Separate Injections Research Articles

Simultaneous Removal of Gas-Phase Pollutants CO and NO Using Ni-Fe Bimetallic Oxides Catalyst

Many studies have been conducted on methods to remove air pollutants. Among them, a representative commercial technology for reducing nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>X</sub>) is selective catalytic reduction (SCR) using NH<sub>3</sub> as a reductant. However, the NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR technology has problems, such as the need for additional NH<sub>3</sub> gas (Active-SCR), the fact that unreacted NH<sub>3</sub> (slipped-NH<sub>3</sub>) in the reaction process can be re-oxidized to NO<sub>X</sub>, and the facility system cost according to the added NH<sub>3</sub> gas. In order to solve these problems, CO gas that is naturally generated in industrial processes can be used, and NO and CO can be removed at the same time using passive-SCR technology that does not require a separate injection of a reductant. In this study, transition metals Ni and Fe were used as catalytic materials to replace expensive precious metals. The results confirmed that both NO<sub>X</sub> and CO removal efficiencies were about 90% or more in the catalyst with combined Ni-Fe, compared to the single catalyst. The addition of Ni to the Fe catalyst increased the catalytic reducing power, which also affected the increase in acid sites. Therefore, it is expected that this catalyst can simultaneously remove NO and CO without the use of NH<sub>3</sub> gas. These results could be explained through XRD, FT-IR, TEM, BET, H<sub>2</sub>-TPR and CO-TPD analyses, and compared to single catalysts, it was confirmed that the catalyst had higher low-temperature desorption ability for CO as a reductant and reducing capability.

Efficacy and Safety of Ketamine Compared with Placebo and Other Medications for Preventing Propofol Injection Pain in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ketamine in preventing propofol injection pain (PIP). The electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched from their inception until 2 August 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing ketamine with placebo or other interventions to alleviate PIP in adults were included. Fixed-effects or random-effects models were used to calculate pooled risk ratios (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) based on the heterogeneity of the studies included. Thirteen RCTs involving 2105 patients were included. In terms of reducing the incidence of PIP, ketamine is more effective than placebo (RR = 0.43, 95% CI = [0.34, 0.55], P < 0.00001), lidocaine (RR = 0.70, 95% CI = [0.55, 0.90], P = 0.005), dexmedetomidine (RR = 0.52, 95% CI = [0.40, 0.66], P < 0.00001), and thiopental (RR = 0.25, 95% CI = [0.08, 0.83], P = 0.02). In reducing the incidence of severe PIP, ketamine is superior to placebo (RR = 0.12, 95% CI = [0.08, 0.19], P < 0.00001), and lidocaine (RR = 0.34, 95% CI = [0.21, 0.56], P < 0.0001), except dexmedetomidine (RR = 0.20, 95% CI = [0.04, 1.13], P = 0.07), and thiopental (RR = 0.33, 95% CI = [0.04, 3.10], P = 0.33). Compared with mixed injection, separate injection of ketamine and propofol showed no significant difference in the incidence of PIP (RR = 0.96, 95% CI = [0.31, 3.00], P = 0.95) and severe PIP (RR = 1.19, 95% CI = [0.07, 21.29], P = 0.90). Based solely on the reports from the studies included, subanesthetic doses of ketamine are generally safe in preventing PIP. A subanesthetic dose of ketamine can effectively and safely reduce the incidence of PIP and severe PIP in adults, and is more effective than lidocaine, dexmedetomidine, and thiopental. PROSPERO CRD42023455093.

