Narrative Sentences Research Articles

REQUIRED: A THEORY OF ALLOWABLE GAPS

ABSTRACTThis review essay on Paul A. Roth's The Philosophical Structure of Historical Explanation follows Roth in accepting the notion of a “narrative sentence” (from Danto's Analytical Philosophy of History) and takes up Roth's view that a narrative explanation elucidates that which it constructs. I also analyze the “relating of events” within a temporal frame, but I come to different conclusions than Roth does: I deny any necessary connection between a narrative explanation and a narrative sentence and object to Roth's insistence on “nonstandardization” as a necessary feature of a narrative explanation. I argue that a “passage of time” is characteristic of all our descriptions, regardless of whether they are scientific, historical, or anything else. Like Roth, I draw on the work of W. V. O. Quine to address the pragmatic question of how large a “unit of empirical significance” is to be, and I show that different practical situations may require different practical decisions about what sizes of unit are required, with whole narratives being units of significance in themselves. Problems of the epistemic structure of narratives remain, and I argue that relating a passage of time requires a theory that enables us to preclude any temporal gaps. A theory of conceptual linkage of any stripe seems incapable of doing that.

The peculiarity of syntactic constructions of Lezgian folk riddles

The subject of this research is the peculiarity of syntactic constructions of Lezgain folk riddles. The object of this research is the aphoristic genre of Lezgian folklore – the riddles. Along with other folklore genres, riddles hold a remarkable place in the folklore poetics Lezgins, featuring prevalence of storytelling. The relevance the selected topic lies in the absence of specific research dedicated to comprehensive analysis of this genre of Lezgian folklore. The article illustrates the syntactic constructions of folk riddles of Lezgins. The conducted brief syntactic analysis is valuable for further research of this topic, since the linguistic aspect of studying folk riddles is yet to be explored. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that Lezgian folk riddles, which are one of the ancient genres, require in-depth study. The conclusion is made that Lezgian folk riddles use mononuclear syntactic constructions to achieve concision in describing a propounded object or phenomenon. The interrogative or narrative sentences are commonly used. There are also riddles with compound syntactic structure. The acquired results can be used in the practical work of folklorists and linguists.

Learning to Use Narrative Function Words for the Organization and Communication of Experience

How do people learn to talk about the causal and temporal relations between events, and the motivation behind why people do what they do? The narrative practice hypothesis of Hutto and Gallagher holds that children are exposed to narratives that provide training for understanding and expressing reasons for why people behave as they do. In this context, we have recently developed a model of narrative processing where a structured model of the developing situation (the situation model) is built up from experienced events, and enriched by sentences in a narrative that describe event meanings. The main interest is to develop a proof of concept for how narrative can be used to structure, organize and describe experience. Narrative sentences describe events, and they also define temporal and causal relations between events. These relations are specified by a class of narrative function words, including “because, before, after, first, finally.” The current research develops a proof of concept that by observing how people describe social events, a developmental robotic system can begin to acquire early knowledge of how to explain the reasons for events. We collect data from naïve subjects who use narrative function words to describe simple scenes of human-robot interaction, and then employ algorithms for extracting the statistical structure of how narrative function words link events in the situation model. By using these statistical regularities, the robot can thus learn from human experience about how to properly employ in question-answering dialogues with the human, and in generating canonical narratives for new experiences. The behavior of the system is demonstrated over several behavioral interactions, and associated narrative interaction sessions, while a more formal extended evaluation and user study will be the subject of future research. Clearly this is far removed from the power of the full blown narrative practice capability, but it provides a first step in the development of an experimental infrastructure for the study of socially situated narrative practice in human-robot interaction.

