Language Sentences Research Articles

Intentional Manipulations? A Further Analysis of Selected English-Yoruba Humorous Translations

Translation is aimed at reproducing a given text from one source language to another. In view of the importance of the concept of translation, various theories and strategies have been developed in literature to facilitate the activities involved in the translation of texts, either interlingual or intralingual. However, there are cases when the translation of a text is either intentionally or unintentionally manipulated to achieve certain intended or unintended purposes. This essay examines cases of manipulated translations of texts within a language and from one language to the other. The data for the study were some selected humorous translations obtained from the social media (WhatsApp and Twitter precisely). The posts, eleven in number, were tagged with the title ‘Translation 101’ and contained sentences in English language which were humorously translated some into the standard Yorùbá language and others into the Ibadan dialect of the Yorùbá language. The humorous translations could be said to be a play on words which is based on the pronunciation similarities of the normal translations in the Yorùbá language and some words, phrases and names in English and other languages. The theory of choice for the study is the Manipulation Theory adopted by a group of scholars known as the ‘Manipulation School’ (Hermans, 1985). The analysis of the data revealed cases where the translations of the texts were intentionally manipulated to elicit humor for the audience. It concludes that humorous translations are often used by comedians who intentionally manipulate the translations of certain texts for the purpose of comedy.

Türkiye Türkçesi öğrenen B2 seviyesindeki Kırgız öğrencilerin yazılı anlatımlarının değerlendirilmesi

Kırgızlara Türkiye Türkçesi öğretiminde öğrencinin dil bilgisi konularını bilinç düzeyinde algılaması okuma, dinleme, konuşma ve yazma becerilerine katkı sağlar. Bu sebeple dil bilgisi öğretimini işlevsel olarak öğrenciye kazandırmanın yeri ayrıdır. Bu araştırmada Türkiye Türkçesi öğrenen B2 seviyesindeki Kırgız öğrencilerin bilgi ve birikimini dikkate alarak öğrenilmiş dil bilgisi yapılarını sınamak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, betimsel tarama uygulanarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2021-2022 öğretim yılında Kırgızistan-Türkiye Manas Üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 24 Kırgız öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsamda araştırmanın verileri öğrencilerin yazılı anlatımları yoluyla elde edilmiştir. Öğrencilerden “Kuşak Çatışması” üzerine bir yazı yazmaları istenmiştir. Bu çerçevede öğrencilerle yazma çalışması yapıldıktan sonra içerik incelenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda en çok sözcük bilgisine yönelik hataların yapıldığı; dil bilgisi hatalarının ikinci sırada yer aldığı belirlenmiştir. Dil bilgisi hatalarına bakıldığında hatanın daha çok belirtme durumu ekinde yapıldığı görülmüştür. Özellikle ana dilden yapılan olumsuz aktarımlı cümlelere belirtme durumu ekinin kullanımında rastlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte öğrencilerin ses bilgisine yönelik hata yapmadıkları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda öğrencilerin yazılı anlatımlarının büyük oranda iyi düzeyde olduğu; yapılan hatalar göz önüne alındığında çoğunlukla ana dilden olumsuz aktarım yapıldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bağlamda öğrencilerin dil bilgisel boyutta daha az hata yapmaları için çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Processing mismatching gendered possessive pronouns in L1 Dutch and L2 French

The results of a self-paced reading experiment show that reading times in Dutch increase when there is a gender mismatch between the subject and a subsequent possessive pronoun, signaling an increase in processing difficulty. We hypothesized that Dutch learners of French incorrectly apply the rules of their L1 in their L2 and should therefore also show an increase in reading times in French upon encountering a possessive pronoun for which grammatical gender differs from the biological gender of the subject (the possessor). At the same time, we expected that they would have no or less difficulties in processing ungrammatical French sentences in which the biological gender of the subject/possessor matches the gender of the possessive pronoun. We did not find either of these effects in a second self-paced reading experiment. We assume that the Dutch learners of French parse the foreign language sentences in a shallow fashion.