Research on a New Flow Measurement for Intelligent Injection Tools

Intelligent separate injection technology can achieve continuous monitoring data of layered water Injection wells. So it can find out the inefficient water circulating formation timely. Then the water injection schemes can be adjusted in real-time to ensure the high water injection pass rate. It can also increase the working efficiency of the workers’ because of its automatic mode.But its prime cost is high, which limits its large-scale industrialization application in fine layered water injection wells. The key part is the intelligent water distributor in the intelligent separate injection technology. The cost of electromagnetic flow meter accounts for 38% in the intelligent water distributor. The paper intends to research on flow measurement without flow meter to reduce the high-cost. The pressure difference equation was established for flow rate and the opening ratio of the nozzle using the dimensionless analysis method. The empirical parameters of the equation were obtained through laboratory experiments. The pressure sensors are used to monitor the pressure of water injection wells while achieving the measurement of layered flow rate.The laboratory experiments results indicate that the calculated flow rate obtained by this method coincides well with the standard flow rate. The relative error is less than 12%. Then,it provides a new flow measurement method for intelligent injection tools. The most significant feature is that the flow meter is no longer mandatory for intelligent water distributors. Due to the cheaper cost that it provides a technical support for the large-scale industrialization application of intelligent separate injection technology in fine layered water injection wells.

Daqing Oilfield Cable Controlled Intelligent Separate Injection Technology Process Optimization

The cable controlled intelligent separate injection process realizes the continuous monitoring and real-time measurement and adjustment of downhole parameters, greatly improves the measurement and adjustment efficiency, provides sufficient data for reservoir analysis, and helps to tap the potential of remaining oil in the later stage of ultra-high water cut. However, due to the multi-disciplinary application of downhole tools and complex process, it is found in the previous field test that The number of wells with more than two years of operation of cable controlled intelligent separate injection wells accounts for only 51.9%, which can not meet the needs of large-scale application. Through the fault analysis of the early test well, the key factors affecting the success rate of well completion are found. Aiming at the main problems, the flow control valve of the cable controlled intelligent water distributor, the cable sealing connection process and the well flushing valve structure through the cable packer are optimized and improved. The flow control valve of cable controlled intelligent water distributor is opened and closed smoothly under 10MPa pressure difference, and the leakage is less than 1m³/d; The connection between the cable and the cable controlled intelligent water distributor is sealed reliably, and the cable can pass through the upper and lower joints of the cable packer smoothly; Since the optimization of process technology until January 2023, 223 wells have been tested on site, and the number of wells with more than two years of operation has increased from 56.1% to 91.9%. The stability of the optimized cable controlled intelligent separate injection process has been improved, which lays a foundation for the large-scale application of this technology in the oilfield.

Encapsulated phenolic compounds: clinical efficacy of a novel delivery method

AbstractEncapsulation is a drug or food ingredient loaded-delivery system that entraps active components, protecting them from decomposition/degradation throughout the processing and storage stages and facilitates their delivery to the target tissue/organ, improving their bioactivities. The application of this technology is expanding gradually from pharmaceuticals to the food industry, since dietary bioactive ingredients, including polyphenols, are susceptible to environmental and/or gastrointestinal conditions. Polyphenols are the largest group of plants' secondary metabolites, with a wide range of biological effects. Literature data have indicated their potential in the prevention of several disorders and pathologies, ranging from simpler allergic conditions to more complex metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the promising health effects in preclinical studies, the clinical use of dietary polyphenols is still very limited due to their low bioaccessibility and/or bioavailability. Encapsulation can be successfully employed in the development of polyphenol-based functional foods, which may improve their bioaccessibility and/or bioavailability. Moreover, encapsulation can also aid in the targeted delivery of polyphenols and may prevent any possible adverse events. For the encapsulation of bioactive ingredients, several techniques are applied such as emulsion phase separation, emulsification/internal gelation, film formation, spray drying, spray-bed-drying, fluid-bed coating, spray-chilling, spray-cooling, and melt injection. The present review aims to throw light on the existing literature highlighting the possibility and clinical benefits of encapsulated polyphenols in health and disease. However, the clinical data is still very scarce and randomized clinical trials are needed before any conclusion is drawn. Graphical abstract

Cancer Spheroids Embedded in Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitutes: A New Method to Study Tumorigenicity In Vivo.

Tumorigenic assays are used during a clinical translation to detect the transformation potential of cell-based therapies. One of these in vivo assays is based on the separate injection of each cell type to be used in the clinical trial. However, the injection method requires many animals and several months to obtain useful results. In previous studies, we showed the potential of tissue-engineered skin substitutes (TESs) as a model for normal skin in which cancer cells can be included in vitro. Herein, we showed a new method to study tumorigenicity, using cancer spheroids that were embedded in TESs (cTES) and grafted onto athymic mice, and compared it with the commonly used cell injection assay. Tumors developed in both models, cancer cell injection and cTES grafting, but metastases were not detected at the time of sacrifice. Interestingly, the rate of tumor development was faster in cTESs than with the injection method. In conclusion, grafting TESs is a sensitive method to detect tumor cell growth with and could be developed as an alternative test for tumorigenicity.