Semantics of greetings and its syntax realisation

The purpose of the article is to study and systematize formal -grammatical features of etiquette greetings and to implement their syntactic typology. The relevance of the work is determined by the importance of the subject of study and lack of clear etiquette greetings’ syntactic typology in modern Ukrainian linguistics. The scientific novelty of the study is the improvement of syntactic structural schemes typology of etiquette greetings. Research methods: the historical, logical, structural, cognitive, scientific methods were used in the work. Conclusions. The implemented syntactic typology of etiquette greetings confirms the diversity of their structure. The most productive forms of their implementation are nominative one-member sentences and verbal (one member as well as two-member) ones. According to the semantics and communicative purpose, we can identify two types of nominal greetings structures: nominative narrative (declarative) sentences) and nominative imperative-optative ones. Nominative imperative – optative greetings are full of emotional content. Nominative and imperative – optative meanings are combined in their semantics e.g. “Myr domu Vashomy!” (Peace to your house!), “Khl’ib ta sil’!” (Bread and salt!). In the fixed one-member verbal sentences the main member is performed by a certain conjugation e.g. “Vinshuiu!” (Congratulations!)", “Biu cholom” (I bow to you), “Bozhe pomozhy” (God, help (us)). Fixed two-member etiquette greetings have different stylistic tinge of “politeness”, so they are not used in all the language genres. They are mainly used in informal and belletristic language styles.

СИНТАКСИЧНІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ФОКУСНОЇ ІНВЕРСІЇ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ ПЕРЕКЛАДІ РОМАНУ М.УЕЛЬБЕКА LACARTEETLETERRITOIRE

The article analyzes the peculiarities of translation of narrative sentences with inversion with locative and temporal adverbs, adverbial syntagms or circumstances of time and place in the initial position from the perspective of cognitive perceptual factors reflecting reality in this type of constructions, highlights the logic of on the author's intention, as well as establishes the patterns of choice of appropriate syntactic construction when translating the sentences with the type of inversion under study. One of the main tasks of the translator is to reproduce the author's style, in particular when translating the texts of modern popular writers, whose works are translated into many languages. In fiction, French authors use the stylistic potential of certain types of syntactic constructions to convey implicit content. The task of conveying both explicit and implicit meanings in translation determines the use of syntactic constructions that would be equivalent to syntactic constructions of the original text, that is a translational aim to create symmetry of meanings of syntactic units of the original text and translation. Inversion in narrative sentences with adverbial syntagms or circumstances with locative and temporal meanings is often used by modern French authors because of their expressive effectiveness. These constructions are used in the narrator's speech in order to shift the focus of the reader's attention to important information for the author and to outline the statics and dynamics of the situation described by the author. A comparison of sentences with focal locative and temporal inversions and the corresponding sentences of the translated text shows that the translator follows the logic of the author of the work and uses the word order that focuses the reader on relevant information.

Sexuality In Dangdut Lyrics: A Critical Discourse Analysis

Dangdut is claimed to be the original music genre of Indonesia has been undergoing radical change lately in both rhythm and lyric. The latter is manifested into sub-genre called dangdut koplo which manipulates the rapid beat of ketipung ‘tom-tom’. The latter is expressed by altering message of the lyric to be blatant vulgar which leads to sexuality. This study investigated mainly on the latter case; the language expression and linguistic features used in dangdut lyric to exploit sexuality, the form of relation among the participants, and socio-cultural phenomena reflected within dangdut lyric with sensual content. The qualitative analysis using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) proposed by Fairclough (1995) were used to be the conceptual framework. There were 19 controversial dangdut songs lyric considered as sensual and exploit sexuality were taken as the source of the data and twenty listeners were interviewed. The results of the study show that: Firstly, the lyrics employed Bahasa Indonesia and Javanese, figurative language in both dialogue and monologue, narrative text, rhymes, rhetorical question, seducing expression, and incomplete sentence structure. Secondly, the songs talked about man and woman relationship, sensual desire, and gender stereotype. Finally, the songs concern on the justifiability of the sensual content and economy motive. Besides, free sex and gender stereotype are the reflection of sociocultural phenomena.

LINGUO-PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH PROFESSIONAL DISCOURSE IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITAL CIVILIZATION DEVELOPMENT