Ambiguous Expressions Found in Essays Written by the English Students at IKIP Budi Utomo Malang

Naturally, language has sound as form and meaning to provide comprehensive understanding in communication. Sound or form is a representation of surface structure, while meaning a representation of deep structure. Language meaning in Semantics belongs to one of the most important elements being analyzed nowadays because it is the language soul. One of the interesting topics which becomes a great concern that people are discussing is ambiguous meaning that is always found on such expressions as words, phrases, and sentences in language. This article exposes the research findings on ambiguous expressions as found in the English essays written by the English students of IKIP Budi Utomo Malang. The research is descriptive-qualitative one as a content analysis since it describes phenomena which naturally occurs. They are ambiguous expressions such as words, phrases, and sentences on the English essays written by the English students. The subject of the research is the fifth semester students of 2018/2019 that totals 45 students taking English Semantics.The sample was then taken based on the certain criteria, namely their origin representation and competences which finally became 12 students. Based on the data analysis, it was found that the ambiguous expressions found on the English students essays covers lexical and structural ambiguities. In lexical ambiguity, it was found that not all the students’ English essays are lexically and structurally ambiguous. It means that some of the esssays are lexically and structurally ambiguous.

Еxpression of conditionality in compound sentences of the Udmurt language (semantic and structural features)

Introduction. In the Udmurt language, compound sentences with subordinate clauses are very productive. The means of communication in such syntactic constructions are conjunctions, allied combinations and, in some cases, correlates. The same conjunctions help convey different semantics. The purpose of this paper is to identify conditional, conditional-temporal, conditionally causal semantic relations expressed with the help of conjunctions, allied combinations, and other linguistic means, as well as the structural features of such syntactic constructions on the material of the Udmurt language. Materials and Methods. The research was based on the examples borrowed from Udmurt fiction. The author employed a set of research methods, such as descriptive; partial and continuous sampling; contextual analysis; transformation. The use of these methods made it possible to consider the specifics of the units under consideration on specific linguistic material. Results and Discussion. The article deals with the widely represented compound sentences with conditional, conditional-temporal and conditionally causal clauses in the Udmurt language. It has been established that sentences of a repeating real condition and consequence often combine the properties of conditional and temporary sentences; constructions with a single condition or consequence in the form of the present tense combine conditional and causal sentences, in the form of the future tense combine both conditional-temporal and conditional; in the form of the past tense combine sentences that have only the meaning of time or reason, the meaning of the condition is erased. The type of specific semantic relationships at the level of the deep structure of the sentence can be determined by the conjunction, the marker of recurrence, as well as the form of the multiple aspect of the verb. Conclusion. In the Udmurt language, the conditional-temporal meaning, as a rule, is expressed in complex sentences of a repeating real condition with the help of conjunctions ke, kuke ‘if (when)’; conditionally causal meaning is expressed in sentences of a single real condition with the conjunctions bere, dyrja ‘if (as)’, in which the connection between two non-repeating phenomena is expressed. The semantics of a compound sentence may depend not only on the conjunction used, but also on the type-time form of the verb-predicate, the semes of singleness or repeatability, additional lexical markers of singleness and multiplicity. The exact definition of meaning and contamination is possible only at the level of the deep structure of the sentence.

Analysis of English Translation Model Based on Artificial Intelligence Attention Mechanism

The particularity and quantity of English translation terms have a great impact on the quality and effect of machine translation and can not meet the requirements of English translation of terms. At the same time, technical exchange and communication in different fields need the expression of professional terms. In addition, although the neural machine translation model has good translation performance, it is not ideal for target languages with small translation needs and limited corpus resources. In order to solve the problems existing in the English translation model, this paper constructs the transformer model by replacing the cyclic neural network variables and introducing the attention mechanism. The term information is integrated into two pretraining models to improve the learning ability of model language sentence relationship. Maintain the integrity of terminology information by fully completing the training. The experimental results show that, compared with the other three term translation models, the translation model in this paper has the advantage of term information. At the same time, the deep neural network English term translation model can obtain more fine-grained word relevance. In different corpora, the Bleu score of the model is good, showing obvious translation performance advantages. This study provides a good professional reference value for the translation of English terms.

