the axial and radial directions. The density‐based separation of tailings and surface flotation of middling takes place in this zone. In the pipe unit, the flow velocity, gas holdup, and turbulence are the highest of the entire FCSMC. Minerals with the lowest floatability are recovered in this zone, but the selectivity is low. Overall, the presence of multiple flow regimes allows the integration of multiple mineralization steps in one column and provides conditions for overcoming the decreased mineral floatability over flotation time, improving both mineralization and selectivity.

Orzekanie w sprawach o ustanowienie rozdzielności majątkowej między małżonkami

This paper concerns the problem of establishment of mandatory regime of separation of property by a court – both upon request of one of the spouses and upon request of a spouse’s creditor. The first part of the article contains an analysis of the current legal regulations. Legal literature and case law are discussed with regard to interpretation of the statutory reasons for establishment of the regime of separation of property by the court. Moreover, the author critically analyses the possibility of establishing the regime of separation of property upon a creditor’s request, which possibility was introduced into the laws regulating marital property systems, and reconstructs, among other things, the original motives of this amendment. The second part is a report on a survey of case files conducted by the author on a sample of 195 case files concerning the establishment of the regime of separation. The survey permitted the author to evaluate the practice of the administration of justice in this regard and to formulate conclusions. In particular, attention is drawn to a considerable number of non-litigious court cases, where evidentiary proceedings were much reduced and whose course differed from the model assumed in the statutory law.