Statement of the problem. In this paper, based on articles from professional rubrics in English mass-media, colloquialisms are analyzed from the point of view of linguopragmatics within the lexico-semantic field, since colloquialisms are mainly kept up at the lexical level. The article considers linguistic and extralinguistic features of colloquial verbs designed to have an emotional impact on the reader in the context of the development of digital civilization and the formation of clip thinking. Results. The article reveals the content of the linguopragmatics concept as the main approach to the study. The concepts of digital civilization and colloquial expressions are also analyzed, and their interrelationship is revealed. The concept of a lexical-semantic field is considered, since colloquialisms are actualized mainly at the lexical level. The lexico-semantic field “to spend money” is analyzed, and the types of semantic connections between its elements are determined. Linguistic and extralinguistic means used for emotional impact on the recipient are revealed. The most common are metaphor at the lexical level and narrative sentences at the syntactic level, followed by phrasal verbs at the lexical level. Quotation marks and bold font with underlining are the least frequent on the graphic level, as well as irony on the semantic level. Conclusion. The use of colloquialisms is conditioned by the need to attract the attention of readers, most of whom are currently characterized by clip thinking. Within the framework of linguopragmatics, the impact on the recipient is achieved by means of various linguistic levels: quotation marks, bold font with underlining, metaphor, phrasal verbs, narrative sentences, irony. Colloquialisms perform an emotional and expressive function due to their metaphorical nature.

Три подхода к определению понятий на основе собственных свойств модели

Предлагается применение системного подхода к анализу определения понятия. Оно рассматривается как текстовая модель, к которой применимы собственные свойства модели. Эти свойства выводятся из модели языка предикатов первого порядка, каковой является алгебраическая структура. К собственным свойствам модели отнесены функция объекта, реализующая её операция и структура. Каждое свойство представляется элементарной моделью: функциональной (Ф-модель), операционной (О-модель) и структурной (С-модель) моделью. Использование этих моделей для анализа определения понятия названо соответственно функциональным, операционным и структурным подходом. Сущность каждого подхода поясняется на примере определения термина «менеджмент качества», взятого из международного терминологического стандарта. Для иллюстрации подходов применяются наглядные модели графов. Структурный подход позволяет найти избыточные и недостающие поясняющие слова в определения понятия, представленного в форме повествовательного предложения. Функциональный подход позволяет оценить полноту содержания понятия и наличие порочных циклов. Операционный подход уточняет понятия, относящиеся к категории действия, через элементарные действия.

Investigating effects of emoji on neutral narrative text: Evidence from eye movements and perceived emotional valence

Digital images of faces such as emoji in virtual communication have become increasingly popular, but current research findings are inconsistent regarding their emotional effects on perceptions of text. Similarly, emoji effects on reading behaviours are largely unknown and require further examination. The present study (N = 41) investigated how the position and emotional valence of emoji in neutral narrative sentences influenced eye movements during reading and perceptions of sentence valence. Participants read neutral narrative sentences containing smiling or frowning emoji in sentence-initial or sentence-final positions and rated the perceived emotional valence of the sentence. Results from linear mixed-effects models demonstrated significantly longer fixations on sentence-final emoji and longer sentence reading times when emoji were in sentence-final positions. These findings are comparable to sentence ‘wrap-up’ effects witnessed in the processing of lexical units during sentence reading, providing new evidence towards the way readers integrate emoji into contextual processing. However, no impact of emoji valence or position on first-pass target word processing or sentence-valence ratings were found. This would refute previous suggestions that digital faces influence text valence, raising questions about reader preference for emoji or sentence sentiment, the influence of sentence formatting, and delivery/display mechanism on these effects.

Simple Sentence Information Structure in Teleut: Problem Statement

The present research featured the main approaches to the study of the information structure of a simple sentence, as well as their application to the Turkic languages. The paper focuses on the case of the Teleut language. The research objective was to identify and characterize various types of information structure of a simple sentence in their relationship with formalgrammatical and prosodic characteristics. The study involved field, comparative-historical, and descriptive methods, structural and component analysis, methods of modeling semantics and visualization of spectrograms. The information structure of a simple sentence can be modeled as the corresponding functional-semantic field. In Teleut, it is represented mostly by syntagm order and intonation, which make the core of information structure management. The peripheral means are represented by lexemes, particles, and affixes. Syntactically, information structure is expressed by the phrase order. Narrative sentences are characterized by the decrease of the fundamental frequency of the phrase that makes up the focal part. Pragmatically neutral narrative sentences that do not have presuppositions are characterized by a progressive arrangement of topical and focal elements with a predicate in the terminal right position. Since topics and foci are shifter categories, syntax inversions with preservation of the progressive information packaging "topic > focus" are possible, as well as inversion of its components "focus < topic" while retaining the phrase order. The inversion of both linear (syntagms) and non-linear (topics and foci) elements of the sentence is due to various presuppositions. The lexical and grammatical means of information packaging management are on the periphery of the functional-semantic field. Their potential to control the information structure is combined with their other functions, namely the expression of aspectual, modal, evidential, definiteness, and other characteristics. Most Turkic languages share the means of information packaging management.

