Separation Scheme Research Articles

Double-Faceted Environmental Civil Liability and the Separate-Regulatory Paradigm: An Inspiration for China

The recognition of the intrinsic value of the environment and natural resources contributed to the establishment of liability for damage to the environment per se, which, coupled with the traditional environmental tort liability, constitute the double facets of environmental civil liability. Although the two facets share some common characteristics, their distinct focuses indicate that they cannot be fully covered by tort law or environmental law systems alone. As a result, an international trend toward the regulatory approach to environmental civil liability, which is referred to in this article as the “separate-regulatory paradigm”, is emerging. In such a pattern, as followed by the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), environmental tort liability and liability for environmental damage are mainly regulated by tort law and environmental statutes, respectively. However, China, relying substantially on its civil law system to address liability for environmental harm, seems to deviate from this paradigm. This article analyzes the significance of the separate-regulatory paradigm and argues that it has profound implications for China. This article suggests a separate statutory liability scheme that moves beyond the existing Chinese civil law framework to achieve the full recovery of environmental damage.

Evaluating the consequences of household hazardous waste diversion on public health and ecological risks of leachate exposure.

Household hazardous waste (HHW) includes approximately 1% of municipal solid waste (MSW), which is related to the lack of efficient separate collection schemes co-disposed with MSW in many countries worldwide. In this research, the effect of HHW diversion on leachate quality and consequent reduction in risks to the environment and human health was investigated. In this regard, physicochemical parameters of MSW leachate samples with and without hazardous fraction were characterized. Next, leachate pollution index (LPI) and associated risks were assessed. The results showed that the source separation of HHW decreases the LPI value by 13.48% and improves the potential of leachate for biological treatment, leading to a reduction in leachate treatment costs and complexity. Based on risk assessment results, HHW diversion could lower cancer risks of organic compounds and heavy metals to acceptable levels for adults and children. Moreover, by the source-separating of HHW, hazard indices for aquatic and terrestrial bioassays reduced by 41.5 and 36%, respectively. Furthermore, despite the comparatively low generated amount of HHW, this fraction should be emphasized due to its unintended effects for public health and the environment.

Heuristic procedure for synthesis of separation system for multicomponent mixtures using fuzzy logic

In this study, the task is to develop a heuristic procedure for the synthesis of systems for the separation of multicomponent mixtures, which would take into account the uncertainty of the factors of the separation processes and the multivariance of the solution.
 The authors reviewed the current state of the existing methods for the separation of mixtures. Many works devoted to the synthesis of effective systems for the separation of multicomponent mixtures leave unsolved the problem of taking into account the uncertainty of many factors of the separation processes. In the presented work, it is proposed that a heuristic approach is applied using fuzzy logic.
 The proposed procedure is based on the choice of a separation sequence that takes into account the value of the separation coefficient and the difference in boiling points of two adjacent key components. The proposed strategy is based on an estimate of the likelihood of each rule for each possible separation. The search for solutions has five stages. First, the mixture to be separated and the available equipment are determined. After that, an ordered list of all separation options is drawn up with possible values of the economic costs of their implementation. Next, the mass load of possible separation is estimated and the separation with the minimum value of the separation ratio is selected. The heuristic is that the heavy separation is done last. And, at the last step, the most economical separation scheme is selected.
 The above strategy at the stage of quantitative assessment is subject to the value of the threshold S (boiling point difference). This point can be used to determine the quasi-optimal solutions to the problem of sequencing according to the rules of relaxation of separation. 
 For this fuzzy heuristic method for determining cost-effective separation sequences for mixtures, appropriate software has been developed. In addition, since the procedure uses the theory of fuzzy sets, the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox package of the Matlab was also used to solve the problem of synthesizing schemes for separating hydrocarbon mixtures. The proposed procedure was successfully tested in both software implementations using the example of separating a five-component mixture. 
 The main difference between the proposed approach and other approaches based on fuzzy logic for the synthesis of separation systems is the gradation of working rules and possible quantification of a set of rules, which eliminates conflicts between the rules.

