Separation Principle Research Articles

Separation principle of time varying delayed perturbed uncertain systems

In this paper, we establish a separation principle in the practical sense for a class of time varying delay uncertain perturbed systems with a delay perturbation and an independent delay perturbation. Furthermore, based on Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals, we study the possibility to stabilize globally in practical sense by an estimated state controller. Finally, an illustrative example is given to prove the applicability of the main result.

Numerical Study on High Throughput and High Solid Particle Separation in Deterministic Lateral Displacement Microarrays

Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) is a high-resolution passive microfluidic separation method for separating micron-scale particles according to their size. Optimizing these microsystems for larger throughputs and particle concentrations is of interest for industrial applications. This study evaluates the limitations of the functionality of the DLD separation principle under these specific conditions. For this reason, different particle volume fractions (up to 11%) and volumetric flow rates (corresponding to Reynolds numbers up to 50) were varied within the DLD microsystem and tested in different combinations. Resolved two-way coupled computational fluid dynamics/discrete element method (CFD-DEM) simulations including spherical particles were performed. The results show a general increase in the critical diameter with increasing volume fraction and decreasing separation efficiency. The largest tested Reynolds number (Re = 50) results in the highest separation efficiency, particularly at low volume fractions, and is only slightly less efficient than low Reynolds numbers as the volume fraction increases. The results indicate that by limiting the volume fraction to a maximum of 3.6%, the flow rate and the associated separation rate can be increased while maintaining a high separation efficiency.

An economical pyrrhotite‐loaded sludge carbon composite effectively activated persulfate to sterilize Escherichia coli

AbstractBACKGROUNDPersulfate (PS) has the capability to yield free radicals via activators, thereby shaping an advanced oxidation process that can significantly contribute to effective sterilization. Central to this technology is the pursuit of appropriate activators.RESULTSIn our research, we successfully synthesized an economical and efficient PS activator, namely a pyrrhotite‐loaded sludge carbon (Pyr‐SC) composite. This was achieved via a straightforward procedure utilizing two environmentally friendly and cost‐efficient raw materials: pyrite and sludge. Pyr‐SC exhibited a specific surface area of 60.4 m2 g−1 and rich functional groups such as carbon–sulfur and sulfur–oxygen. The magnetic and graphitic carbon structures were formed at high temperatures during the preparation process, and the sludge carbon (SC) exhibited porous defects, which allowed the effective insertion of iron/sulfur into SC to form the stable Pyr‐SC structure. Pyr‐SC activated PS, which further sterilized Escherichia coli in the wastewater at a sterilization rate of 7.00 lg E. coli at 107 cfu mL−1 in 80 min. The sterilization rate was less affected by temperature and pH. We verified sulfate, hydroxyl and oxygen free radicals produced by the Pyr‐SC‐activated PS. The Pyr‐SC composite, thanks to its expedited electron transfer, could activate PS to engender free radicals. Furthermore, the oscillatory transformation of iron ions caused by the monosulfide ion on the Pyr‐SC surface augmented the production of free radicals. An assessment of Pyr‐SC's stability was conducted, adhering to the principles of magnetic separation. After five cycles in the Pyr‐SC/PS reaction system, the sterilization rate reached 3.29 lg, whereas the leaching rate of iron in Pyr‐SC decreased. The Pyr‐SC/PS reaction system also had a broad spectrum of wastewater.CONCLUSIONThe economically prepared Pyr‐SC composite provided an effective technology for activating PS and sterilizing microorganisms in wastewater. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Principle of Separation of Powers: the Case of Lithuania

Abstract The principle of separation of powers is one of the most important constitutional principles underlying the organization of public power. In interpreting this principle, the Lithuanian Constitutional Court has defined it is a fundamental principle of the organization and functioning of a democratic state governed by the rule of law, which requires not only separation of the branches of government but also ensuring a balance between them. The constitutional rule stating that ‘in Lithuania, State power is executed by the Seimas, the President of the Republic and the Government, and the Judiciary’ is the starting point for revealing the content of the principle of separation of powers enshrined in the Constitution. This article discusses the exercise of legislative, executive and judicial powers by the public authorities specified in the Constitution and presents some cases of violation of the constitutional principle of separation of powers that have been examined by the Lithuanian Constitutional Court. These issues are analyzed in the context of challenges to the principle of separation of powers in other Central and Eastern European countries.