КОМУНІКАТИВНО-ПРАГМАТИЧНІ ПАРАДИГМИ РЕЧЕНЬ У СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

У статті здійснено комплексний аналіз комунікативно-прагматичних парадигм речень-висловлень у сучасній українській мові. Визначено поняття комунікативно-прагматичної парадигми у зв’язку з комунікативно-синтаксичною категорією настанови, орієнтованої на вияв мети комунікативного акту. Вивчено погляди лінгвістів на комунікативні типи висловлень. Вибудувано кількарівневу комунікативно-прагматичну парадигму висловлень відповідно до комунікативної настанови мовців. Теоретичну проблематику розглянуто на тлі морфологічної і синтаксичної структури сучасної української літературної мови. На матеріалі художніх текстів сучасної української мови виявлено лексико-граматичні засоби репрезентації комунікативних парадигм висловлень: частки, модальні слова, займенники, прислівники, дієслівні форми, перформативи, інтонацію, порядок слів, повтори, специфічні синтаксичні конструкції (номінативні, вокативні, еліптичні) тощо. На найвищому рівні виокремлено такі основні комунікативні парадигми, репрезентовані відповідними комунікативними типами висловлень: інформативні, директивні, оптативні, етикетні, оцінні, питальні, кожна з яких на нижчих рівнях членування охоплює підпарадигми, зумовлені конкретними інтенціями учасників спілкування. Інформативна парадигма охоплює розповідні речення реальної модальності, які забезпечують потребу мовця висловити думку, констатувати факти дійсності, повідомити про щось, підтвердити чи заперечити інформацію. Директивна парадигма репрезентована спонукальними конструкціями з дієслівними предикатами у формах імператива, які містять наказ, вимогу, розпорядження, заклик, пораду, застереження, заохочення, прохання, благання, умовляння, запрошення, дозвіл, заборону. Оптативна парадигма охоплює висловлення з дієслівними предикатами бажального способу з семантикою бажаних для мовця дій, процесів, станів. Сукупність висловлень мовленнєвого етикету формують етикетну комунікативно-прагматичну парадигму. Оцінна парадигма охоплює висловлення переважно номінативного типу, що виражають позитивні характеристики осіб, предметів, явищ довкілля: схвалення, захоплення, приємне здивування, повагу, шану. Питальна надпарадигма являє собою сукупність таких комунікативно-прагматичних парадигм: уточнювальної, з’ясувальної, риторичної, спонукальної.

PEMANFAATAN FONETIK ARTIKULATORIS UNTUK PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN PELAFALAN BAHASA SASAK ANAK DOWN SYNDROME RINGAN DI LOMBOK TIMUR

This research was aimed to improve Sasak pronunciation skill for mild down syndrome children in East Lombok through the use of articulatory phonetic with intensive teaching method.
 This study applied a classroom action research design which applies four steps namely planning, action, observation, and reflection. This research was conducted into one cycle by applying those four steps action research design. Analyzing data was done by describing the result of qualitative and quantitative data. The result of data analysis is presented into table and chart as well as is described into narrative sentences.
 In this research the improvement of students’ pronunciation skill in speaking Sasak language were proven by the result of qualitative data, such as the result of test, observation, taking note and also documentation. The use of articulatory phonetics has successfully improved the students’ pronunciation skill especially in pronouncing vowel sound, consonant sound and pronouncing word or phrase. The improvement of students’ speaking skill were also proven by the improvement of mean score between pretest, cycle I posttest and cycle II posttest. The mean score showed that the improvement from 54,40 % on pretest to 68,62 % and finally became 76,75 % on cycle II

СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВА ВЫРАЗИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЗАГОЛОВКОВ ПРЕССЫ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИЙ ЖУРНАЛА SPIEGEL)