Waste to Energy in Developing Countries—A Rapid Review: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policies in Selected Countries of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia towards Sustainability

Daily per capita waste generation will increase by 40% and 19%, for developing and developed countries by 2050, respectively. The World Bank estimates that total waste generation is going to triple in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and double in South Asia (SA) by 2050. This article conducts a rapid review and aims to demonstrate the current waste management scenario and the potential of waste to energy generation in the developing world, focusing on SSA and SA. Although many review articles related to waste to energy (WtE) in developing countries are available in the literature, a rapid review particularly focusing on countries in SSA and SA is rarely seen. An analysis of different WtE generation technologies, and current waste management practices in developing countries in SSA and SA are also presented. The analysis shows that about three-fourths of waste is openly dumped in developing countries of SSA and SA. In terms of waste composition, on average, about 48.70% and 51.16% of waste generated in developing economies of SSA and SA are organic. Opportunities to convert this waste into energy for developing countries are highlighted, with a case study of Bangladesh, a country in SA. Major challenges regarding the waste to energy (WtE) projects in the developing world are found to be the composition of waste, absence of waste separation scheme at source, ineffective waste collection method, lack of suitable WtE generation technology in place, lack of financial support and policies related to a WtE project, and absence of coordination between different governmental institutions.

Formal Identification of Argumentation Patterns in Scientific Texts

In this paper we present the methods for the automatic identification of argumentation patterns and the results of their application. These methods have been employed to analyze argumentation annotations of 25 scientific texts from two thematic areas. Under study were the expert annotations constructed manually with the help of web tools for visualizing argumentative statements and argumentation schemes, as well as for modelling the argumentation structure of a text as an oriented graph. Such graphs contain two node types: information nodes denoting statements and their connecting reasoning models (schemas) from Walton's compendium. The regularly employed reasoning models and their structural combinations (argumentation subgraphs) form argumentation patterns. Patterns containing more than one scheme are unmarked in initial graphs. As a result of processing argumentation annotations from the collection, we have constructed a joint spectrum of argumentation patterns with their absolute and text frequencies. The methods of frequent subgraph mining have been used to identify argumentation patterns containing three or more schemes. The subgraph matching has been performed through the use of the NetworkX package which implements the VF2 algorithm for subgraph isomorphism testing. We have analyzed the calculated frequencies to identify both the general principles behind the use of argumentation patterns typical of scientific texts, as well as the specific tendencies of their functioning within distinct thematic areas (linguistics and computer science). These general principles regulate the use of both separate schemes and their structural combinations. The latter appear in two configuration types: either as sequencies of argumentation schemes (up to 5 elements) or as tree structures (which contain up to 8 nodes). Specifically, we demonstrate that branching within a tree-form pattern typically presupposes the parallel use of identical argumentation schemes. Additionally, branching of argumentation patterns occurs more often in proximity to the main thesis of a text, than near the initial premises. Finally, the thematic area can condition not only the use of separate schemes, but also their structural combination within complex patterns. The results obtained are applicable to the evaluation of text similarity based on argumentation patterns employed in them, which, in its turn, can improve the clustering and classification of texts, evaluation of their persuasiveness, as well as the formal synthesis of argumentation.

Fe3O4@PDA@PEI Core-Shell Microspheres as a Novel Magnetic Sorbent for the Rapid and Broad-Spectrum Separation of Bacteria in Liquid Phase.

Bacterial infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality to humans worldwide. Thus, a method for nonspecific, sensitive, and rapid enrichment of such bacteria is essential for bacteria detection and treatment. This study demonstrates a self-made core-shell Fe3O4@Polydopamine@Polyethyleneimine magnetic beads (Fe3O4@PDA@PEI MBs) with a high density positive charge-based magnetic separation scheme for the broad-spectrum rapid enrichment of microorganisms in the liquid phase. MBs with a high-density positive charge have a strong electrostatic attraction to most microorganisms in nature. Our scheme is as follows: (1) wrapping dopamine (DA) on the iron oxide through self-polymerization and wrapping PEI on the outermost shell layer in a mode of crosslinking with the PDA; (2) subsequently, the Fe3O4@PDA@PEI MBs were used to concentrate microorganisms from the sample solution; (3) performing magnetic separation and calculating the adsorption efficiency. The as-prepared Fe3O4@PDA@PEI MBs composite was carefully characterized by zeta potential analysis, Value stream-mapping (VSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transforms infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). In this study, both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria could be captured in three minutes through electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, the adsorption efficiency on gram-negative (>98%) is higher than that on gram-positive (>95%), allowing for a simple, rapid assay to enrich organisms in resource-limited settings.

