Polarization Separation Research Articles

A comparison of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis for the metabolomics analysis of human serum

Cationic, anionic, zwitterionic and, partially polar metabolites are very important constituents of blood serum. Several of these metabolites underpin the core metabolism of cells (e.g., Krebs cycle, urea cycle, proteins synthesis, etc.), while others might be considered ancillary but still important to grasp the status of any organism through blood serum analysis. Due to its wide chemical diversity, modern metabolomics analysis of serum is still struggling to provide a complete and comprehensive picture of the polar metabolome, due to the limitations of each specific analytical method. In this study, two metabolomics-based analytical methods using the most successful techniques for polar compounds separation in human serum samples, namely hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), are evaluated, both coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer via electrospray ionization (ESI-Q-TOF-MS). The performance of the two methods have been compared using five terms of comparison, three of which are specific to metabolomics, such as (1) compounds’ detectability (2) Pezzatti score (Pezzatti et al. 2018), (3) intra-day precision (repeatability), (4) ease of automatic analysis of the data (through a common deconvolution alignment and extrapolation software, MS-DIAL, and (5) time & cost analysis. From this study, HILIC-MS proved to be a better tool for polar metabolome analysis, while CE-MS helped identify some interesting variables that gave it interest in completing metabolome coverage in metabolomics studies. Finally, in this framework, MS-DIAL demonstrates for the first time its ability to process CE data for metabolomics, although it is not designed for it.

Single chip simultaneous chiral and achiral imaging based on high efficiency 3D plasmonic metalens

Abstract We propose and experimentally demonstrate a single chip metasurface for simultaneous chiral and achiral imaging and polarimetric detecting using a high efficiency three dimensional plasmonic metalens (3D-PM) with capability of designed separation of different circular polarizations. The proposed 3D-PM combines both propagating and geometric phases so that two orthogonal circular polarization components of the incidence can be precisely separated and imaged into two channels and the incident polarization state can be detected with differentiation of the two channels. One single set of an array of Au layer covered anisotropic polymethyl methacrylate elliptical nanopillars is employed, in which height of each nanopillar is added as a new design degree of freedom to realize both full phase manipulation (0–2π) and high efficiency (>0.85) with coupled equivalent Fabry–Pérot cavity and localized surface plasmons. At design wavelength of 1550 nm, experimental results show that optical resolution of both chiral and achiral images approaches the diffraction limit, extinction ratio of circular polarizations in two channels is ∼33:1, and the energy efficiency reaches ∼63 %. The proposed 3D-PM provides a new and simple way for chiral/achiral imaging and polarimetric measurement, and can be applied in integrated optics, optical communication, and biomolecule detection.

The active synergetic microbiota with Aspergillus as the core dominates the metabolic network of ester synthesis in medium-high temperature Daqu

The active ester-synthesis microorganisms in medium-high temperature Daqu (MHT-Daqu) largely impact the strong-flavor Baijiu quality, while their actual composition and metabolic mechanism remain unclear. Here, to explore how the active microbiota contributes to MHT-Daqu ester biosynthesis, metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic analyses coupled with experimental verification were performed. The results showed that the MHT-Daqu microbiota with the higher ester-forming ability exhibited a more active dynamic alteration from transcription to translation. The genera Aspergillus, Bacillus, Leuconostoc, and Pediococcus could transcribe and translate obviously more ester-forming enzymes. In the ester-synthesis metabolic network, the synergetic microbiota confirmed by interaction analysis, containing Eurotiales, Bacillales, and Saccharomycetales, played an essential role, in which the Eurotiales and its representative genus Aspergillus contributed the highest transcript and protein abundance in almost every metabolic process, respectively. The recombined fermentation verified that their corresponding genera could produce the ester and precursor profiles very close to that of the original MHT-Daqu active microbiota, while the microbiota without Aspergillus caused a polar separation. These results indicated that the synergetic microbiota with Aspergillus as the core dominated the metabolic network of ester synthesis in MHT-Daqu. Our study provides a detailed framework of the association between the active synergetic microbiota and ester synthesis in MHT-Daqu.