Принято считать, что заголовок – неотъемлемая и главная часть любой публикации, поскольку он является первым звеном, на которое обращает внимание читатель при знакомстве с публицистическим текстом. Заголовок несет определенную информацию о содержании публицистического произведения, поэтому должен иметь эмоциональную окраску, возбуждать читательский интерес, привлекать внимание.Цель. Данная статьяпосвящена анализу синтаксических средств выразительности заголовков. Предметом анализа выступают современные немецкие публицистические тексты. Выбор текстов публицистики в качестве материала исследования позволяет по-новому проанализировать средства выразительности заголовков на синтаксическом уровне.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют метод сплошной выборки при подборе практического материала, описательный метод лингвостилистического анализа, а также метод количественно-качественного анализа.Результаты. Результаты исследования показали, что синтаксические особенности заголовков публицистических текстов многогранны и разнообразны. Журналисты используют различные синтаксические средства для того, чтобы сделать заголовок более эмоциональным и экспрессивным. Самыми частотными являются номинативные заголовки, как односоставные, так и состоящие из двух или нескольких существительных. С целью придания заголовку броскости широко используется эллипсис. Краткий заголовок быстрее воспринимается читателем, его необычная форма вызывает интерес и побуждает читателя прочитать сам текст. С точки зрения цели высказывания наиболее распространены повествовательные предложения. Однако встречаются заголовки в форме вопросительных предложений, весьма редки побудительные предложения. Для привлечения внимания читателя к тексту нередко возникает эмфатическое выделение в начале заголовка путем изменения порядка слов. Использование повтора на разных уровнях в целях эмфазы также имеет место быть в исследуемом материале.Область применения. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в теоретических курсах по стилистике немецкого языка, а также в спецкурсах по дискурсу современной немецкой прессы.

Narrative context-based data-to-text generation for ambient intelligence

In this paper, we propose a language generation model for the world of ambient intelligence (AmI). Various devices in use today are connected to the Internet and are used to provide a considerable amount of information. Because language is the most effective way for humans to communicate with one another, one approach to controlling AmI devices is to use a smart assistant based on language systems. One such framework for data-to-text generation is the natural language generation (NLG) model that generates text from non-linguistic data. Previously proposed NLG models employed heuristic-based approaches to generate relatively short sentences. We find that such approaches are structurally inflexible and tend to generate text that is not diverse. Moreover, there are various domains where numerical values are important, such as sports, finance, and weather. These values need to be generated in terms of categorical information. (e.g., hits, homeruns, and strikeouts.) In the generated outputs, the numerical values often do not accurately correspond to categorical information. Our proposed data-to-text generation model provides both diversity and coherence of information through a narrative context and a copy mechanism. It allows for the learning of the narrative context and sentence structures from a domain corpus without requiring additional explanation of the intended category or sentential grammars. The results of experiments performed from various perspectives show that the proposed model generates text outputs containing diverse and coherent information.

Acts, Events, and Stories. On the History of Danto’s Compatibilist Narrativism

Abstract The response given to C.G. Hempel’s well-known challenge by Arthur Danto in his Analytical Philosophy of History of 1965 – that deductive-nomological and narrative explanations are logically compatible yet employ incommensurable schemata – is here investigated from a historical perspective. It is shown that the developmental trajectory that emerges from an analysis of Danto’s previous writings – including not only a forgotten paper of 1958 but also his PhD dissertation of 1952 – contains distinctive step-changes with publications of 1953 and 1956 still prior to that of 1958–59 which enabled his subsequent discovery of narrative sentences. It is also argued that Danto’s developmental trajectory runs contrary to that presumed by some prominent commentators. Analytical History of Philosophy was not the midpoint of his ascent from mainstream philosopher of science to high priest of postmodern aesthetics, but represents a reasoned retreat from his early historical idealism.

Creative Processes in the Two French Translations of "Sirens"