Application of separate layer water injection in high differential pressure wells

With the development of a heavy fine-RRB-layering system and dynamic adjustment, the number of large differential pressure wells increases gradually. The effect of high-pressure difference wells on water injection development is that it is difficult to separate water injection allocation, low pass rate of layers and short effective period of separate sealing, which affects the development effect of water flooding. For this reason, the research on stratified water injection technology with large pressure differences is carried out using step-by-step throttling. The throttling pressure difference borne by the water nozzle is reduced. The large throttling pressure difference produced by the water nozzle is realized. The qualified rate of the layer section is increased to improve the anti-creep performance of the expansion Packer and the sealing effect of large pressure difference injection wells and to extend the service life of the Packer. The field application results of 216 wells in the Shengli Oil Field show that the technique can effectively improve the pass rate of the layers and the sealing effect of the layers and prolong the life of the string.

Effective charge separation in photoelectrochemical water splitting: a review from advanced evaluation methods to materials design

The total efficiency of PEC water splitting can be divided into light absorption, charge separation, and surface injection efficiencies. Charge separation process in ns–μs is valuable to modulate but is challenging to clarify the working mechanism.

OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATION MODES OF THE PLUNGER PUMP OF THE FORMATION PRESSURE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

The efficiency of pumping equipment in the context of continuous growth in electricity prices is a priority for any oil and gas production department (OGPD). The pumping stations of the reservoir pressure maintenance system are the main consumers of electricity in the OGPD. The efficiency of pumping units, as a rule, is reduced primarily to the value of their efficiency, and the criterion for the efficiency of the injection system is usually the consumption of electrical energy per unit volume of pumped liquid. At the same time, they often focus only on maintaining high pump efficiency, which optimizes pump operation, but does not take into account the impact of collectors on electricity costs.Typically, the PPD pump station will inject service water into several directions. The purpose of the studies is to find optimal modes of pumping by pumps of a pump station in several directions, which ensure minimum electric power consumption for injection. The presented article presents the calculation of the cost of pumping by one plunger (volume) pump into two directions during laminar movement of liquid in the pipeline. Injection volumes for each area are specified. Three options are considered: separate injection in each direction (1), parallel injection in both directions simultaneously until the ordered volume is injected in one of the directions, after which this direction is blocked and injection in the other direction (2), and parallel injection in both directions simultaneously with «pressed» one direction, so that the injection of the ordered volumes is completed simultaneously (3).The performed calculations showed that the useful operation of the pump performed during simultaneous pumping of some volumes of liquid (modes 2 and 3) in two different directions of the same system is the same and significantly less compared to the operation of the pump performed to fill one of these directions during separate pumping (mode 1). The maximum effect is achieved with equal injection volumes in each direction and the same reservoirs. In this case, the useful operation of the pump for simultaneous injection (mode 2 and 3) is half as much as for separate injection (mode 1).

Study of effectiveness of two syringe spinal anaesthesia technique for caesarean section