Flexible Control of Phase and Polarization based on All‐Dielectric Metamaterials

AbstractA metasurface is a planar structure that can flexibly control the polarization, phase, and amplitude of incident electromagnetic waves. An all‐dielectric hexagonal cell structure to reduce the interaction between cells and achieve efficient parametric regulation of electromagnetic waves is proposed. The single resonant transmission phase and the geometric phase are superimposed to realize the composite phase unit structure and construct a multifunctional flat metasurface device. The designed metasurface can flexibly tune the phase and polarization of incident electromagnetic waves and enable multifunctional integration phenomena, such as polarization separation, light intensity convergence, and vector light generation, on a single metasurface.

Robustness Improvement for Chipless RFID Reading Using Polarization Separation

In this article, a novel method to improve the readability of chipless tags is presented. When the EM wave falls upon the tag’s surface at normal incidence or with a known incidence, the proposed approach permits to obtain a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of resonators whose orientation with respect to the normal to the plane in which the tag is positioned is unknown and, thus, to increase the reading distance of the tag. It introduces a technique based on the detection of this tag orientation in relation to the antennas; a projection of the signals will allow correcting this misalignment in order to always be able to decode the tag identifier on a signal that corresponds to an ideal alignment between the tag and the antennas. With this principle, it is also possible to separate the resonance mode of the resonator that is connected to the identifier from other parasitic resonance modes that may appear due to a possible misalignment between the tag and the antenna. This principle is applied to loop resonators commonly used in chipless radio frequency identification (RFID), which can present strong parasitic modes of resonance. Also, this method makes the reading orientation invariant, allowing to read the resonator whatever its orientation with respect to the normal to the plane in which the tag is positioned. Likewise, the proposed method can be also used to sense this resonator orientation. This method requires a dual-polarization antenna and a two-port vector network analyzer (VNA). Results are validated in simulation and with real-environment measurements for a single resonator and multiple resonators, as it is classically used in chipless RFID technology. Measurements in a harsh environment, as well as comparisons with classical techniques, such as time gating (TG), are presented. A study on the improvement of the read range is achieved to highlight the potential of the proposed technique. A reading distance of more than 80 cm was, thus, obtained, which represents 20 cm more than with the classic use of a postprocessor based on time gating. Finally, the principle of the measurement is generalized by applying it to a tag with a ground plane and considering that the antenna is not necessarily placed in normal incidence with respect to the plane of the tag.

Polarization responses of generated vector beam in a magnetic-driven atomic system

In this paper, the double-V atomic system that split under a magnetic field is manipulated by helical Ince-Gaussian (HIG) beams with opposite orbital angular momentum (OAM). With the controlling of HIG beams, the atomic vapor acts as a spatially varying circular birefringent medium, whose optical response to external magnetic fields is emphatically discussed. Results show that, the polarization properties of the probe field have a linear variation with the weak magnetic field, which provides a method to measure the slight change in the external magnetic field. It is also demonstrated that the polarization separation of the probe field can be realized by manipulating the magnitude or direction of the magnetic field. The dynamic polarization of the probe field in this work is expected to have potential applications in magnetic detection.

Compact topological polarization beam splitter based on all-dielectric fishnet photonic crystals.

Conventional polarization beam splitters (PBSs) suffer energy loss and signal distortion due to backscattering caused by disturbances. Topological photonic crystals provide backscattering immunity and anti-disturbance robustness transmission owing to the topological edge states. Here, we put forward a kind of dual-polarization air hole-type fishnet valley photonic crystal with a common bandgap (CBG). The Dirac points at the K point formed by different neighboring bands for transverse magnetic and transverse electric polarizations are drawn closer via changing the filling ratio of the scatterer. Then the CBG is constructed by lifting the Dirac cones for dual polarizations within a same frequency range. We further design a topological PBS using the proposed CBG via changing the effective refractive index at the interfaces which guide polarization-dependent edge modes. Based on these tunable edge states, the designed topological PBS (TPBS) achieves efficient polarization separation and is robust against sharp bends and defects, verified by simulation results. The TPBS's footprint is approximately 22.4 × 15.2 μ m 2, allowing high-density on-chip integration. Our work has potential application in photonic integrated circuits and optical communication systems.