THE FORMAL AND SEMANTIC PROPERTIES OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN ALBANIAN AND GERMAN USAGE

This paper provides a comparison of two languages that are very distinct in grammar and pronunciation, respectively German and Albanian. Since research opportunities in comparative linguistics are infinite, this paper focuses on interrogative sentences and their sentence types. Through a detailed analysis of sentence examples of the grammar used in Albanian and German, we examine the similarities and differences related to different forms of interrogative sentences. As a framework for the classification of interrogative sentences in both languages, we have distinguished sentences into general interrogative sentences and complementary ones. In the end, the knowledge gained is summerised in a general overview. The aim of this work is to compare two languages that are very different in grammar, style and pronunciation, German and Albanian. Since the field of possible investigations in comparative linguistics is endless, the present work focuses on interrogative sentences and their respective linguistic forms. Through the detailed analysis of sentence examples, which are taken from common German and Albanian grammars, the similarities and differences in interrogative sentences are shown. The distinction between yes/no questions and questions that require a supplement serves as a regulatory framework. At the end of the work, the knowledge gained is summarized in an overview.

PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION AND RESTORATION OF EDUCATIONAL PRINCIPLES IN THE CONCEPT OF JURGEN HABERMAS

The goal is to investigate the modern philosophy of education and the principles of European enlightenment on the example of the concept of Jürgen Habermas, to prove that the European educational project is the heart of modern civilization. Research methods — historical and philosophical, hermeneutics, discourse pragmatics, analytical method. Scientific novelty. In the concept of rationality of Y. Habermas, the following are organically included and synthesized: - the relation of the acting person to the world (Aktor- Welt-Beziehung); - his relation to other people, precisely such an important factor as the processes of "speech", speech, expression of certain language sentences and hearing the counterparties of the action. The teleological orientation of history for Habermas, as well as for one of the founders of the Enlightenment project, Herder, is in the principle of the "formation" of humanity (Bildung), where the progress of civilization is connected with the moral development of the individual, and therefore the improvement of education and upbringing. For Habermas, this is possible primarily through a continuous collective "learning process" (Lernprozess) through overcoming social challenges and cultivating the best moral qualities. Conclusions. The modern philosophy of education and the principles of European enlightenment are based on the need for rationality and critical thinking. This is the basis of Jürgen Habermas' concept of the justification of reason and rational action. The European educational project as the heart of modern civilization is based on the Kantian understanding of the independence of the mind and the understanding of its boundaries, as well as a revived rationality. In his concept, Habermas critically overcomes the subjectivist tendencies of transcendentalist philosophy, which, in the epistemic struggle against substantialist metaphysics, brought the doctrine of mind to the level of the philosophy of consciousness. Reason and rationality are nurtured and corrected in the public sphere, in everyday and political dialogue, acting as a guarantee not only of the education of society, but of its development as a whole.

From pragmatics to translation: the question of the efficiency of online translators in translation from Russian to Persian

Recently, the growth of technology has affected various aspects of human life and activity. One important achievement of modern technology is online translators, which are very widely demanded and popular, especially among the new generation. In this regard, the following question arises: do online translators always work effectively? How trustworthy are their work? This article discusses the effectiveness of online translators in translating a group of syntactic constructions that are absent in the Persian language, but perform various pragmatic functions in the Russian language. At the same time, the influence of the pragmatic analysis of the utterance in translation from Russian into Persian is evaluated. The research is carried out using a corpus of 50 interrogative infinitive sentences performing a secondary function. In this study, interrogative infinitive sentences are analyzed as a translation unit in the text. The Persian language lacks infinitive sentences. Consequently, Iranian students of the Russian language find it challenging to understand the function and meaning of these sentences. It was determined that this study was important because of the absence of interrogative infinitive sentences in the Persian language. The purpose of the article is to find out whether popular online translators are effective in translating the above mentioned syntactic constructions. In this article, we investigate whether the pragmatic analysis of Russian interrogative infinitive sentences will aid in their translation into Persian. To this end, we used online translators, such as Google Translator and Yandex Translator, to check the Persian translation of our corpus of examples. Online translators have become increasingly popular in recent years. Therefore, we attempted to translate these statements taking into account their pragmatic function. We used a comparative and descriptive approaches. Based on the analysis results, online translators are unable to determine the pragmatic potentials of interrogative infinitive sentences, which is why they cannot provide an accurate translation in most cases. Study results can be directly applied to the practice of translating from Russian into Persian and to improving the functionality of online translators, which is the practical significance of this study.