Spinal anaesthesia using hyperbaric bupivacaine is the most popular method for caesarean section. Adjuvents like fentanyl which enhances the sensory block and provide stable haemodynamics are usually premixed with bupivacaine in a single syringe. Fentanyl when added to hyperbaric bupivacaine, decreases the density of solution to extent of 0.0006 which alters the spread of local anesthetics in CSF. If we inject both the drugs separately in different syringe, it may minimize the effect of the changes in densities and PH of both the drugs and produce their maximum effect with minimal haemodynamic alteration. Therefore this study was conducted to see the quality of sensory block and haemodynamic response by sequential intrathecal administration of fentanyl and hyperbaric bupivacaine in two different syringe for patients undergoing caesarian section. This interventional study was carried out in Seventy nine Patients undergoing caesarean section under spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 9mg (1.8 ml) and fentanyl 20 mcg in two different syringe administered sequentially. Out of 79 parturients only 22 (27.85%) had hypotension requiring vasopressor treatment during caesarean section and maximum amount of vasopressor used was 15 mg of mephentermine. The mean level of maximum sensory block after 20 mins of spinal anaesthesia was T2 in 20 (25.32%) patients, T3 in 19 (24.05%) patients, T4 in 32 (40.51%) patients, T5 in 1 (1.27%) patient and T6 in 7 (8.86%) Patients. Intraoperative quality of surgical anaesthesia was very satisfactory to the patients. Only 6 (7.59%) patients had mild discomfort whithout requirement of any medical treatment. The result of this study concluded that separate intrathecal injection of fentanyl and hyperbaric bupivacaine provides better haemodynamic stability, improves quality of surgical anaethesia allowing it to work at higher levels in the spinal cord with minimal other side effects in patient undergoing caesarean section.

Impact of Preheating on Flame Stabilization and NOx Emissions From a Dual Swirl Hydrogen Injector

Abstract Flame stabilization, flame structure, and pollutant emissions are investigated experimentally on a swirled injection system operating with globally lean air/hydrogen mixtures at atmospheric conditions and moderate Reynolds numbers. This injector consists of two coaxial ducts with separate injection of hydrogen into a central channel and of air into an annular channel. Both streams are swirled. The resulting flames exhibit two stabilization modes. In one case, the flame takes an M-shape and is anchored to the hydrogen injector lips. In the second case, the flame is aerodynamically stabilized above the injector and takes a V-shape. Regions of existence of each stabilization mode are determined according to the operating conditions. For low air flow rates, the flame can be either anchored or lifted above the hydrogen injector lips depending on the path followed to reach the operating condition. At high air flow rates, the flame is always lifted regardless of the trajectory followed. The impact of air inlet temperature on these stabilization regimes is then evaluated from T= 300 K up to 770 K. Flame re-attachment is shown to be controlled by edge flame propagation and the impact of preheating is well reproduced by the model. Unburnt hydrogen and NOx emissions are finally evaluated. Unburnt hydrogen is only observed for global equivalence ratios below 0.4 and at ambient inlet temperature. NOx emissions decrease when the global equivalence ratio is reduced. Furthermore, at fixed global equivalence ratio, NOx emissions decrease as the thermal power increases, regardless of air preheating and the flame stabilization regime. At high power, NOx emissions reach an asymptotic value that is independent of the thermal power. The impact of flame shape, air preheating, and combustion chamber wall heat losses on NOx production is also evaluated. NOx emissions are shown to scale with the adiabatic flame temperature Tad at the global equivalence ratio and the residence time inside the combustor.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Galeruca daurica Reveals Cold Tolerance Mechanisms.

Galeruca daurica (Joannis) is a pest species with serious outbreaks in the Inner Mongolian grasslands in recent years, and its larvae and eggs are extremely cold-tolerant. To gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of its cold-tolerant stress response, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly of G. daurica via RNA-Seq and compared the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of first- and second-instar larvae grown and developed indoors and outdoors, respectively. The results show that cold tolerance in G. daurica is associated with changes in gene expression mainly involved in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Compared with the control group (indoor), the genes associated with gluconeogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and HSP production were up-regulated in the larvae grown and developed outdoors. While the changes in these genes were related to the physiological metabolism and growth of insects, it was hypothesized that the proteins encoded by these genes play an important role in cold tolerance in insects. In addition, we also investigated the expression of genes related to the metabolic pathway of HSPs, and the results show that the HSP-related genes were significantly up-regulated in the larvae of G. daurica grown and developed outdoors compared with the indoor control group. Finally, we chose to induce significant expression differences in the Hsp70 gene (Hsp70A1, Hsp70-2 and Hsp70-3) via RNAi to further illustrate the role of heat stress proteins in cold tolerance on G. daurica larvae. The results show that separate and mixed injections of dsHSP70A1, dsHsp70-2 and dsHsp70-3 significantly reduced expression levels of the target genes in G. daurica larvae. The super-cooling point (SCP) and the body fluid freezing point (FP) of the test larvae were determined after RNAi using the thermocouple method, and it was found that silencing the Hsp70 genes significantly increased the SCP and FP of G. daurica larvae, which validated the role of heat shock proteins in the cold resistance of G. daurica larvae. Our findings provide an important theoretical basis for further excavating the key genes and proteins in response to extremely cold environments and analyzing the molecular mechanism of cold adaptation in insects in harsh environments.