Separation and purification of glycosides from medicinal plants based on strong polar separation medium with online closed-loop mode

Natural glycosides widely distributed in medicinal plants are valuable sources of therapeutic agents, showing various pharmacological effects. The separation and purification of natural glycosides are meaningful for their pharmacological research, which face with great challenges due to the complex of medicinal plants samples. In this work, two kinds of functional monolithic separation mediums A and S were fabricated and fully applied in the online extraction, separation and purification of active glycoside components from medicinal plants with a simple-procedure closed-loop mode. Chrysophanol glucoside and physcion glucoside were detected and separated from Rhei Radix et Rhizoma using separation medium A as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent. Rhapontin was isolated and purified from Rheum hotaoense C. Y. Cheng et Kao using separation medium S as the stationary phase of high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared to the reported literatures, high yield of 5.68, 1.20 and 4.76 mg g−1 of these three products were obtained with high purity. These two online closed-loop mode methods were carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography system, in which the sample injection, isolation and purification procedures are all online mode, and reduced loss compared to offline extraction and purification procedures, thus achieving high recovery and high purity.

Earlier second polar body transfer and further mitochondrial carryover removal for potential mitochondrial replacement therapy.

The second polar body(PB2) transfer in assisted reproductive technology is regarded as the most promising mitochondrial replacement scheme for preventing the mitochondrial disease inheritance owing to its less mitochondrial carryover and stronger operability. However, the mitochondrial carryover was still detectable in the reconstructed oocyte in conventional second polar body transfer scheme. Moreover, the delayed operating time would increase the second polar body DNA damage. In this study, we established a spindle-protrusion-retained second polar body separation technique, which allowed us to perform earlier second polar body transfer to avoid DNA damage accumulation. We could also locate the fusion site after the transfer through the spindle protrusion. Then, we further eliminated the mitochondrial carryover in the reconstructed oocytes through a physically based residue removal method. The results showed that our scheme could produce a nearly normal proportion of normal-karyotype blastocysts with further reduced mitochondrial carryover, both in mice and humans. Additionally, we also obtained mouse embryonic stem cells and healthy live-born mice with almost undetectable mitochondrial carryover. These findings indicate that our improvement in the second polar body transfer is conducive to the development and further mitochondria carryover elimination of reconstructed embryos, which provides a valuable choice for future clinical applications of mitochondrial replacement.

Wire grid polarizer based in-line laser interferometer for macroscopic and microscopic phase estimation of transmissive and reflective phase samples

This work describes a full-field and near-common-path in-line laser interferometer and interferometric microscope utilizing a wire-grid polarizer (WGP) placed normally on the laser beam illuminating the sample. The WGP serves the dual purpose of a beam splitter and a polarization separator where the reference and sample beams reflected and transmitted from it respectively are orthogonally polarized so that, unlike other conventional interferometers, polarization phase shifting is inherent in its architecture. This arrangement presents experimental results showing quantitative phase analysis of transparent and reflecting phase samples.

Conceptual Design of a Semi-Dual Polarized Monopulse Antenna by Computer Simulation

Presented in this paper is a conceptual design by computer simulation of a monopulse reflector antenna with dual-circularly polarized sum patterns and linearly polarized azimuth and elevation difference patterns, which can be called a semi-dual polarized antenna. The proposed antenna consists of a five-element monopulse feed and a prime-focus parabolic reflector. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a monopulse feed consisting of a dual-circularly polarized square waveguide sum channel radiator and linearly polarized rectangular waveguide azimuth and elevation difference channel radiators. The separation of dual circular polarization is realized by a septum polarizer. The difference pattern is obtained by feeding two rectangular waveguides in opposite directions using a coaxial probe. The proposed monopulse feed geometry requires only two power combiners for a monopulse comparator network while providing dual-polarized performance comparable to the full dual-polarized sum and difference channel monopulse scheme. The concept of the proposed antenna is shown in a conceptual design by computer simulation. The monopulse feed is designed first, and then combined with a parabolic reflector. The designed monopulse reflector antenna operates at 14.5–16.0 GHz, and shows excellent sum and difference pattern characteristics: 36.1–36.7 dBc sum channel directivity with 0.65 dB boresight axial ratio and 32.6–32.9 dBi difference channel directivity with 1.56–1.66° crossover angle.