Infinite‐horizon optimal control for networked control systems with Markovian packet losses

AbstractThis article is concerned with the infinite‐horizon optimal control for networked control systems with Markovian packet losses. We focus on the case that packet losses may occur in an unreliable communication channel between the sensor and the controller. This sort of packet loss enables the optimal control problem to fall into the category of optimal output‐feedback control. Also, the output involves multiplicative noise. As well known, the separation principle fails to hold in a multiplicative‐noise setting. Thus the problem is very involved. By solving forward and backward stochastic difference equations and making convergence analysis, we acquire the necessary and sufficient solvability condition and the explicit optimal controller. The achieved results are illustrated by numerical examples.

Low-Power Fault-Tolerant Control for Nonideal High-Order Fully Actuated Systems

This article presents a novel observer-based fault-tolerant controller framework for a class of nonideal time-varying high-order fully actuated systems (HOFASs). The HOFAS theory is an emerging nonlinear dynamical system theory, which can yield global stability. In order to improve the ability of HOFAS theory to handle parameter uncertainties, actuator faults, and measurement noises, a nonlinear extended state observer and low-power fully actuated controller framework is established in this article. Particularly, the linear framework conforms to the generalized separation principle and highlights the advantages of HOFAS parametric design. Moreover, the work takes into account fault tolerance and noise suppression in engineering applications, reducing the dependence of HOFAS theory on model accuracy. The uniformly bounded stability and noise suppression performance are also proved theoretically and illustrated experimentally.

Features of maneuverable operation modes of nuclear icebreakers reactor installations when working in the Arctic

It is noted that the requirements for the reactor installations of new atomic icebreakers of 22220, 10510, 10570 projects suggest an increase in safety (reliability), efficiency and maneuverability. At the same time, the maneuverability of reactor installations in specific features is limited and does not have an unambiguous connection with the maneuverability of the nuclear energy installation in general and rowing electric motors in particular. For this, the separate principle of controlling the reactor and steam turbine installation is implemented on the projects of atomic icebreakers. It is indicated that the development of new projects of atomic icebreakers with increased consumer properties requires processing the statistical information based on the results of the operation of atomic icebreakers of already implemented 10520, 10521, 10580 projects with various input terms and the duration of operation in the Arctic. This allows us to ensure the development of a reasonable approach when determining the operation of atomic icebreakers. It is noted that in order to compare maneuvering operating modes of reactor installations of individual icebreakers and the development of generalizing characteristics, information obtained from specific icebreakers is required. The collection of statistical data from the organized on all nuclear icebreakers and grouped materials are annually received for processing and generalization in the «OKBM Africantov». Assignment calculations are made on statistical information accumulated from 1975 to 2000 by the quantity and depth of change in reactors power when working in the Arctic conditions. A new approach to taking into account the number of equivalent cycles during maneuvering the reactor installation is proposed in the paper. In features of the existing approach with the determination of the above number of cycles in a new approach, the significance of the sublayer is taken into account by the impact on the reliability of the active zone. It is shown that this approach gives a more adequate assessment of the active zone resource expenditure during the campaign. The evaluation of the cycles density of the reactor installation power changing over the reporting period of time is also proposed. It is shown that at maneuverable operation of individual icebreakers there are an individual emphasis and increased maneuverable load of single-reactor icebreakers in relation to dual-reactor.

