Sentence Patterns Research Articles

A Mathematical Structure Underlying Sentences and Its Connection with Short–Term Memory

The purpose of the present paper is to further investigate the mathematical structure of sentences—proposed in a recent paper—and its connections with human short–term memory. This structure is defined by two independent variables which apparently engage two short–term memory buffers in a series. The first buffer is modelled according to the number of words between two consecutive interpunctions—variable referred to as the word interval, IP—which follows Miller’s 7±2 law; the second buffer is modelled by the number of word intervals contained in a sentence, MF, ranging approximately for one to seven. These values result from studying a large number of literary texts belonging to ancient and modern alphabetical languages. After studying the numerical patterns (combinations of IP and MF) that determine the number of sentences that theoretically can be recorded in the two memory buffers—which increases with the use of IP and MF—we compare the theoretical results with those that are actually found in novels from Italian and English literature. We have found that most writers, in both languages, write for readers with small memory buffers and, consequently, are forced to reuse sentence patterns to convey multiple meanings.

A Critical Stylistic Study of Peter Obi’s Campaign Speech Delivered at Chatham House

This paper is a critical stylistic analysis of Peter Obi’s presidential campaign speech that he delivered at Chatham House in the United Kingdom on January 26, 2023. Critical stylistics provides the reader or listener with ten analytical tools to make use of in carrying out critical analysis of texts for the main purpose of identifying the meanings and ideologies inherent in such texts. The aim of this work then is to investigate some of the meanings and ideologies which Peter Obi passes on to his listeners through lexical choice as well as sentence pattern and construction using three of the ten tools put forward by Jeffries (2010) for investigating the various meanings in texts. The three tools selected are: naming and describing, prioritising and equating and contrasting. Findings reveal that though all the excerpts bring out different meanings that are relevant to the text, however, the ideology behind them that serves as the foundation for all the interpretations is that of positive self presentation and negative “Other” presentation.

Agreement with disjoined subjects in Russian

This study investigates agreement patterns in sentences with disjoined subjects, focusing on cases in the Russian language where the disjuncts differ in person. Using acceptability judgment experiments, I analyzed how different agreement patterns are rated by native speakers. The findings confirm that the resolved agreement received the highest ratings, while third-person plural, third-person singular and closest disjunct agreement are also possible patterns. These results align with patterns seen in conjoined subjects but show additional complexities unique to disjoined constructions. The type of conjunction (coordinating ili ‘or’ vs. correlative ili … ili ‘either … or’) did not significantly affect agreement patterns. This may suggest that the semantics of disjunction has little influence on the choice of agreement patterns, despite the correlative conjunction typically indicates an exclusive disjunc¬tion. Future research should explore the effects of different word orders and disjunctions with first and second-person pronouns to clarify these findings further.

Structural and syntactic features of article titles about coronavirus

Over the past few years, articles regarding COVID-19 have remained pertinent in various media outlets, the internet and other communication platforms, which has ultimately resulted in the significance of the coronavirus topic not just in medical research, but also in the linguistic realm. Studying headlines of articles about coronavirus poses a challenge for researchers. The issue arises due to the significant role of journalism in influencing public opinion and the readership. Additionally, modern society's fascination with the coronavirus infection and the pandemic complicates the study further. The importance of this study is due to the newness of the subject matter, with limited coverage in scientific literature. The aim of this article is to examine the structural and semantic characteristics of article headings relating to the coronavirus. To achieve this goal, several tasks need to be accomplished. Firstly, it is necessary to identify and analyse the characteristics of the headline as part of the journalistic text, its various types and functions, and its consistency with the content of the article. Secondly, a study must be conducted on the structural and semantic features of the coronavirus-related article headlines. This includes determining the frequency of usage of different structural patterns of simple and complex sentences in both British and Russian publications, and examining the impact of these patterns on the readers' perception of the article's content. According to the research, it was concluded that the title of a publication serves a dual purpose as an independent unit and an essential component of the text. The title has various functions, including graphic-excretory, informative, nominative, and advertising-expressive. It is characterised by its brevity, nominativeness, and written fixity which contribute to its effectiveness.

An Application of Causal-Chain Windowing Theory to the Teaching of Writing

Causal-chain windowing is a kind of cognitive process of having the sense of causality in mind, and the cause and result are windowed and attract the attention. Given the appropriate context, the reader can infer the remainder of the event, and different expressions of the same scene, windowed in several different ways, may result in different effects on readers’ mind. Therefore causal-chain windowing theory is useful for the teaching of writing, relating to not only static descriptions as expositional writing, but also dynamic ones as narrative writing, through proper application of the theory. Although many previous linguists and teachers have applied many other theories to the teaching of writing from several angles, few have applied causal-chain windowing theory to the teaching of writing. And the author aims to find a relatively new angle in the old topic – teaching of writing. This paper sets about from some key notions and introduces causal-chain windowing theory, and applies the latter in two aspects, windowing of attention and causal chain. The paper attempts to illustrate the advantages of applying causal-chain windowing theory to the teaching of writing with some examples and claims that causal-chain windowing theory gives clues to writing “different” articles. The aspect of windowing of attention directs students to change sentence patterns and paragraph constructions, and the other aspect, causal chain, leads them to use proper words to express right causal relationship.

