Separate Discourses Research Articles

Leading or led? A critical exploration of youth leadership development

Leadership development for youth is an increasingly large global business that has to date lacked sustained critical scrutiny. Our inquiry is based on application, interview and reflection data from participants in a university-based leadership programme, capturing them at the point they transition to early work lives. We argue that leadership has become such a prevalent career and work discourse that the leadership development that happens in youth offers a unique window into new organisational workers, the leadership development industry and a complex leadership theoretical terrain. A set of five ‘leading’ discourses – separate, suspended, small, self and semi – were identified that invite critical inquiry. While youth leadership scholars have previously noted the suspended and separate discourses, we empirically refine those and offer the other three (small, self and semi) as important to current contestations between leaders, leadership and leadership development. In doing so, we question whether current leadership development for youth creates substantive leadership capacity in individuals, organisations or society.

"Two sides of the same coin?" Coaching and mentoring and the agentic role of context.

Our article depicts and interrogates the claims for seeing coaching and mentoring as being distinct from each other, and rather suggests that context is agentic in determining which aspects of these two helping orientations are likely to be used by practitioners. To start with, our article traces the development of coaching and mentoring as two separate discourses. Traditionally, coaching has been associated with a shorter term performance focus, with the coach portrayed as a process- rather than a content knowledge-based expert. By contrast, mentoring has a longer-term holistic focus, where the mentor has direct experience and knowledge in the setting that the mentee is operating in. Then, we discuss some limitations of seeking conceptual distinctiveness in purely theoretical terms, including accentuating differences of practices that cannot easily be disentangled from each other in practice. Therefore, on the basis of a case study, where coaching and mentoring behaviors are used by leaders and managers, we argue that context plays an agentic role and influences which of the helping orientations is used by practitioners. We conclude that, context being multifaceted, it leads to a kaleidoscope of coaching/mentoring behaviors, which supports a practice-based approach to the debate.

Finding common ground: meta-synthesis of communication frameworks found in patient communication, supervision and simulation literature

BackgroundEffective communication between patients-clinicians, supervisors-learners and facilitators-participants within a simulation is a key priority in health profession education. There is a plethora of frameworks and recommendations to guide communication in each of these contexts, and they represent separate discourses with separate communities of practice and literature. Finding common ground within these frameworks has the potential to minimise cognitive load and maximise efficiency, which presents an opportunity to consolidate messages, strategies and skills throughout a communication curriculum and the possibility of expanding the research agenda regarding communication, feedback and debriefing in productive ways.MethodsA meta-synthesis of the feedback, debriefing and clinical communication literature was conducted to achieve these objectives.ResultsOur analysis revealed that the concepts underlying the framework can be usefully categorised as stages, goals, strategies, micro-skills and meta-skills. Guidelines for conversations typically shared a common structure, and strategies aligned with a stage. Core transferrable communication skills (i.e., micro-skills) were identified across various types of conversation, and the major differences between frameworks were related to the way that power was distributed in the conversation and the evolution of conversations along the along the path of redistributing power. As part of the synthesis, an overarching framework “prepare-EMPOWER enact” was developed to capture these shared principles across discourses.ConclusionsAdopting frameworks for work-based communication that promote dialogue and empower individuals to contribute may represent an important step towards learner-centred education and person-centred care for patients.

‘I heard his silver Call’: Emily Dickinson and the Poetry of Telegraphic Acoustics

Abstract This essay focuses on a specific aspect of electric telegraphy in America—what I call ‘telegraphic acoustics’, which includes: 1) the sound of telegraph wires vibrating overhead and 2) ‘sound-reading’, the practice of transcribing Morse code by ear instead of transcribing it from a printout. Telegraphic acoustics started as a distinctively American technical evolution that emphasized sound and listening over sight and literacy. Because of this emphasis and because of increasingly universal poetic education, American telegraphers understood their technology in poetic terms. In turn, American poets, including John Greenleaf Whittier and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., also thought about poetry in terms of telegraphic acoustics. The essay focuses on Emily Dickinson as an in-depth case study because of her unusual familiarity with telegraphic acoustics in Amherst; her visual impairment, which heightened her awareness of sound; and her insights into the nature and future of networks and information flow. It concludes by examining the intersection of her poetry and telephony, which was perceived as an extension of telegraphy. I argue that thinking of these media acoustically, instead of in terms of literacy, reveals a rich separate discourse running through Dickinson’s poetry and American poetry generally. This discourse demands reinterpretations of several canonical Dickinson poems.

МІЖДИСЦИПЛІНАРНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО РОЗУМІННЯ «НОРМИ»

The article examines the main approaches to understanding the concept of the relevance of the study is led to its universal nature. It has been established that various spheres of life activity of an individual have their own methodological approaches to understanding the concept of norm. The author defines quantitative-statistical and qualitative-unitary approaches as the most common for understanding the norm, where the first approach suggests the greatest frequency or repeatability of the characteristics of individual elements of the majority, and the second - as what is established as optimal within a certain discursive practice. The specified interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the concept of is used in the article, it focuses on the study of the main features and characteristics of this concept. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the dichotomy of approaches to the norm is accepted by the majority of researchers in one form or another. The first approach is statistical, and it is dynamic and variable, the norm depends on social and other changes. The second approach fixes the norm as universals or an established indicator. In real life, the interaction between the two vectors of understanding the norm is fixed. Setting a task and analyzing recent publications. The modern state of the problem of understanding the concept of is controversial because the scientific tradition uses this concept in different ways. Particularly requires attention to the understanding of its nature and essence. The study of the concept of is one of the urgent and necessary tasks of modern philosophy, the understanding and solution of which depend on the prospects of the development and functioning of the individual and civil society. For the analysis of such a phenomenon as a the work of Foucault M. were necessary. He showed the in the system of education, the penitentiary system and medicine. Presenting main material. The concept of acts as an interdisciplinary term, is used in various spheres of our lives, has an extremely versatile. The dichotomy of approaches to the norm is the most common and indigenous, in one form or another it is formulated by all researchers norm. The first approach is statistical, variable, the norm changes with the changes inside the group. The second approach considers the norm is a strictly universal, less flexible and extremely static one, which is established in order to evaluate, is based on a certain indicator, elements of the group that change their qualities, but the norm itself does not change. It does not depend on statistical changes inside the group. Our social space is like fabric woven from threads of various discursive practices that are closely interwoven, where they intersect with each other, enter into constructive interaction and come out of each other. These practices can be considered as separate discourses that are superimposed on each other. These may be rules of institutional organizations, legal laws and codes, religious doctrines, scientific paradigms, different language interactions, media space interactions, corporate ethics, subcultural associations, national customs, cultural traditions of local regions, etc. So, we find that in our scientific tradition we call social reality, which has its standards of admissibility and acceptability, which we call norm. Conclusions . The approaches to understanding the meanings of the word are not only methodological aspect of this problem, although they include the most fundamental methodological strategies, however, in each particular discursive practice there is a huge number of their own specific methodologies for setting the norm. In other words, the dichotomy of the fundamental understanding of the norm as a statistical majority and as a standard is only a way of the most general and broad division of approaches inherent in all kinds of specific methods that exist in different social practices, and the complete reduction of individual methods in particular practices to one or the other approach. It would be negligence because of ignoring the individual discursive features of understanding the norm in each particular case.

Discourse analysis and non-representational theories in heritage studies: a non-reductionist take on their compatibility

ABSTRACTIn the last ten years or so, we have witnessed a shift towards so-called non-representational theories in heritage studies. In non-representational theories, one is interested in cognition, affect, and emotion, as well as textual or visual representations of heritage. This turn can be viewed as a prolongation of the popular approach of analysing heritage as discourse, in which heritage is viewed as a cultural process from which the objects of heritage evolve. However, this paper will demonstrate that some proponents of non-representational theories seem to have overlooked an already established linguistic tradition of analysing affect and emotion ‘in’ texts. Since human affect and emotion are linked with semiotic meaning-making, I argue that it is futile to attempt to separate discourse analysis and non-representational theories. I forward an argument that Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Critical Realism (CR) as a philosophy of science may serve as platforms where non-representational and representational approaches can meet to more fully grasp how we represent and respond to heritage.