Creative Processes in the Two French Translations of "Sirens" Flavie Épié (bio) When it comes to literary translation, creativity is a paradoxical notion, because it begs the question of originality in an activity that constantly toes the line between faithfulness to the source text and creation in the target language. Construed as inventiveness, resourcefulness, and the expression of artistry, however, creativity is also an essential asset when translating books as stylistically and linguistically dense as Joyce's Ulysses.1 Ulysses was twice translated into French: the first was published in 1929, done by Auguste Morel, Stuart Gilbert, and Valery Larbaud, and famously approved by Joyce himself; the second, in 2004, was also the result of a collaborative effort as eight translators worked under the supervision of Joycean scholar Jacques Aubert.2 Using the published versions of the French texts alongside their genetic archives, this essay aims to sketch the creative processes involved in the translation of "Sirens"—an episode in which "language is teased, twisted, inverted, perverted"3 so as to "[redirect] our focus to [its] surface,"4 and which thus perfectly illustrates the perennial conundrum as to whether to prioritize form or content in the act of translation. Creativity is a necessity: translators need to be resourceful enough to convey Joyce's own experiments in the target language. The translators' insight is required by the source text while they try to remain as faithful as possible to the original form and content. Tiphaine Samoyault, who was in charge of translating the episode for the 2004 text, says that, out of the four episodes she translated, "Sirens" was by far the most challenging: "The eleventh episode as a whole raises an endless number of translation issues, as any research apparently yielding satisfying results on one page may crumble a few pages further when the same sound suggests a new meaning and the inclusion of the new meaning seems necessary."5 Indeed, in cases in which Joyce plays with the signifier and the signified, word order is jumbled, or curtailed words overflow. Also the amount of repetition on which the overall style of the episode relies, where language "circles back on itself,"6 makes its translation akin to writing under constraint.7 Such phenomena can be illustrated by the leitmotiv of the horn, which first appears in Lenehan's direct speech and is subsequently recycled in narrative sentences (the words and characters in bold highlight the phenomena under study): Got the horn or what? (U 11.432) Il a la canne ou quoi? (Ulysse 301) [End Page 141] Il a le vit en feu ou quoi? (Ulysse2 444) Hunter with a horn. Haw. Have you the? (U 11.1240) Chasseur avec son cor. Cann. Avez-vous la? (Ulysse 327) Le chasseur avec sa corne. Vite vit. Avez-vous le? (Ulysse2 479) Horn. Who had the? Heehaw. Shesaw. (U 11.1254-55) La canne. Qui avait la. Ill'avait. Ellelevit. (Ulysse 327) Vit. Qui avait le? Luivit. Ellevit. (Ulysse2 479) In 1929, Morel used an equivalent expression in terms of meaning ("avoir la canne"), but the translator was then faced with a difficulty when tackling the second occurrence of "horn." He resorted to the word "cor"—a literal translation that works within the context of the fragment. The words "canne" and "cor" are easily understandable by an average French reader, but the sound sequence and the relationship between the different elements are lost: apart from the repetition of the /k/ sound, nothing seems to link "cor" and "cann" in this version. In 2004, Samoyault's choice to translate "got the horn" as "il a le vit en feu" is equally explicit, but she relies on the older word "vit" ("penis"), which is now seldom used except in poetry or bawdy songs. Moreover, the repetition required for the term's second occurrence does not work: "horn" is translated as "corne" (denoting an animal's horn and the musical instrument); Samoyault compensates by adding the adverb "vite" ("fast"), which conveys a sense of urgency, linking the two instances as the first occurrence commented on during Blazes Boylan's hurried exit. Her resourcefulness, however, really shines in the third instance when dealing...

Fronto-insular-parietal network engagement underlying arithmetic word problem solving.

Mathematical word problems are ubiquitous and standard for teaching and evaluating generalization of mathematical knowledge for real-world contexts. It is therefore concerning that the neural mechanisms of word problem solving are not well understood, as these insights represent strong potential for improving education and remediating deficits in this domain. Here, we investigate neural response to word problems via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Healthy adults performed sentence judgment tasks on word problems that either contained one-step mathematical operations, or nonarithmetic judgments on parallel narratives without any numerical information. Behavioral results suggested that the composite efficiency measurement of combining accuracy and RT did not differ between the two problem types. Arithmetic sentence judgments elicited greater activation in the fronto-insular-parietal network including intraparietal sulcus (IPS), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), and anterior insula (AI) than narrative sentence judgment. Narrative sentence judgments, conversely, resulted in greater activation predominantly in the left ventral PFC, angular gyrus and perisylvian cortex compared with reading arithmetic sentences. Moreover, task-dependent functional connectivity analyses showed the AI circuits were more strongly coupled with IPS during arithmetic sentence judgments than nonarithmetic sentences. Finally, activations in the IPS during arithmetic were highly correlated with out-of-scanner performance on a distinct set of problems with the same characteristics. These results show arithmetic word problem performance differences may rely more heavily on fronto-insular-parietal circuits for mathematical model building than narrative text comprehension of similar difficulty. More broadly, our study suggests that quantitative measurements of brain mechanisms can provide pivotal role for uncovering crucial arithmetic skills.