Shape‐size sieving of trans‐ and cis‐piperylene isomers with gallate‐based metal‐organic frameworks

AbstractThe isolation of C5 diolefins, mainly consisting of trans‐piperylene, cis‐piperylene, and isoprene, is a challenging task and requires complex and energy‐intensive separation schemes. Particularly, the segregation of trans/cis‐piperylene is the most challenging operation for geometric isomers. Here, we report an isostructural family of metal‐organic frameworks, Mg‐, Co‐, and Ni‐gallate, which are perfectly suitable for the precise matching of trans‐piperylene molecules while excluding the slightly large cis‐piperylene molecules, contributing to remarkable separation of trans/cis‐piperylene via shape‐size sieving. Significantly, Mg‐gallate exhibits high affinity for trans‐piperylene, leading to an outstanding trans/cis‐piperylene uptake selectivity of 4.22 (298 K, 0.1 bar) in adsorption isotherms. This excellent separation performance is further attested by single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction of Ni‐gallate loaded with trans‐piperylene isomer. In breakthrough tests, M‐gallate materials not only display excellent separation performance of trans‐ and cis‐piperylene but also can accomplish complete segregation of the ternary mixture (trans‐piperylene/cis‐piperylene/isoprene) into individual compounds combined with zeolite 5A.

Development and comparison of membrane separation schemes for byproduct recovery from Egyptian rice straw black liquor

BackgroundRecovery of valuable ingredients from black liquor could lead to an environmentally and economically sound bioethanol production technology. In this work, two schemes comprising hybrid membrane systems incorporating ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) are developed for the recovery of lignin, silica rich and cellulose/hemicellulose hydrolysates byproducts from alkaline pretreated rice straw.MethodsThe first scheme (I) comprises UF, NF and thermal vapor compression (TVC), while, the second scheme (II) includes UF, 2 stages of NF and 2 TVC units. Further treatments are suggested to produce solid byproducts with an economic value. Furthermore, material balance of the two schemes based on 1000 m3/d of black liquor and the main design features and comparative direct cost indicators of the main adopted units were deduced using WT Cost II© software.ResultsResults revealed that about (80–90%) yield of recovered byproducts from both schemes with equivalent amounts of 9.5, 5.5 and 18.5 ton/d of lignin, silica rich and cellulose/hemicellulose hydrolysates dry products, respectively. Moreover, reusable water recovery approaches 26% and 70% for schemes (I) and (II), respectively.ConclusionsFurther, the wastewater generated from scheme (II) is 2.9 times folds scheme (I) which improves the environmental impact of the former. Preliminary cost indicators revealed that both schemes have almost the same total direct capital cost.

Computational Screening of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Ethylene Purification from Ethane/Ethylene/Acetylene Mixture.

Identification of high-performing sorbent materials is the key step in developing energy-efficient adsorptive separation processes for ethylene production. In this work, a computational screening of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the purification of ethylene from the ternary ethane/ethylene/acetylene mixture under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions is conducted. Modified evaluation metrics are proposed for an efficient description of the performance of MOFs for the ternary mixture separation. Two different separation schemes are proposed and potential MOF adsorbents are identified accordingly. Finally, the relationships between the MOF structural characteristics and its adsorption properties are discussed, which can provide valuable information for optimal MOF design.

Coordination of dual setting overcurrent relays in microgrid with optimally determined relay characteristics for dual operating modes

Fault current magnitude in a microgrid depends upon its mode of operation, namely, grid-connected mode or islanded mode. Depending on the type of fault in a given mode, separate protection schemes are generally employed. With the change in microgrid operating mode, the protection scheme needs to be modified which is uneconomical and time inefficient. In this paper, a novel optimal protection coordination scheme is proposed, one which enables a common optimal relay setting which is valid in both operating modes of the microgrid. In this context, a common optimal protection scheme is introduced for dual setting directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) using a combination of various standard relay characteristics. Along with the two variables, i.e., time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS) for conventional directional overcurrent relay, dual setting DOCRs are augmented with a third variable of relay characteristics identifier (RCI), which is responsible for selecting optimal relay characteristics from the standard relay characteristics according to the IEC-60255 standard. The relay coordination problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, and the settings of relays are optimally determined using the genetic algorithm (GA) and the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm. To validate the superiority of the proposed protection scheme, the distribution parts of the IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus benchmark systems are considered.