Discursive strategy of opinion expression and government response in China: Text analysis based on online petitions

In the Internet era, citizens’ opinion expression through online petition platforms provides us a new opportunity to explore the interaction between citizens’ interest articulation and government response. Using a huge amount of text data from a Chinese online petition forum started in 2008, we explored the citizens’ discursive strategies to express their demands and examined the effect of political discourses on government response. From the perspective of self-identity, we identified three separate discourses: individualism, relational collectivism, and group collectivism. In general, nowadays Chinese citizens prefer the discourse of relational collectivism, and the governments are more likely to respond to demands reflecting relational collectivism. We also distinguished the way of opinions expression with paternalistic discourse and legalistic discourse. Although more citizens justify their demands with legalistic discourse, the governments are more likely to respond to expressions reflecting paternalism. We found that Chinese citizens strategically express their demands by employing different political discourses, such as the discourses of relational collectivism and paternalism, whereas the government’s selective response implies that the discursive strategy may fulfill citizens’ interest to some extent.

A Film Never Completed

This is a story and analysis of a film production that has never materialised. The case study features a group of neighbourhood residents who wished to produce a film representing their experiences of living in a mixed neighbourhood in the northern Israeli city of Haifa, where Jews and Arabs live together. The ethnography of their work documents the incommensurability between the social interactions within the group and the content of the film’s script. While the group dynamic reflected the mixing atmosphere of the neighbourhood, their script succumbed to the hegemonic discourse of separation in Israel and to steering away from ambiguities. The group’s aspiration to create a realistic representation required a political and visual language that was not available as an objective possibility and thus was challenging to imagine.

Subtropical Gothic: New Orleans and Posthuman Supernaturals in The Originals

The rise of supernatural creatures throughout different media in the post-2000 era has resulted in a significant change of audiences’ perceptions of vampires, werewolves and witches (among others). Traditionally used to reflect human fears, lack of morals or instinct-related insufficiencies, these creatures are no longer fear-inducing monsters. Instead, their depiction tends to adopt human qualities to confront the audience with missteps and downfalls of contemporary societies and politics. This paper analyzes the television series The Originals as a supernatural mirror image of American society, where the different communities’ struggles for power and their place in New Orleans becomes a micro-cosmos for the American nation. The setting plays a crucial role in the series, which Gothicizes New Orleans to construct a space in which the characters are shown to operate in a posthuman context. This paper will clarify how the protagonists’ posthuman characteristics and their placement in the subtropical landscape of Louisiana uncovers contemporary societal concerns and brings aspects such as Urban Gothic and tropicality closer to the audiences’ reality. Ultimately, it is in the capital of the subtropical Deep South of America where the hegemonic discourse and practices of discrimination and spatial separation are reflected and challenged.

In varietate Concordia: two perspectives on the European values

In the first chapter of the paper we elaborate on the attitude towards the Other in the European Union by discussing two adversative yet simultaneous processes taking place in the EU. The first tendency is a legacy from the centuries-lasting model of European unification against certain important Others. The second one refers to the aspiration of the supra-national European project to encourage in an unprecedented manner the co-existence with the otherness. We argue that this ambivalence results from the fact that the transformation of the attitude towards the otherness takes place with different tempo in the different social spheres. In the second chapter we develop further the reflection on the EU attitude towards the Other by focusing on the East European Other. We discuss the normative and de facto application of the European values both in the West and in the East part of the continent.In the last chapter we articulate two separate discourses framing the European values. The first one refers to the essentialist approach looking for a metaphysical reasoning of their universality by developing the common culture, history and spirit rhetoric. The second reading of the European values presents them in a more postmodern and debatable way and offers a mechanism for reconciling the heterogenic East-West European society.