Psychometric evaluation of the academic involution scale for college students in China: An application of Rasch analysis.

Recent academic attention on educational involution in China underpins the need for a valid and reliable instrument to precisely measure college students' academic involution behaviors. Seeing the scarcity of a proper instrument, the current study attempted to analyze the item-level psychometric properties of the newly developed Academic Involution Scale for College Students (AISCS) in China by using a Rasch model. A total of 637 college students in a public university in northern China participated in the study. Data were examined with respect to unidimensionality, rating scale functioning, item fit statistics, item polarity, item- and person-level reliability and separation, item hierarchy and invariance across educational background with Winsteps. The results show that AISCS was a single unidimensional construct with good psychometric properties. Although two items demonstrated differential item functioning, it is plausible given the differences between assessment methods for undergraduates and postgraduates. Limitations and future research directions with regard to sample selection, inclusion of more validity evidence and adding prospective additional academic involution were discussed.

Modelling jet noise far field sound pressure correlations

A simple model for describing two-point far field correlation patterns due to a statistically axisymmetric point quadrupole embedded in a plug flow is derived. The model is employed to interpret existing experimental data of jet noise far field correlations, which refer to the average phase angle of simultaneous emissions in different directions. Correlations with azimuthal or polar angle separation are discussed. It is shown that regions of negative correlations are expected, mostly due to the fact that, as pointed out by Lighthill, the radiating part of the quadrupole source term associated with incompressible turbulence should have zero trace. This property is used to model the source cross-correlation terms, which contain phase information, using the autocorrelation terms. It was verified that the experimental data, mostly obtained in the 1970’s and 1980’s for Mach number MJ = 0.4 and MJ = 0.75, are consistent with the model. For the lower Mach number case, the negative cross-correlations are fully supported by the experimental results; for MJ = 0.75, on the other hand, the strong non-compactness affecting the polar correlation data (which implies a significant loss of coherence), does not permit one to be fully confident with respect to a negative cross-correlation term, which is, however, supported by existing limited narrow-band data for MJ = 0.8. Comparison of the two main sets of data suggests that the source correlations vary with Mach number, perhaps also with shear. The model is also used to discuss the changes in the far field azimuthal correlation plots for an acoustically excited jet with MJ = 0.4. It is shown that these changes are compatible with a new source associated with a sequence of vortex rings which deform azimuthally as they travel downstream and that, due to the phase locking attained by excitation, maintain significant axial coherence which affects the directivity. Recent data are also briefly discussed, it being pointed out that some features of the sound field of non-excited jets which have been ascribed to strong source non-compactness can also be explained by mean flow effects acting on point quadrupolar sources. The importance of having both far field directivity (i.e., amplitude) and correlation (phase) data for a complete analysis is emphasised. The discussion also points out that usual hypotheses on the statistics of turbulence do not permit obtaining negative cross-correlations terms and, therefore, seem to be inadequate for jet noise modelling.

Electro-optically Q-switched Tm/Ho: YLF laser via polarization separation between the Tm laser and Ho laser in a coupled cavity

We demonstrate electro-optical Q-switching in a direct 792 nm diode-pumped composite Tm/Ho:YLF laser. Spectral analyses on Tm:YLF and Ho:YLF crystals were studied in detail. A coupled cavity consisting of two identical bi-concave sub-cavities was developed for polarization separation and ensuring rigorous mode-matching between the σ-polarized Tm:YLF and π-polarized Ho:YLF lasers intra-cavity. Together with the negative thermal-optical coefficient with weak thermal lensing of the fluoride host, near diffraction limited Q-switched Ho laser with maximum average power of 389 mW and peak power of 3.3 kW at 2051 nm were obtained at pulse repetition rates of 5 kHz and 1 kHz respectively, which benefits a compact, accessible pulsed seed source at 2.1μm.