UNISON: Unpaired Cross-Lingual Image Captioning

Image captioning has emerged as an interesting research field in recent years due to its broad application scenarios. The traditional paradigm of image captioning relies on paired image-caption datasets to train the model in a supervised manner. However, creating such paired datasets for every target language is prohibitively expensive, which hinders the extensibility of captioning technology and deprives a large part of the world population of its benefit. In this work, we present a novel unpaired cross-lingual method to generate image captions without relying on any caption corpus in the source or the target language. Specifically, our method consists of two phases: (1) a cross-lingual auto-encoding process, which utilizing a sentence parallel (bitext) corpus to learn the mapping from the source to the target language in the scene graph encoding space and decode sentences in the target language, and (2) a cross-modal unsupervised feature mapping, which seeks to map the encoded scene graph features from image modality to language modality. We verify the effectiveness of our proposed method on the Chinese image caption generation task. The comparisons against several existing methods demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Nice Perfume. How Long Did You Marinate in It? Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation

Sarcasm is a pervading linguistic phenomenon and highly challenging to explain due to its subjectivity, lack of context and deeply-felt opinion. In the multimodal setup, sarcasm is conveyed through the incongruity between the text and visual entities. Although recent approaches deal with sarcasm as a classification problem, it is unclear why an online post is identified as sarcastic. Without proper explanation, end users may not be able to perceive the underlying sense of irony. In this paper, we propose a novel problem -- Multimodal Sarcasm Explanation (MuSE) -- given a multimodal sarcastic post containing an image and a caption, we aim to generate a natural language explanation to reveal the intended sarcasm. To this end, we develop MORE, a new dataset with explanation of 3510 sarcastic multimodal posts. Each explanation is a natural language (English) sentence describing the hidden irony. We benchmark MORE by employing a multimodal Transformer-based architecture. It incorporates a cross-modal attention in the Transformer's encoder which attends to the distinguishing features between the two modalities. Subsequently, a BART-based auto-regressive decoder is used as the generator. Empirical results demonstrate convincing results over various baselines (adopted for MuSE) across five evaluation metrics. We also conduct human evaluation on predictions and obtain Fleiss' Kappa score of 0.4 as a fair agreement among 25 evaluators.

Transcribing Natural Languages for the Deaf via Neural Editing Programs

This work studies the task of glossification, of which the aim is to em transcribe natural spoken language sentences for the Deaf (hard-of-hearing) community to ordered sign language glosses. Previous sequence-to-sequence language models trained with paired sentence-gloss data often fail to capture the rich connections between the two distinct languages, leading to unsatisfactory transcriptions. We observe that despite different grammars, glosses effectively simplify sentences for the ease of deaf communication, while sharing a large portion of vocabulary with sentences. This has motivated us to implement glossification by executing a collection of editing actions, e.g. word addition, deletion, and copying, called editing programs, on their natural spoken language counterparts. Specifically, we design a new neural agent that learns to synthesize and execute editing programs, conditioned on sentence contexts and partial editing results. The agent is trained to imitate minimal editing programs, while exploring more widely the program space via policy gradients to optimize sequence-wise transcription quality. Results show that our approach outperforms previous glossification models by a large margin, improving the BLEU-4 score from 16.45 to 18.89 on RWTH-PHOENIX-WEATHER-2014T and from 18.38 to 21.30 on CSL-Daily.

Estimating Sentence-like Structure in Synthetic Languages Using Information Topology.