Особенности взаимодействия государства и РПЦ в современном российском обществе

The Russian Orthodox Church has been an integral institution of social development for many centuries. The history of the relationship between the State and the Church is very rich and, at different times, there have been a number of peculiarities. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the development of relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the state received a new impetus, and today it is difficult to imagine the devel-opment of a large number of public institutions without the participation of the Church. In Russia there is a tradi-tional relationship between the Church and the state, which has its own specificity. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Church and the state relate to separate spheres of activity and cannot interact with each other in the areas of governance and politics. However, in Russia there is a tradition of recognizing religion as an important component of the country’s cultural heritage, as well as recognizing religious organiza-tions as social institutions that have the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression. Church and state can interact within the framework of legislation, for example, in the field of charity, the protection of cultur-al heritage, religious propaganda and education. Nevertheless, any form of Church interference in political processes is prohibited by law. State support for religious organizations is also provided, including tax exemp-tions and the provision of land for the construction of churches and monasteries. In general, this support is based on general grounds and is not tied to the Church’s political influence on the state. Overall, the interaction between the Church and the State in Russia is characterized by the observance of the principle of separation of powers and respect for the rights to freedom of religion and freedom of speech. The paper attempts to exam-ine the key features of the interaction between the State and the Church as a model of communication of the Russian Federation’s modern society.

A separation principle for Takagi-Sugeno control fuzzy systems

A separation principle for Takagi-Sugeno control fuzzy systems

THE SEPARATION OF POWERS AND THE NON-DELEGATION DOCTRINE In re Constitutionality of the Mpumalanga Petitions Bills, 2000 2000 1 SA 447 (CC); 2001 11 BCLR 1126 (CC)

The modern concept of separation of powers was first introduced by Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Bréde et de Montesquieu (1689-1755), in his well-known work L’Esprit des Loix (1748). Since then this concept has developed into a doctrine made up of four basic principles, one of which is the principle of separation of functions (the other three being: the principle of trias politica; the principle of separation of personnel; and the principle of checks and balances – see Van der Vyver “Separation of Powers” 1995 SAPL 177).The principle of separation of functions – which provides that each branch of state may only exercise those powers which have been entrusted to it – gives rise to many complex issues. One of these is the extent to which the legislative branch may validly delegate lawmaking powers to another body or person. This issue has been considered by the Constitutional Court on a number of occasions, most recently in the case In re Constitutionality of the Mpumalanga Petitions Bill, 2000 (2002 1 SA 447 (CC); 2001 11 BCLR 1126 (CC)).This judgment is particularly interesting because it deals not only with the type of legislative power which may be validly delegated to another body or person – which was the focus in the Constitutional Court’s previous judgments on the issue – but also with the sorts of bodies or persons to whom legislative power may be validly delegated.Besides dealing with the sorts of bodies or persons to whom legislative power may validly be delegated, the judgment also clarifies a number of issues relating to the referral of a bill to the Constitutional Court by the president (or a provincial premier) in terms of section 79 (or s 121) of the Constitution.

Differentiator‐based bearing‐only formation control of quadrotors

AbstractThis article addresses the leader‐follower formation control problem for a group of quadrotors using only relative bearing measurements. Most existing methods require full position or velocity information, which cis challenging to obtain in harsh environments. In contrast, the proposed control scheme is based on a hierarchical system that does not rely on relative position or velocity measurements. The bearing‐only control law is designed to stabilize the desired formation, and each quadrotor maintains predetermined bearings with its neighbors. The control design relies on a non‐singular extraction algorithm for separate design of translation and rotation control. The outer loop of the control scheme utilizes a filter‐like approach to overcome the lack of bearing rate measurements in the bearing‐only formation controller. Moreover, employing differentiators following the separation principle with properties of asymptotic high accuracy, a uniform differentiator is provided for each following quadrotor to overcome the absence of linear velocity and acceleration feedback in the inner‐loop controller. Ultimately, the efficacy of the proposed control strategy is validated through a combination of Lyapunov stability theory and extensive numerical simulations.