A theoretical study based on coherent perfect absorption and polarization separation in one-dimensional magnetized plasma photonic crystals.

This article presents a study on tunable narrowband coherent perfect absorption (CPA), which can be altered by adjusting the initial phase to the ranges of 1.03α-1.13α (with α = 2πc/d) and 1.29α-1.43α. The relative bandwidths of these ranges are determined to be 8.5% and 7.4%, respectively. The study utilizes the transfer matrix method for calculations of the largest CPA amplitudes within one-dimensional (1D) magnetized plasma photonic crystals (MPPCs) across two absorption bands, achieving a maximum of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. In addition, the phase modulation and amplitude modulation characteristics of the CPA are also discussed, and the results show that its absorption amplitude can be gradually modulated from 0.08 to 0.99 by the former and from 0.60 to 0.98 by the latter. The external magnetic fields have also been shown to limit the CPA amplitude between 0.41 and 0.99 within one band and between 0.52 and 0.99 within another band. The study further highlights the effect of plasma frequency and dielectric layer thickness on coherent band shifts towards high or low frequencies. Notably, the article presents the multiband polarization separation properties of 1D MPPCs, with calculated transmittance differences between the TM and TE waves of up to 0.70 and 0.74 at 1.13α and 1.37α, respectively.

Design of Ka-Band Phased Array Antenna with Calibration Function

In this paper, we have proposed a novel structure of Ka-band based phased array antenna with calibration function. In the design of Ka-band antenna, the active phased array system is adopted and the antenna would work in the dual polarization separation mode. We have given out the schematic diagram for the proposed Ka-band antenna, where the Ka-band antenna is in the form of waveguide slot array antenna, with 96 units in azimuth and 1 unit in distance. Each group of units is driven by a single-channel Transmitter/Receiver (T/R) component, and the whole array contains 192 T/R components in total. The size of the T/R component is 55 mm (length) × 50 mm (width) × 5.8 mm (height), 3 Sub-micro Sub-Miniature Push-on (SSMP) blind sockets and a 21-core low-frequency socket are designed on the two sides of the T/R component. In order to meet the technical specifications of phased array antenna, the Ka-band transceiver component is designed based on Low Temperatrue Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technology to achieve miniaturization and lightweight. In our approach, the feed network includes two parts: transceiver network and calibration network. The transceiver network consists of 24 1:8 time-delay power dividers, 12 two-way power dividers and 2 six-way time-delay power dividers. The power supply required by the Ka-band antenna unit is provided to each active component by the power module after Ka band wavelet control distribution. Simulation and measurement results are given in the form of standing wave and scanning capability.

Poincaré Beams at the Tight Focus: Inseparability, Radial Spin Hall Effect, and Reverse Energy Flow

The family of Poincaré beams has three parameters, including two real-valued angular parameters, which specify a definite polarization state on the Poincaré sphere, and a third integer parameter n specifying the beam singularity order. We show theoretically and through a numerical simulation that, while being inseparable and not allowing for the separation of polarization and orbital degrees of freedom in the general case, the Poincaré beams display remarkable properties when tightly focused. We find that at n = 2, a reverse energy flow occurs near the optical axis, which is mathematically expressed as the negative projection of the Poynting vector. We also reveal that given certain parameters of the Poincaré beams, the energy flow rotates around the optical axis due to spin–orbital conversion. We also reveal a radial optical Hall effect that occurs at the tight focus of Poincaré beams, when the on-axis components of the spin angular momentum vector have different signs on certain different-radius circles centered at the focal spot center.