Global validation and hybrid calibration of CAMS and MERRA-2 PM2.5 reanalysis products based on OpenAQ platform

It is highly valuable to obtain high-quality PM2.5 concentration worldwide for continuous monitoring of global air pollution. Recently, global reanalysis products of PM2.5 have come into the view. However, most studies focus on the validation and calibration of a single product regionally, few studies expand to a global scale and integrate multiple products. With the help of global open-source data provided by the OpenAQ platform, we propose a hybrid calibration method aimed to improve the accuracy of CAMSRA and the MERRA-2 PM2.5 products. In the study, the accuracy of the two datasets are assessed on multi-time scales at first. Secondly, we try to use some machine learning models to correct the deviation of the original products alone and then further explore the possibility of the hybrid calibration. Global-scale validation results show that CAMSRA products are generally overestimated (daily R = 0.6), and MERRA-2 products are underestimated (daily R = 0.3), which supports our hybrid calibration method to an extent. Using the Extremely Randomized Tree (ERT) to implement the separate calibration scheme, two products show different degrees of accuracy improvement, to be specific, R increases by 0.19 and 0.43 for daily CAMSRA and MERRA-2 products, respectively. Compared with the separate calibration modeling, the hybrid method performs better, with R reaching up to 0.81. RMSE is only 14.94 μg/m³, which has a decrease of 60.99% and 64.42% to two abovementioned original products. The obtained daily PM2.5 maps have higher quality with no data gaps, which can be a promising data source of air pollution monitoring and health research. This dataset is published in GeoTIFF format at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5168102.

A novel 1T2R self-reference physically unclonable function suitable for advanced logic nodes for high security level applications

A self-reference resistive random-access memory (ReRAM)-based one-transistor, two-ReRAM (1T2R) physically unclonable function (PUF) is proposed to provide a hardware security feature for electrical products in the IoT/5G era. There are four advantages from the proposed structure: (1) a small cell size; (2) intrinsic randomness; (3) no programming circuit; and (4) no data retention concerns. The conduction mechanism, temperature dependency, and read fluctuation of the pristine ReRAM device are studied. An information–address separation scheme is proposed which not only reduces the impact of the read noise and the temperature effect, but also improves system integrity against hardware attacks. The proposed 1T2R PUF unit also has great potential for use as a random seed for linear-feedback shift registers in pseudo random number generators with high unpredictability, good randomness, and a high data rate.

Efficient separation and recovery of gallium and indium in spent CIGS materials

• An innovative technology: roasting-leaching-extraction separation was proposed. • Cu, In, Ga and Se were efficiently extracted from spent CIGS materials. • The efficient separation of Cu, In and Ga from HCl leach liquor was optimized. Spent copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) materials are considered a viable resource for the recovery of Cu, In, Ga, and Se. The oxidative roasting-leaching-extraction separation scheme for the recovery of these valuable metals is proposed. Spent CIGS materials were first roasted to transform Cu, In, and Ga from selenides to oxides and volatilize Se. Hydrochloric acid was then used to leach the oxides. The optimum leaching conditions are as follows: acid concentration of 4 mol/L, temperature of 80 °C, leaching time of 3 h, and liquid–solid ratio of 10 mL/g. The leaching rates of Cu, In, and Ga were 99.98%, 93.40%, and 96.86%, respectively. Finally, In and Ga were sequentially extracted from the solution by P204. Through solvent extraction, the extraction rate of In can reach 99.92%, that of Ga can exceed 99.34%, and Cu is hardly extracted. Meanwhile, using hydrochloric acid as the stripping agent, the stripping rates of In and Ga were 99.90% and 99.93%, respectively. Results suggest that the efficient recovery and separation of Cu, In, and Ga in spent CIGS materials can be achieved.

Adjustable multifocus laser separation scheme for thick glass with flexibly controllable thermal stress distribution

As a high-quality thick glass separation method, multifocus technology has proven its superiority. For a certain thickness of glass, there must be an optimal multifocus distance. But, the positions of the foci cannot be adjusted flexibly in current multifocus schemes without changing the energy proportions; the influence of thermal stress distribution on the quality of thick glass separation has not been systematically studied. An adjustable multifocus laser scheme has been proposed in this paper and proved by optical design, ray tracing, and experiment. First, finite element simulations have been performed to analyze the thermal stress distribution inside 20 mm glass. The simulation results show that thermal tensile stress exceeds the fracture threshold only at the upper and lower sides of the glass but not in the middle; the maximum thermal tensile stress reduces inside the glass when the symmetrical focal distance increases. Then, a series of separation experiments of 20, 22, and 25 mm thick soda lime glass have been carried out, which have adjusted foci positions to control the thermal stress distribution. The experimental results show that the deviation length decreases with an increase of the foci distances, and the optimal symmetrical foci distances reduce as the glass thickness increases.