MICHEL FOUCAULT’S ARCHAEOLOGY OF LANGUAGE

Natural language plays a fundamental role in cognition and communication, but in the modern information society, language is increasingly used as a data transmission technology. The study of the problem of language power over thinking is a significant contribution to understanding the nature of language and its relationship with thinking. This article presents an analysis of the peculiarities of M. Foucault’s views on the problem of relationship between language and thinking. The author applies the elements of Foucault’s archaeological approach and studies his concepts in connection with the ideas of other French thinkers. During the analysis, the author formulates her vision of the concepts of power and discourse. The first part of the article considers the understanding of natural language as a complex open sign system that interacts with the outside world and constantly accumulates elements of culture and creativity, from the point of view of philosophy and structural linguistics. The understanding of the division of language into separate discourses is explained. The presentation of the original methodology of Foucault’s language research explains what makes it possible to reveal the peculiarities of the historical development of discourse in the social aspect. Further, Foucault’s views on the role of language in obtaining knowledge and the formation of thinking are reflected, as well as an understanding of the relations of power that the philosopher notices in mental and speech activity of individuals. There follows J. Baudrillard’s criticism of Foucouldian concept of power and the process of language development in society. In conclusion, the author summarizes the analyzed views on power, development of language and thinking as well as Foucault’s understanding of language.

Parody Writing in Doctor Faustus by Thomas Mann

The article analyzes parody writing inclinations in the works of outstanding German writer, “the ironical German” Thomas Mann. Parody is rarely discussed with respect to the works of this writer, yet in Doctor Faustus it even becomes one of the topics in the central conversation between Leverkühn and the devil. Using understanding of parody writing from the research by Inken Steen, we substantiate its functions in the text as one of the many productive approaches to interpretation of Doctor Faustus. On the material of narrative discourses of the novel (reports of Kretzschmar, story of Zeitblom about writing biography) we prove expansion of parody to a mode of writing which results in metacommentaries in the novel which contain musings about the process of novel creation, reveal “masquerade” character of realism, figures, motives, with behavioural samples appearing as parody game. In parody writing the artistic character of novel unravels itself. It is established that parody writing serves as intermediary between separate discourses of the novel but does it not in a systemic way. To a certain extent the conversation of Thomas Mann about parody as a result of art which became impossible turns into parody as a result of reality which became impossible.

Student behaviour, motivation and the potential of attachment‐aware schools to redefine the landscape

This article is a position paper drawing on the findings of several studies into attachment‐aware approaches in schools and other settings. In seeking to promote pedagogical positions that place greater emphasis on the emotional landscape of students, the authors locate this in an historical perspective. They outline the ways in which educationalists have come to separate the learning being from the feeling being, to the extent of evolving separate discourses on behaviour and wellbeing. On the contrary, the authors contend that these elements are intertwined, a reality that needs to be understood at policy level for ‘outcomes’ to change radically. They frame their argument in the light of conclusions drawn from studies in which they were involved of attachment‐awareness and emotion‐coaching approaches (2011–2017). The authors’ position is further informed by research exploring attitudes of excluded youngsters towards education (2015–2016), and also in light of the wider international literature around progressive education.

‘Fitting in’ or ‘being different’? Integration, separation, and identity construction during a teaching practicum in Hong Kong

This paper reports the results of a qualitative study that examined the perspectives of one group of teacher educators and pre-service teachers about a teaching internship in Hong Kong. Reflecting recent interest in both a practice turn in pre-service teacher education as well as teacher identity construction, the study uses in-depth interviews to reveal how both teacher educators and pre-service teachers construct the meaning of a teaching internship. The results suggest that two discourses dominate such meanings: the discourse of integration and the discourse of separation. The study not only reveals the presence of these discourses but, moreover, considers how their interplay provides affordances for and constraints upon the capacity of pre-service teachers to construct their professional identities during the teaching internship. This exploration suggests that this interplay can lead to identity conflict for pre-service teachers. Implications for overcoming such conflict in ways that support the construction of pre-service teachers’ professional identities are considered and suggestions for future comparative research discussed.