Feasibility study on application of low-grade fuels (naphtha and ethanol) in blended-fuel- and convergence-combustion modes

Since electrification is difficult in the sector where heavy-duty diesel engines are used, research is still needed to improve air pollutants. In addition, it is necessary to search for fuel to solve the depletion of fossil fuels and to study appropriate combustion methods according to fuel characteristics. In this study, naphtha or ethanol was selected as a fuel that could replace a certain fraction of diesel fuel. This study aims to compare both methods of supplying and burning naphtha or ethanol with diesel. The method of supplying naphtha or ethanol blended directly with diesel and burning it is suitable for naphtha. Since ethanol has a lower heating value, blended-fuel combustion mode with ethanol reduces IMEPnet. However, this method of separate injection and burning is only suitable for ethanol. When naphtha is utilized in convergence combustion, a wetting phenomenon arises due to its limited evaporation characteristics, leading to a reduction in fuel delivery. The NOx reduction rate was higher in the convergence combustion mode than that in the blended-fuel combustion mode. However, both the combustion methods led to an increase in the THC and CO emissions.

Enhanced system for hydrogen storage and conversion into green methanol in a geothermal environment

Variable Renewable Energy Sources are crucial for decarbonizing industries and efficient energy storage. Hydrogen storage technologies are limited in their large-scale capabilities. PtL technology can synthesize alternative fuels like methanol, which can be used in existing energy infrastructures to produce liquid fuel. The paper presents an innovative approach for utilizing in-situ thermal energy, using a hot reservoir rock (HRR) system for methanol synthesis at high temperature and pressure in an underground large-scale natural reservoir reactor. This approach aims to integrate renewable energy technologies into a single energy generation and fuel production system, including the direct utilization of renewable sources. Solutions from the oil and gas industry can be adapted to this action, such as continuous injection, alternate injection, separate injection, or chemical flooding. Conventional geothermal reservoirs, HDR systems, and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs can be used as “underground reactors”. However, it was also noted that there are challenges, such as catalyst distribution and the complexity of reservoir pore space.

Accelerated inter/intra-layer electron transport by asymmetric metal site induced delocalization effect for photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation

Charge transfer at the primary catalyst, co-catalyst, and solution interface is fundamental for photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation. In this paper, we propose a strategy to create a co-catalyst comprised of zinc-cobalt diatomic sites on a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (CoZn-NC) and load it on BiVO4, called CoZn-NC/BVO. Asymmetrically-doped nitrogen-carbon layer materials of Zn and Co (CoZn-NC) can enable the unrestricted mobility of lone pairs of electrons in metals upon exposure to light irradiation, which results in interlayer polarization and electron delocalization effects, leading to improved charge separation efficiency. Furthermore, due to the synergistic effect of bimetallic doping, not only does the intralayer polarized electric field formed on the surface of CoZn-NC improve the charge injection efficiency, but it also modulates the d-band center of the active site Co, thus reducing the Gibbs free energy of the reaction. The results show that the oxygen reduction reaction of CoZn-NC/BVO is excellent, with a photocurrent density of 5.84 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is 4.35 and 2.1 times higher than that of BiVO4 and Co-NC/BVO, respectively. The charge separation and charge injection efficiencies were also significantly higher, at 84.89 % and 91.97 %, respectively. Overall, the proposed co-catalyst of CoZn-NC/BVO shows great potential in photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation and provides a valuable contribution to the field.