Direct speech quotations promote low relative-clause attachment in silent reading of English

The implicit prosody hypothesis (Fodor, 1998, 2002) proposes that silent reading coincides with a default, implicit form of prosody to facilitate sentence processing. Recent research demonstrated that a more vivid form of implicit prosody is mentally simulated during silent reading of direct speech quotations (e.g., Mary said, “This dress is beautiful”), with neural and behavioural consequences (e.g., Yao, Belin, & Scheepers, 2011; Yao & Scheepers, 2011). Here, we explored the relation between ‘default’ and ‘simulated’ implicit prosody in the context of relative-clause (RC) attachment in English. Apart from confirming a general low RC-attachment preference in both production (Experiment 1) and comprehension (Experiments 2 and 3), we found that during written sentence completion (Experiment 1) or when reading silently (Experiment 2), the low RC-attachment preference was reliably enhanced when the critical sentences were embedded in direct speech quotations as compared to indirect speech or narrative sentences. However, when reading aloud (Experiment 3), direct speech did not enhance the general low RC-attachment preference. The results from Experiments 1 and 2 suggest a quantitative boost to implicit prosody (via auditory perceptual simulation) during silent production/comprehension of direct speech. By contrast, when reading aloud (Experiment 3), prosody becomes equally salient across conditions due to its explicit nature; indirect speech and narrative sentences thus become as susceptible to prosody-induced syntactic biases as direct speech. The present findings suggest a shared cognitive basis between default implicit prosody and simulated implicit prosody, providing a new platform for studying the effects of implicit prosody on sentence processing.

THE APPLICATION OF PICTURES AND PEER ASSESSMENT FOR TEACHING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT IN WRITING CLASS

English has four basic language skills those are listening, writing, reading and speaking. Teaching English at Junior high school is based on the school based curriculum. In competence based curriculum, students should be able to produce written texts based on certain genres, and one of them is descriptive text. Based on the observation, the ability of students in seventh grade of SMP Pemecutan Denpasar, in making descriptive text is lower than the other genres. Students feel bored in writing class and get stuck in describing something. Because of these difficulties, some efforts have been done to solve the problems. One of them is by teaching writing especially for descriptive text by using pictures and combined it with peer assessment. This study is intended to improve the ability of seventh grade students of SMP Pemecutan Denpasar in writing descriptive text. This study was designed in the form of classroom action research to 17 students that consists of two cycles and involving four steps in each cycle namely planning, action, observation and reflection. In order to collect the data, three instruments were used those are test, observation and questioner. The data were analyzed qualitative and quantitative based on rubric proposed by Brown (1994) and Nurgiyantoro (2010). The data analyses were presented in the table and chart as well as also in descriptive narrative sentences. The result of this study showed that the implementing of pictures and peer assessment could improve the ability of students in writing descriptive text. It can be seen from the mean score of students was 58 in pretest and after conducting the treatment in the first cycle the student’s mean score improved to 71 and become 77 in second cycle. There are 5 students (29,41%) who passed the KKM in pre test and there is a significant increasing in first cycle becomes 12 students (70,58%) and all students (100%) passed the KKM in second cycle. It can be inferred that the combination of pictures and peer assessment was very effective helping the students in writing a descriptive text and build their motivation in writing class.

Improving Experienced Auditors’ Detection of Deception in CEO Narratives

ABSTRACTWe experimentally study the deception detection capabilities of experienced auditors, using CEO narratives from earnings conference calls as case materials. We randomly assign narratives of fraud and nonfraud companies to auditors as well as the presence versus absence of an instruction explaining that cognitive dissonance in speech is helpful for detecting deception. We predict this instruction will weaken auditors’ learned tendency to overlook fraud cues. We find that auditors’ deception judgments are less accurate for fraud companies than for nonfraud companies, unless they receive this instruction. We also find that instructed auditors more extensively describe red flags for fraud companies and more accurately identify specific sentences in narratives that pertain to underlying frauds. These findings indicate that instructing experienced auditors to be alert for cognitive dissonance in CEO narratives can activate deception detection capabilities.