The Evolving Purposes of Medical Revalidation in the United Kingdom: A Qualitative Study of Professional and Regulatory Narratives.

Previous research found professionalism and regulation to be competing discourses when plans for medical revalidation in the United Kingdom were being developed in 2011. The purpose of this study was to explore how these competing discourses developed and how the perceived purposes of revalidation evolved as the policy was implemented. Seventy-one interviews with 60 UK policy makers and senior health care leaders were conducted during the development and implementation of revalidation: 31 in 2011, 26 in 2013, and 14 in 2015. Interviewees were selected using purposeful sampling. Across all interviews, questions focused around three areas: individual roles in relation to revalidation; interviewees' understanding of revalidation, its purpose, and aims; and predictions or experiences of revalidation's impact. The first two interview sets also included questions about measurement and evaluation of revalidation. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method to understand changes and continuities. Two main discourses regarding the purpose of revalidation were present across the implementation period: professionalism and regulation. The nature of the relationship between these two purposes and how they were described changed over time, with the separate discourses converging, and early concerns about actual or potential conflict being replaced by perceptions of coexistence or codependency. The changing nature of the discourse about revalidation suggests that early concerns about adverse consequences were not borne out as organizations and professionals engaged with implementation and experienced the realities of revalidation in practice. Reconciling professional and regulatory narratives was arguably necessary to the effective implementation of revalidation.

Two Forms of Responsibility – Organizational and Societal

My aim in this article is twofold. First, I will illuminate the triangular conceptual connections between responsibility, authority, and power as they are exposed in the organizational realm; second, I will show how the three concepts are distinct. Relying on the work of Peter Strawson and his followers on responsibility for my point of departure, I will show that the connection between the inner corporational authority and its inner matching responsibility is different from the connection between the outer corporational forces and influences and the CSR that they develop in reaction to these. This will expose another important distinction between two kinds of responsibility: the organizational kind, as instantiated in organizations, and the social kind, which constitutes the outer aspect of the CSR. Though many thinkers address different kinds of responsibility, a comparative perspective of these different concepts is missing. I attempt to bring three of these separate discourses together to examine them alongside one another, evaluating them in the light of their differences and similarities. This will expose a new typology of ‘responsibility’ that penetrates and illuminates the relations between corporations and society and as such enhance our understanding of organizational responsibility.

Harnessing urbanisation for human wellbeing and planetary health

Harnessing urbanisation for human wellbeing and planetary health

Droping the Trowel: Three Discourses and One Creative Archaeology

Archaeology offers insight into the values of the contemporary world. From three separate discourses, which address different temporalities and sites, an overarching archaeological narrative has been established, which reflects the role of art and heritage in artistic destruction; education and archaeology as an educational and social tool; and materiality (in the present case, the Chinese pottery sherds in Al-Andalus) in the interpretations and acts of archaeologists. The visual values of archaeology and the role of the archaeological imagination to unify disparate archaeological practices will be explored here. The permeability of the spheres of archaeology and art allow us to explore both archaeological and artistic practices, as well as reflect on universal convictions and on the potentiality of archaeological practice to intervene in social contexts. With all this, archaeology acquires relevance insofar as it is a practice that is able to address the problems of the present day. In line with the so-called ‘creative archaeologies’, with their experimentation and creation of artistic works (in this case photographic), this paper aims to reflect on new ways to ‘see’ archaeology, which has never been more necessary.