ШЕСТИКАНАЛЬНИЙ ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЙНИЙ РОЗДІЛЬНИК ВСЕПОЛЯРИЗОВАНОЇ АНТЕНИ З КЕРУВАННЯМ ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЇ ЕЛЕКТРОМАГНІТНОЇ ХВИЛІ НА ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ

The ship's radar system, along with the satellite navigation system of GPS or GLONASS type, is a means of ensuring the safety of navigation, as the information received with its help about the navigational situation along the ship's route is completely independent of external, in relation to the ship, equipment. However, during the reception of radar information on a navigational object, there is an atmospheric environment with hazardous phenomena (heavy rainfall) on the way of propagation of electromagnetic waves carrying this information. This creates along with a navigational object an echo signal on the ship radar indicator, which does not allow improvement of a navigational object echo signal. Therefore, one of the perspective ways of improving useful navigation object echo extraction along with the considered methods is the method of polarization selection which uses the all-polarized antenna emitting electromagnetic waves of four fixed polarizations and receiving the echo signal of any polarization, which carries information about navigation object, by means of sixchannel polarization separator. The polarization six-channel separator of the ship radar is the basic waveguide link determining the principle and accuracy of operation of the polarization multichannel complex of the UHF range with instantaneous registration of polarization parameters of Stokes, echo signals of a partially polarized wave of a complex object on the ship's path. When solving the problem of polarization selection of navigational objects in the area of dangerous atmospheric formations, there were used the coefficients of the energy scattering matrix, the coherence matrix, the degree of polarization and statistical parameters of echo-signals, which are the actual energy polarization parameters of Stokes. The purpose of the six-channel polarization separator is to separate the polarized components of the analyzed wave reflected from the complex object entering the allpolarized antenna of the ship radar polarization complex in a waveguide path. The article analyzes the principle of construction and implementation of a six-channel polarization separator for six channels: with polarizations linear vertical, linear horizontal, linear with the angle of orientation of the electric vector 45° and two circulars. Keywords: ship radar system, navigation object, electromagnetic wave polarization, allpolarized antenna, six-channel polarization separator, atmospheric formation, polarization device.

Theoretical study on the polarization-separated and nonreciprocal tailored electromagnetically induced absorption with layered photonic structure

In this paper, the behaviors of nonreciprocal and polarization-separated tailored electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) realized by a layered photonic structure containing InSb are investigated by the transfer matrix method, which shows that the EIA peak can be up to 97.3 % and 98 % in the forward and backward propagation, and the interval between their frequency points of them can be up to 0.28 THz when the incident angle (θ) is 0° and the magnetic induction intensity (B) is 0 T. The theory of the two-oscillator model is used to further prove the reality of EIA. By adjusting θ to 36°, the frequency difference of the EIA peaks under the TE and TM waves is 4 GHz when B is 0 T, indicating a good capability of polarization separation (PS). With the alteration of the temperature, such a difference value is always larger than 3 GHz. With the escalation of θ, the frequency points of EIA of the forward and backward incidence is approximately 0.28 THz, and show good performance of PS. Besides, the adjustment of the number of periods and B can realize the function of regulating EIA. Depending on its high-quality factors and good sensitivity, this research is of great help in realizing the sensors.

Topological Polarization Beam Splitter in Dual-Polarization All-Dielectric Valley Photonic Crystals

The recent realization of all-dielectric valley photonic crystals (VPCs) in nanoscale not only provides a standard platform to explore many topological phases of light with protected edge modes, but also shows promising applications for designing high-performance nanophotonic devices. However, the widely reported all-dielectric VPCs are limited to one single polarization, and it is challenging to manipulate the polarization degree of freedom of light and design polarizing devices using VPCs. Here, we design a dual-polarization all-dielectric VPC and propose a topological polarization beam splitter. The phase vortex distributions of bulk modes at different valleys characterize the nonzero valley Chern numbers for both TE and TM polarizations, indicating the implementation of topologically nontrivial dual-polarization band gaps. This leads to dual-polarization valley-dependent edge modes located at interfaces with different shapes. The topological valley transport around sharp-bends is also demonstrated for both TE and TM polarizations. Finally, a harpoon-shaped polarization beam splitter is proposed, and the simulated results confirm the good functionality of polarization separation. Our work shows the flexible control of light in topological photonic systems with the polarization degree of freedom, and has promising applications in polarization multiplexing photonic devices owing to the enlarged the optical information-processing capacity.