Key Parameters of Separated Nitrogen Injection in Goaf Based on Orthogonal Test

ABSTRACT Coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) is a common disaster in underground coal mine, and nitrogen injection into goaf is a common means of preventing and extinguishing fire. Conventional single-pipe nitrogen injection in wide working faces has problems, such as narrow inert area, serious nitrogen waste, and poor fire prevention and extinguishment effects. To solve these problems, this study proposes the separated nitrogen injection technology in goaf. Taking Dahaize Coal Mine as an example, a three-dimensional numerical model of multifield coupling in goaf is established. The distribution range of the CSC hazard zone in goaf is determined through field observations and numerical simulations. The validated computational fluid dynamics model is used to determine the optimal nitrogen injection location. Furthermore, the effects of nitrogen injection location in inlet side (NILI), nitrogen injection location in return side (NILR), and nitrogen injection distribution ratio in both sides (NIDR) on goaf inertisation are studied via orthogonal tests and numerical simulations. The optimal technical parameters of the separated nitrogen injection technology are determined by range analysis. The best inertisation effect is obtained when NILI is 30 m, NILR is 30 m, and NIDR is 4/6. Compared to other cases, the CSC hazard zone area and temperature anomaly zone area are significantly smaller, the asphyxiation zone area is significantly greater, and the maximum temperature is slightly lower in this case. This study provides a reference for preventing and controlling CSC in the goaf of underground coal mines.

Simultaneous quantification of perfusion, permeability, and leakage effects in brain gliomas using dynamic spin-and-gradient-echo echoplanar imaging MRI

ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility and biologic correlations of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC), dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE), and quantitative maps derived from contrast leakage effects obtained simultaneously in gliomas using dynamic spin-and-gradient-echo echoplanar imaging (dynamic SAGE-EPI) during a single contrast injection.Materials and methodsThirty-eight patients with enhancing brain gliomas were prospectively imaged with dynamic SAGE-EPI, which was processed to compute traditional DSC metrics (normalized relative cerebral blood flow [nrCBV], percentage of signal recovery [PSR]), DCE metrics (volume transfer constant [Ktrans], extravascular compartment [ve]), and leakage effect metrics: ΔR2,ss* (reflecting T2*-leakage effects), ΔR1,ss (reflecting T1-leakage effects), and the transverse relaxivity at tracer equilibrium (TRATE, reflecting the balance between ΔR2,ss* and ΔR1,ss). These metrics were compared between patient subgroups (treatment-naïve [TN] vs recurrent [R]) and biological features (IDH status, Ki67 expression).ResultsIn IDH wild-type gliomas (IDHwt—i.e., glioblastomas), previous exposure to treatment determined lower TRATE (p = 0.002), as well as higher PSR (p = 0.006), Ktrans (p = 0.17), ΔR1,ss (p = 0.035), ve (p = 0.006), and ADC (p = 0.016). In IDH-mutant gliomas (IDHm), previous treatment determined higher Ktrans and ΔR1,ss (p = 0.026). In TN-gliomas, dynamic SAGE-EPI metrics tended to be influenced by IDH status (p ranging 0.09–0.14). TRATE values above 142 mM−1s−1 were exclusively seen in TN-IDHwt, and, in TN-gliomas, this cutoff had 89% sensitivity and 80% specificity as a predictor of Ki67 > 10%.ConclusionsDynamic SAGE-EPI enables simultaneous quantification of brain tumor perfusion and permeability, as well as mapping of novel metrics related to cytoarchitecture (TRATE) and blood–brain barrier disruption (ΔR1,ss), with a single contrast injection.Clinical relevance statementSimultaneous DSC and DCE analysis with dynamic SAGE-EPI reduces scanning time and contrast dose, respectively alleviating concerns about imaging protocol length and gadolinium adverse effects and accumulation, while providing novel leakage effect metrics reflecting blood–brain barrier disruption and tumor tissue cytoarchitecture.Key Points• Traditionally, perfusion and permeability imaging for brain tumors requires two separate contrast injections and acquisitions.• Dynamic spin-and-gradient-echo echoplanar imaging enables simultaneous perfusion and permeability imaging.• Dynamic spin-and-gradient-echo echoplanar imaging provides new image contrasts reflecting blood–brain barrier disruption and cytoarchitecture characteristics.Graphical

Pramlintide an Adjunct to Insulin Therapy: Challenges and Recent Progress in Delivery.