Managing business networks for value creation in facilities and their external environments

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to increase understanding of the logic of business network formation among the co-located and external actors of a facility.Design/methodology/approachThe research adopts a theory-building approach through developing propositions inductively from the empirical case study on four purposefully sampled modern service station facilities. The focus is on analyzing how a facility and its inherent co-located actors represent an entity that forms a business network with external actors in the facility’s environment.FindingsThe findings propose that when co-located with a large number of actors, the facility and its actors represent an entity that is connected to a wide business network of multiple external actors. On the other hand, when co-located with a small number of actors, the facility becomes a part of the overall supply in the surrounding business environment with a differentiated offering for competitive advantage.Practical implicationsThe research suggests that an appropriate co-locating strategy, for example, when planning the tenant mix of the facility, can contribute to creating a vivid business network in the external environment, which raises the facility to a role of a central entity in such a network.Originality/valueThe findings explaining how co-location affects the businesses within the facility and within a wider networked environment are novel to the scholarly knowledge on co-location. The research bridges the theories of co-location and business networks that have been treated as separate discourses in previous research.

STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY OF POPULAR SCIENCE NARRATIVES OF DISCOVERY AS AN INDICATOR OF READER-AWARENESS: A LABOV-INSPIRED APPROACH

1.IntroductionNarrative is a popular form of knowledge dissemination. In fact, some scholars (see, for example, Schank 1990; Gjedde 2000; Boyd 2009; Herman 2009) suggest that it is the preferred method for humans to acquire and process new information. It is no wonder that in recent decades such disciplines as communication of science to the public, philosophy of science, and science as culture have been paying increased attention to narratives and their ability to transfer complex scientific concepts to lay audiences. Narrative analysis of popular science contributes to the exploration of the language of popular science as a discourse category. Just as the languages of individual scientific disciplines can be seen as separate discourse categories (see, for example, Mackinnon 2010 for a discussion of the language of classical physics) or as the unified language of science, the language of popular science can be parsed into several discourses or analyzed as one. This study treats the language of popular science as a subsuming discourse category and suggests that the underlying narrative structure explored here is suitable for popularization of a variety of scientific disciplines.Recent studies (see, for example, Reitsma 2010; Blanchard et al. 2015; Hermwille 2016) demonstrate that the explanatory and contextualizing abilities of popular science narratives appeal not only to the science-minded laymen but also to the decision-making social power structures such as grant-providing agencies or policy-creating institutions. In that, popular science narratives have helped popular science to cross the boundaries of intellectual entertainment and become vital pieces of the technological and socio-economic spheres.While the awareness of the importance of narrative in communication of science is obvious, the linguistic insight into the structure of such narratives remains somewhat underdeveloped. Those who investigate popular science from the point of view of linguistics (see, for example, Moirand 2003; Myers 2003; Turney 2004; De Oliveira and Pagano 2006; Fu and Hyland 2014) tend to address either broad issues such as explanatory properties (see, for example, Turney 2004) or the general structure and effectiveness of a message (see, for example, Moirand 2003; Myers 2003). Others take a very narrow approach that addresses one specific linguistic issue (see, for example, De Oliveira and Pagano 2006 or Urbanova 2012 for analyses of discourse presentation; Fu and Hyland 2014 for exploration of interactional metadiscourse). General narratology usually regards scientific and popular scientific discourses as a side note (see, for example, Herman 2009).It might be tempting, in the circumstances, to propose a structural system that could account for and explicate popular science narratives and in the process introduce specific steps that successful narratives follow. Such a system would be equally useful for writers and for analysts who have to evaluate popular science narratives in order to make public policy decisions. However, as this article shows, there is no need to invent a new framework.In 1967, Labov and Waletzky introduced a structural framework for analyzing oral narratives of personal experience. In 1972, through a casestudy, Labov perfected this model. Since then numerous studies proved the applicability of the model to narratives other than those relating personal experiences. In fact, Labov's (1972) model (with modifications) has served as a springboard for structural analyses of literary narratives, narratives of children, and several types of personal narratives not examined by Labov (for example, see Peterson and McCabe 1983, Plum 1988, Berman 1997, Fleischman 1997, Baerger and McAdam 1999). So far, the value of the model has been in its universality; it is capable of exposing the underlying narrative structure of multiple text types. However, Labov's (1972) framework for narrative analysis can do more. …