Design and eco-efficiency analysis of sustainable extractive distillation process combining preconcentration and solvent recovery functions for separating the tetrahydrofuran/ethanol/water ternary multi-azeotropic mixture

It is of great significance to design a sustainable extractive distillation separation configuration that can implement efficient separation of the ternary multi-azeotropic mixtures with a large single component content and propose a feasible and accuracy sustainable evaluation method. This is because the extractive distillation separation scheme with preconcentration should be designed for the particularity of such ternary multi-azeotropic azeotropes. To fill this gap, the paper designs a novel and sustainable three-column extractive distillation process containing one integrated distillation column (TCED-IDC) with both preconcentration and solvent recovery functions and two extractive distillation columns taking the separation of the tetrahydrofuran/ethanol/water ternary multi-azeotropic mixtures containing large amounts of water as an example. Simultaneously, economic optimization of the TCED-IDC process as well as the conventional three-column extractive distillation (TCED) process and the four-column extractive distillation (FCED) process is implemented to determine economically optimal design parameters via minimizing the total annual costs (TAC) using genetic algorithm. Following that, environmental and thermodynamic evaluations are comprehensively conducted to prove the advantages of the TCED-IDC process. The TCED-IDC separation schemes achieves 79.05%/8.47% reduction in CO2 emissions and 71.92%/9.57% economic cost savings compared to the TCED and the FCED schemes, and the corresponding thermodynamic efficiency is 7.87%. Moreover, an extended Eco-efficiency Comparison Index (ECI) method is proposed to perform the eco-efficiency analysis covering economic, environmental, and thermodynamic aspects for the three extractive distillation separation processes proposed. The analysis results demonstrate that the integration of preconcentration and solvent recovery functions improve the eco-efficiency compared to the other two separation schemes, and the corresponding ECI reaches 91.57% and achieves 1.42% points increase compared to the FCED scheme.

PACIAE 2.2.1: An updated issue of the parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE 2.2

The parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE 2.2 (cf. Yan et al. (2018) [11]) has been upgraded to the new issue of PACIAE 2.2.1 with the chiral magnetic effect (CME). The charge correlation parameter, γss and γos, which is typically used to “detect” the CME, is calculated by PACIAE 2.2.1 in Au+Au and Pb+Pb collisions, and the result is consistent with the STAR and ALICE data. As an example, PACIAE 2.2.1 model is employed to mimic the pseudorapidity distribution (dNch/dη) and transverse momentum spectra (pT) of charged particles in non-central Au+Au collisions at RHIC energy and Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energy. The chiral magnetic effect is found to partly affect the final-state basic observables in relativistic nuclear collisions. By this new issue a more realistic dynamical evolution of relativistic nuclear collisions can be depicted. Program summaryProgram Title: PACIAE version 2.2.1CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/w3g68dj4d9.3Code Ocean capsule:https://codeocean.com/capsule/3695338Licensing provisions: CC By 4.0Programming language: FORTRAN 77 or GFORTRANJournal reference of previous version: Comput. Phys. Comm. 224 (2018) 417Does the new version supersede the previous version?: No.Reasons for the new version: In order that PACIAE 2.2.1 model is now able to simulate the CME-related physics and a more realistic dynamical evolution scenario in the relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions.Summary of revisions: In PACIAE 2.2.1 model the chiral magnetic effect is introduced. The CME-induced charge separation mechanism [7] into the initial partonic states is artificially added by switching py values for a fraction f of the downward moving partons with those of the corresponding upward moving antipartons.Nature of problem: PACIAE is based on PYTHIA, where it has no any mechanisms to generate the chiral magnetic effect (CME). The CME is a novel transport phenomenon arising from the interaction between quantum anomalies and strong magnetic fields in the ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions. Charge separation is an important consequence of the CME. In order to depict the CME, the corresponding upgrade about introducing a global charge separation scheme into the initial partonic states is highly required.Solution method: The global CME-induced charge separation mechanism [7] into the initial partonic states is introduced by switching py values for a fraction f of the downward moving partons with those of the corresponding upward moving antipartons.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: PACIAE 2.2.1 has three versions of PACIAE 2.2.1a, 2.2.1b, and 2.2.1c. PACIAE 2.2.1a is for the elementary collision (here no upgraded from PACIAE 2.2a). PACIAE 2.2.1b and PACIAE 2.2.1c are for the nucleus-nucleus collision of A + A with input file of usu.dat. PACIAE 2.2.1b and PACIAE 2.2.1c are similar in the physical contents but are different in the topological structure [8].•Using the attached input file of usux.dat to run 1000 events for the s = 200 GeV Non Single Diffractive pp collision by PACIAE 2.2.1a takes ≈0.5 min.•Using the attached input file of usu.dat to run 10 events for the 35%-45% non-central Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200 GeV by PACIAE 2.2.1b takes ≈6 min.•Using the attached input file of usu.dat to run 10 events for the 35%-45% non-central Au+Au collisions at sNN = 200 GeV by PACIAE 2.2.1c takes ≈8 min.