Dysregulation of various glucoregulatory hormones lead to failure of insulin monotherapy in patients with diabetes mellitus due to various reasons, including severe hypoglycemia, glycemic hypervariability, and an increased risk of microvascular complications. However, pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy enhances glucagon suppression and thereby offers improved glycemic control. Clinical studies have shown that pramlintide improves glycemic control, reduces postprandial glucose excursions, and promotes weight loss in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Although clinical benefits of pramlintide are well reported, there still exists a high patient resistance for the therapy, as separate injections for pramlintide and insulin must be administered. Although marketed insulin formulations generally demonstrate a peak action in 60-90 minutes, pramlintide elicits its peak concentration at around 20-30 minutes after administration. Thus, owing to the significant differences in pharmacokinetics of exogenously administered pramlintide and insulin, the therapy fails to elicit its action otherwise produced by the endogenous hormones. Hence, strategies such as delaying the release of pramlintide by using inorganic polymers like silica, synthetic polymers like polycaprolactone, and lipids have been employed. Also, approaches like noncovalent conjugation, polyelectrolyte complexation, and use of amphiphilic excipients for codelivery of insulin and pramlintide have been explored to address the issues with pramlintide delivery and improve patient adherence to the therapy. This approach may usher in a new era of diabetes management, offering patients multiple options to tailor their treatment and improve their quality of life. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: To our knowledge, this is the first report that summarizes various challenges in insulin and pramlintide codelivery and strategies to overcome them. The paper also provides deeper insights into various novel formulation strategies for pramlintide that could further broaden the reader's understanding of peptide codelivery.

Enhancing the performance of quantum dot solar cells through halogen adatoms on carboxyl edge-functionalized graphene quantum dots

This research has been conducted to find new, high-performing, safe, and suitable materials for use in quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs). Specifically, impact of halogen adatoms (Br, Cl, and F) on carboxyl edge-functionalized graphene quantum dot (CO2H-GQD) has been investigated employing DFT-based first-principles computations. We analyzed energy gaps (Eg), LUMO, and HOMO to determine how the foreign atom affects electronic features of material, employing hybrid functional B3LYP with a 6-31G basis set. In order to investigate charge separation and electron injection in both doped and undoped CO2H-GQD, we examined charge transfer (CT), molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), and binding mechanism. Optical attributes also indicate a wide spectrum in visible range, making it suitable for harvesting solar light. Furthermore, we evaluated solar cell parameters, including efficiency (η), short circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and open circuit voltage (Voc) to assess potential usage of adatom-doped CO2H-GQD in quantum dot solar cell. Subsequent to Br, Cl, and F substitutional doping, value of η for CO2H-GQD increased. In case of F doping, we achieved maximum η, which has electron-donating nature and a larger radius, allowing it to inject more electrons into titanium dioxide (TiO2) surface. Based on our research, we have determined that these recently discovered sensitizers built upon GQD exhibit considerable potential for use in QDSCs.

Research on Prediction Model of Interlayer Leakage in Separate Injection Wells in Offshore Oilfields

In order to ensure effective layered water injection, it is of great significance to establish the functional relationship among the equivalent diameter of damage, leakage and pressure of sealing cylinder. In this paper, the experimental and numerical simulation experiments were carried out to study the relationship between gap flow rate, pressure drop and equivalent diameter of sealing cylinder under the conditions of uniform corrosion, fracture non-uniformity and random groove non-uniform distribution and scratches in different tubing, equivalent diameters and gap widths. Through a lot of data analysis, the relationship between the damage state and the leakage quantity is established and evaluated by physical simulation test. The research shows that the error between the established model function relation and the test data is no more than 10%. By simulating the damage condition of the shock sealing cylinder and quantitatively detecting the defect of the sealing cylinder, the model function relation can well predict the corresponding damage situation. Therefore, this model function can be used to solve sealing cylinder inspection problem, so as to judge the seal defect and leakage quantity which is independent of the experience of the person in charge of the site and able to use the data as a basis for judgment. This research provides a new technology for the effective prediction of the damage of sealing cylinder, and provides theoretical guidance for selecting matching sealing tools and realizing layered mining.