Estimating sentence-like units and sentence boundaries in human language is an important task in the context of natural language understanding. While this topic has been considered using a range of techniques, including rule-based approaches and supervised and unsupervised algorithms, a common aspect of these methods is that they inherently rely on a priori knowledge of human language in one form or another. Recently we have been exploring synthetic languages based on the concept of modeling behaviors using emergent languages. These synthetic languages are characterized by a small alphabet and limited vocabulary and grammatical structure. A particular challenge for synthetic languages is that there is generally no a priori language model available, which limits the use of many natural language processing methods. In this paper, we are interested in exploring how it may be possible to discover natural ‘chunks’ in synthetic language sequences in terms of sentence-like units. The problem is how to do this with no linguistic or semantic language model. Our approach is to consider the problem from the perspective of information theory. We extend the basis of information geometry and propose a new concept, which we term information topology, to model the incremental flow of information in natural sequences. We introduce an information topology view of the incremental information and incremental tangent angle of the Wasserstein-1 distance of the probabilistic symbolic language input. It is not suggested as a fully viable alternative for sentence boundary detection per se but provides a new conceptual method for estimating the structure and natural limits of information flow in language sequences but without any semantic knowledge. We consider relevant existing performance metrics such as the F-measure and indicate limitations, leading to the introduction of a new information-theoretic global performance based on modeled distributions. Although the methodology is not proposed for human language sentence detection, we provide some examples using human language corpora where potentially useful results are shown. The proposed model shows potential advantages for overcoming difficulties due to the disambiguation of complex language and potential improvements for human language methods.

The precision of content characterizations

ABSTRACT The contents of representations in non-human animals, human core cognition, and perception cannot precisely be characterized by sentences of a natural language. However, this fact does not stop us from giving imprecise characterizations of these contents through natural language. In this paper, I develop an account of the precision of content characterizations by appealing to possible-world semantics combined with set and measurement theory.

Piano Teaching Knowledge Graph Construction Based on Cross-Media Data Analysis and Semantic Network.

With the rapid development of information technology and mobile Internet, digital image, text, audio, video, and other cross-media data are growing explosively, which has changed people's way of life and work. In view of the issues of negative studying effectivity and challenging attention of college students in the modern-day piano instructing process, this paper puts forward the application of knowledge Atlas technology in piano teaching and constructs a multimodal knowledge Atlas of piano teaching based on deep neural network, so as to make piano teaching more intelligent and improve students' learning efficiency and learning interest. How to realize the semantic association understanding of cross-media data is the core problem of cross-media semantic analysis. First, this paper introduces the basic rules of ontology construction and the basic method of establishing general knowledge graph are introduced. Then, taking the piano teaching content as an example, natural language sentences can be expressed and stored with cross-media data using semantic network. The mathematical understanding is extracted in accordance to the herbal language processing technology, and the entities are fused in accordance to the frequent semantic similarity detection between extraordinary entities, so as to decrease the redundancy and repetition fee of entities and the complexity of the graph. The fused new knowledge is processed according to the quality evaluation rules, the qualified part is added to the knowledge base, and then the above steps are iterated to update the database. The great overall performance of piano instructing understanding graph mannequin primarily based on semantic network is validated through experiments.

Defining Configurable Virtual Reality Templates for End Users

This paper proposes a solution for supporting end users in configuring Virtual Reality environments by exploiting reusable templates created by experts. We identify the roles participating in the environment development and the means for delegating part of the behaviour definition to the end users. We focus in particular on enabling end users to define the environment behaviour. The solution exploits a taxonomy defining common virtual objects having high-level actions for specifying event-condition-action rules readable as natural language sentences. End users exploit such actions to define the environment behaviour. We report on a proof-of-concept implementation of the proposed approach, on its validation through two different case studies (virtual shop and museum), and on evaluating the approach with expert users.