Development of Bus and Line Control Method for Short-Circuit Current Reduction Using Genetic Programming

In this study, genetic programming (GP) is used for optimizing bus and line separation methods to reduce the short-circuit current. Expanding power systems led to intensive electric power and more transmission lines, reducing the grid impedance. This increases the short-circuit currents that occur during failure, and it is impossible to continue developing higher-capacity breakers to accommodate such short-circuit currents. Therefore, the short-circuit currents must be managed systematically through busbar separation and line separation. However, there are countless possible bus and line separation schemes for power systems. Furthermore, to comply with power-system reliability standards, no lines or transformers should be overloaded after such controls are applied. This paper proposes the use of GP to optimize the bus and line separation methods for obtaining a solution. The solutions are limited to methods that can be implemented in real power systems, reducing the convergence probability and optimization time. The proposed technique is useful for designing power systems with consideration of the short-circuit current.

Event‐based finite‐time H∞ filtering of discrete‐time singular jump network systems

AbstractThis article presents the analysis and design problems of event‐based (EB) finite‐time (FT) filtering for discrete‐time singular Markov jump network systems (SMNSs) based on separation of matrix inequality variables. According to the EB method, an SMNS model of network‐induced delay is introduced. Sufficient conditions of singular stochastic FT boundedness are then obtained for the augmented SMNS model by applying a stochastic Lyapunov functional and introducing slack matrix variables. In addition, using separation schemes for decoupling matrix inequality variables, the EBFT filter gain matrices and triggered ones are co‐designed to ensure that the augmented SMNSs are singularly stochastic FT bounded with a prescribed performance index. Finally, a practical DC test example is presented to show effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Performance of Digital Drone Signage System Based on DUET

In this letter, we study a scenario based on degenerate unmixing estimation technique (DUET) that separates original signals from mixture of FHSS signals with two antennas. We have shown that the assumptions for separating mixed signals in DUET can be applied to drone based digital signage recognition signals and proposed the DUET-based separation scheme (DBSS) to classify the mixed recognition drone signals by extracting the delay and attenuation components of the mixture signal through the likelihood function and the short-term Fourier transform (STFT). In addition, we propose an iterative algorithm for signal separation with the conventional DUET scheme. Numerical results showed that the proposed algorithm is more separation-efficient compared to baseline schemes. DBSS can separate all signals within about 0.56 seconds when there are fewer than nine signage signals.

Extracting the Maritime Traffic Route in Korea Based on Probabilistic Approach Using Automatic Identification System Big Data

To protect the environment around the world, we are actively developing ecofriendly energy. Offshore wind farm generation installed in the sea is extremely large among various energies, and friction with ships occurs regularly. Other than the traffic designated area and the traffic separate scheme, traffic routes in other sea areas are not protected in Korea. Furthermore, due to increased cargo volume and ship size, there is a risk of collisions with marine facilities and marine pollution. In this study, maritime safety traffic routes that must be preserved are created to ensure the safety of maritime traffic and to prevent accidents with ecofriendly energy projects. To construct maritime traffic routes, the analysis area is divided, and ships are classified using big data. These data are used to estimate density, and 50% maritime traffic is chosen. This result is obtained by categorizing the main route, inner branch route, and outer branch route. The Korean maritime traffic route is constructed, and the width of the route is indicated. Furthermore, this route can be applied as a navigation route for maritime autonomous surface ships.