Preparation, Characterization and Application of Novel Photocatalytic Two-Dimensional Material Membrane: A Reform of Comprehensive Experimental Teaching

Recently, two-dimensional materials (2DM) have garnered considerable interest in the field of membrane separation owing to their distinctive microstructure and chemical properties. However, membrane fouling still limits the further application of 2DM in wastewater treatment. This work designed and constructed a series of novel composite membranes by introducing the photocatalyst NH2-MIL-88B (Fe) into the structure of 2D material MXene (Ti3C2TX) nanosheets. The membranes not only improved their ability to remove various dyes from wastewater but also achieved in-situ degradation of pollutants on the membrane surface and inner structure, demonstrating its self-cleaning ability. This work solved the critical technical problem of MXene-based membrane fouling, providing a good reference for its further practical application. In addition, it also developed a comprehensive experiment that involves principles of materials science, chemical separation, and environmental protection. By reforming the original experimental design, it is helpful for college students to master interdisciplinary basic knowledge, cultivating their innovation and practical ability. Hence, this work involves approaches is meaningful for both environmental protection and experimental teaching.

Participatory Innovation Praxis: A trans-disciplinary method for conducting high-complexity social transformations

Why is humanity heading for self-destruction and planetary devastation? Why are so many problems –climate crisis, hunger, migrations, organized crime, inequality, desertification, pollution, etc.– out of control and getting worse? These high-complexity problems involve large numbers of actors, conflicts, issues, interpretations and cultures, and require pulling together knowledge from widely different sources to be possibly governed. Yet the master paradigm that has ruled humanity over the last four centuries –i.e., Cartesian, analytical or simplifying thinking– makes this practically impossible because of its principles of separation, reduction and abstraction that are embodied in today’s scientific disciplines. The Participatory Innovation (PI) Praxis offers a viable alternative, within the emerging post-Cartesian paradigm of systems thinking or complex thinking. PI’s theory comes from key systems thinkers: Ackoff, Ashby, Beer, Ozbekhan, Morin and Schein; its empirical grounds, from experiences in many fields and places, including hundreds of innovations. PI makes high-complexity challenges understandable and governable through methodical design and implementation of consensus social-cultural transformations, by using the astounding capacities of human minds and natural language to process complex meanings. This article illustrates the method with 25-year impacts of two cases in Chile. It closes by discussing implications for policy and for cultural and civilizational matters.

The incompatibility (and non-electability) of the function of judge and prosecutor with the parliamentary mandate in Poland

The principle of incompatibility, as expressed in Article 103 of the Basic Law, constitutes one of the key guarantees for the exercise of the parliamentary mandate. By indicating the functions that cannot be exercised in tandem with the mandate of a deputy or senator, the legislator aims to achieve, inter alia, such objectives as: fulfilment of the principle of separation of powers, counteracting conflicts of interest and corruption phenomena, ensuring transparency of decisions taken and ensuring impartiality and independence in the exercise of office. Judges and prosecutors, which also includes retired judges and prosecutors, may not hold parliamentary office. Consequently, electing them as MPs or senators requires them to relinquish their office as judges or prosecutors, and the consequence of not relinquishing their office is the termination of their mandate.

Assessment of a particle sedimentation hands-on learning tool with application in blood cell separations

Chemical engineers frequently contribute to the advancement of the medical field; however, medical applications are often only covered in elective courses. To introduce medical applications into the core curriculum, we implemented a hands-on learning tool that portrays blood separation principles through microbead settling in a core third-year chemical engineering separations class. Test scores from twenty-six students show significant growth at p < 0.001 from Pretest to Posttest I at average values of 41 % and 68 %, respectively. Posttest II scores reveal a significantly higher average score of 84 % for students who sat through lecture before the hands-on experiment in comparison to 75 % for students who first had the hands-on experiment then lecture with statistical significance of p = 0.046 and a moderate Cohen’s d effect size of 0.442. Students report positive, lasting impressions from the guided-learning worksheet and hands-on learning experience on their feedback surveys and one-on-one interviews. Retention assessments from four students six months post-intervention reveal retention of concepts with an average test score of 74 %. These outcomes suggest hands-on learning tools are most impactful on conceptual and motivational gains when supplemented with pre-experiment lectures and quality complementary learning materials. Tweetable AbstractA hands-on learning tool containing microbeads suspended in fluid shows blood separation principles and results in significant learning gains in a core chemical engineering separations class.