The Temporal Interpretation of Conditional Sentences in Arabic Language

Contexts of the conditional sentences can affect temporal interpretation. Conditional sentences are the sentences which combine two clauses, namely the conditional clause (protasis) and the answer clause (apodosis), and each clause completes meanings of the conditional sentences. This article aims at 1) revealing the temporal features of conditional sentences, based on the semantic aspects of the grammatical verb, namely tenses, aspects and moods, and based on interactions between these aspects; 2) identifying the temporal relations in internal conditional sentences. To achieve this objective, this article uses a descriptive qualitative research method through analyzing the temporal interpretation of conditional sentences in standard Arabic texts as evidence. The results of the study show that the temporal interpretation of conditional sentences is largely determined by the features of the conditional mood and is affected by the interaction of tenses, aspects and moods, while the temporal relations in the internal conditional sentences are divided into independent and dependent relations.

AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE ON THE SONG LYRICS “YOU ARE MY SUNSHINE” BY ANNE MURRAY

Figurative language is language used to express something beyond the literal meaning. There are thirteen types of figurative language used in this research, namely simile, methapor, personification, hyperbole, euphemism, symbolism, repetition, irony, sarcasm, paradox, antithesis, idioms and imagery. This research focuses in analysing the types of figurative language found on the song lyrics “You are My Sunshine”. The objective of the research is to know what the types of figurative language used on the Song Lyrics “You are My Sunshine” by Anne Murray and how the types of figurative language used on the Song Lyrics “You are My Sunshine” by Anne Murray. In this research, researchers used a descriptive qualitative method in analyzing data in the song lyrics. In collecting data, the research identified and classified the types of figurative language in the song lyrics. In analysis data, the research reads song lyrics, determines types of figurative language in song lyrics, sorting song lyrics to put into types of figurative language, conclusion. The results of the research found nine types of figurative language with a total of each types of figurative language, namely, methapor (3), hyperbloe (1), symbolism (1), repetition (1), idiom (2), imagery (1). From thirteen types of figurative language used in the song lyrics, nine types of figurative language are used in the song lyrics and four types of figurative language are not used in the song lyrics. Types of figurative language that is not in the song lyrics, because the sentence song lyrics is ordinary language sentence.

Safety first: making property talk safe for nominalists

Nominalists are confronted with a grave difficulty: if abstract objects do not exist, what explains the success of theories that invoke them? In this paper, I make headway on this problem. I develop a formal language in which certain platonistic claims about properties and certain nominalistic claims can be expressed, develop a formal language in which only certain nominalistic claims can be expressed, describe a function mapping sentences of the first language to sentences of the second language, and prove some facts about that function and facts about some sound logics for those languages. In doing so, I prove that, given some plausible metaphysical assumptions, a large class of sentences about properties of concrete objects are “safe” on nominalistic grounds. Whenever some true sentences about concrete objects and some sentences belonging to this class that are true according to platonists collectively entail a conclusion about concrete objects, some nominalistically acceptable sentences are true and entail the same conclusion. Because the proof can itself be formulated without abstract objects, it provides a nominalistic explanation of the success of theories that invoke properties of concrete objects.

Music reading experience modulates eye movement pattern in English reading but not in Chinese reading

Here we tested the hypothesis that in Chinese-English bilinguals, music reading experience may modulate eye movement planning in reading English but not Chinese sentences due to the similarity in perceptual demands on processing sequential symbol strings separated by spaces between music notation and English sentence reading. Chinese–English bilingual musicians and non-musicians read legal, semantically incorrect, and syntactically (and semantically) incorrect sentences in both English and Chinese. In English reading, musicians showed more dispersed eye movement patterns in reading syntactically incorrect sentences than legal sentences, whereas non-musicians did not. This effect was not observed in Chinese reading. Musicians also had shorter saccade lengths when viewing syntactically incorrect than correct musical notations and sentences in an unfamiliar alphabetic language (Tibetan), whereas non-musicians did not. Thus, musicians’ eye movement planning was disturbed by syntactic violations in both music and English reading but not in Chinese reading, and this effect was generalized to an unfamiliar alphabetic language. These results suggested that music reading experience may modulate perceptual processes in reading differentially in bilinguals’ two languages, depending on their processing similarities.