Implementasi Tugas Dan Fungsi Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Sebagai Independent Agencies Dalam Sistem Ketatanegaraan Di Indonesia

The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia) confirms that Indonesia is a constitutional state. Therefore, the administration of the state in Indonesia must uphold the values of Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and guarantee that all citizens, together with their position before law and government, in carrying out constitutional affairs. From the perspective of this rule of law, it is the law that holds the highest command in the administration of the state. Thus, in fact the leader in administering the state is the law itself, in which there is an understanding of the recognition of the principle of legal and constitutional supremacy, adherence to the principle of limitation and separation of powers according to the constitutional system regulated in the Constitution. There are three classical functions of power in legal and political theory, namely the legislative, executive and judicial functions or called the trias politica. Problems Based on the background of the problems described above, the problems that are examined and discussed are as follows how the implementation of the duties and functions of the Corruption Eradication Commission as independent agencies in the Indonesian constitutional system and what are the obstacles to implementing the duties and functions of the Corruption Eradication Commission as independent agencies. Type of Research This research is normative juridical research or also called doctrinal research. In this type of research, law is conceptualized as what is written in laws and regulations (law in book) or law is conceptualized as rules or norms which are standards for human behavior that are considered appropriate.

Polityka karna państwa a sądowy wymiar kary. Uwagi na tle wykładni i stosowania przepisu art. 53 ust. 2 ustawy z dnia 29 lipca 2005 roku o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii

The aim of the article is to discuss, in light of new empirical and theoretic arguments, the correctness of a prevalent interpretation of the relevant anti-drugs legislation as regards the material (considerable) quantity within the meaning of the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction. The aforementioned discussion is preceded by some introductory remarks about the separation of powers which are crucial for the understanding of the faulty practice of applying the discussed provisions. Subsequently, the daily judicature with regard to sentences is described on the basis of statistical data and in the context of the criminal policy as well as the competences of each branch of government. Finally, following a legal analysis, it is demonstrated that although the legal practice is formally contrary to the principle of separation of powers, this contradiction is illusional because only the tools used by the courts to reach the expected results are not acceptable, all while the final effects as such are compatible with the lawmakers’ will.

The infinite separation principle

In this paper, we propose “The Infinite Separation Principle”. This principle contains two implications: firstly, even exhausting all separation approaches, including chemical techniques, it is impossible to achieve 100% purity for separating a mixture; secondly, separation can continue infinitely without an endpoint.

Sand resource extraction from waste soils based on the hydro-cyclone separation principle

For engineering waste soils with a large proportion of sand resources, an effective technique for sand extraction from waste soils still needs to be developed. This study investigates the degree and efficiency of sand resource extraction based on a hydro-cyclone separation principle via a series of experiments. The soil samples in the experiments contained a sand content ranging from 12.56% to 52.75% and a water content ranging from 155.96% to 597.04%. The results show that the water contents of test samples should reach a certain threshold to perform hydro-cyclone separation, and appropriately increasing the water content will have a positive effect on the separation degree, which can achieve a maximum value of 73.26%. However, the separation degree reaches an upper limit value when the water content is greater than approximately 400%, which is revealed by the characteristics of soil viscosity varying with water content, and high-water content for the separation efficiency is not beneficial. To balance the separation degree and efficiency, optimum sample water contents for sand extraction and an evaluation approach for different sand content samples are proposed. Through application of the proposed approach, an average sand extraction efficiency of 135.88 g/s can be achieved.

Separation principle of delay perturbed singular systems

Abstract In this paper, we establish a separation principle for a class of time-varying delay perturbed singular systems. Furthermore, we propose a singular observer to estimate the system states. Based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, the practical stability of the proposed singular observer is achieved. These results are applied to show that a separation principle for perturbed singular systems can be obtained. Eventually, we provide a numerical example to verify the validity of the proposed results.