Syntactic Category based Assamese Question Pattern Extraction using N-grams

Syntactic categories are important because they play a major role in analysis of sentences. Assamese is a versatile language added with diversified linguistic features. Analysis and manipulation of such a rich language in terms of its vocabulary is really challenging. It requires incorporation of syntactic level annotations like Parts of Speech (PoS) tags into the text for the purpose of efficient and effective processing for different Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Our research mainly focuses on extraction of patterns of syntactic categories in Assamese question sentences. We have also worked on extracting the Bi-grams and Tri-grams of these patterns so that analysis and processing can be done on more basic level. In this paper, we have tried to focus on extraction of PoS tag based Assamese question patterns. We also have tried to generate the Bi-grams and Tri-grams with their frequencies of occurrences throughout the patterns. The work is a noval attempt in modeling question sentence patterns with the embedded PoS patterns.

AnyFace++: A Unified Framework for Free-style Text-to-Face Synthesis and Manipulation.

Human faces contain rich semantic information that could hardly be described without a large vocabulary and complex sentence patterns. However, most existing text-to-image synthesis methods could only generate meaningful results based on limited sentence templates with words contained in the training set, which heavily impairs the generalization ability of these models. In this paper, we define a novel 'free-style' text-to-face generation and manipulation problem, and propose an effective solution, named AnyFace++, which is applicable to a much wider range of open-world scenarios. The CLIP model is involved in AnyFace++ for learning an aligned language-vision feature space, which also expands the range of acceptable vocabulary as it is trained on a large-scale dataset. To further improve the granularity of semantic alignment between text and images, a memory module is incorporated to convert the description with arbitrary length, format, and modality into regularized latent embeddings representing discriminative attributes of the target face. Moreover, the diversity and semantic consistency of generation results are improved by a novel semi-supervised training scheme and a series of newly proposed objective functions. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, AnyFace++ is capable of synthesizing and manipulating face images based on more flexible descriptions and producing realistic images with higher diversity.

DEFINING THE SAME LEXEMES IN ONLINE DICTIONARIES: A CASE STUDY OF THREE POPULAR MONOLINGUAL ENGLISH DICTIONARIES

In this paper we presented the different ways in which three monolingual online English dictionaries (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online, Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries and Merriam-Webster Dictionary) define the same lexemes that belong to different language levels (from A1 to B2). Aside from the formal elements present in all of the (online) dictionaries – part of speech, pronunciation, examples, register, pictures and synonyms, we highlighted the very nature of the definitions. We studied two lexemes for each of the language levels. When analising individual examples we employed the descriptive method, while the comparison method was used to point out the key differences in which these dictionaries define concepts such as: artist, government, immortal, meanwhile, etc. The aim of the analysis and comparison was to highlight which of the aforementioned dictionaries would be suitable for high school students to use when learning English as a foreign language. We came to the following conclusions – Longman and Oxford dictionaries break down the more complex meanings into digestible instances and use language that is appropriate for the language level of the desired lexeme. Webster’s dictionary is more formal and often uses sentence patterns and words that are above the language level of the target lexeme.

ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIES IN UNDERSTANDING ENGLISH VIDEO (A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY)

At this time the use of English has become part of modern human communication habits. Almost all existing linguistic aspects also often switch in English as a variation of language use. Even so, the use and understanding of good and correct English is still very necessary to be taught to students so that they have a good understanding of the use of English. One way to practice English comprehension is through the use of English videos. Videos in English provide opportunities for students to understand more broadly how the language is used in everyday life. However, in fact there are still many students who still have difficulty understanding the meaning and use of English sentences when watching English videos. Therefore this study examines students' perceptions of difficulties in understanding the meaning and use of English when watching English videos. The research method used is qualitative through a descriptive approach. The informants in this study consisted of several students who attended English classes by watching English videos. Data obtained through learning observation and interviews. Data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusions. The results of the study showed that students experienced various difficulties when understanding words or sentences from the English videos they watched, such as the use of foreign vocabulary that they had not encountered before, fast dialogue which made it difficult for students to digest the intent of the video conversation, students experienced obstacles in constructing meaning. and descriptions of scenes making it difficult to understand the context of sentences, lack of understanding of students in connecting vocabulary into an ambiguous sentence, and limitations of students in exploring the storyline of the video shown. To overcome this difficulty problem, English teachers need to provide appropriate teaching solutions so that students can better understand the meaning of English video dialogue so that they can build skills in constructing good and correct student sentence patterns.

ERROR ANALYSIS ON SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT IN NARRATIVE WRITING TEXT MADE BY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

This study aims to find out and analyze students' mistakes in writing narrative text and what causes these mistakes. The method used in this research is a qualitative research design with a case study method by applying descriptive analysis. In this study, the object being analyzed was the subject-verb agreement error in writing narrative text in class XI IPA 2 of the tenth grade of MA Miftahul Qulub Polagan Galis Pamekasan. The problem of this research is to find the types of errors that commonly, the causes of errors, and the frequency of errors that students made in using subject-verb agreement in writing narrative text. The errors are classified into four primary groups based on the surface strategy taxonomy of superficial strategies cited by (Irwansyah,2017): omission, addition, misformation, and misordering errors. The researcher found those errors in the students' work in writing narrative text. It can be seen that each student made one to three errors, which are omission, addition, and misformation errors. From the results of the frequency of omission errors 53%, 39% addition errors, 7% misformation errors, and 0% misordering errors. errors that are often made by students, namely the 53% omission error has a higher percentage than the errors that occur in other types. Based on the results of this research, the researcher hopes that it will become important data for the language community, especially those who are interested in analyzing errors in English lessons. This research is expected to increase the reader's knowledge about good sentence patterns in the structure of the English language. Keywords: Analysis error, subject-verb agreement, writing narrative text

Analysis on the condition and function of the “Ba” construction into the Bare-verb

The construction of "Ba" has always been one of the focus of modern Chinese research. This is not only because it is complicated and diverse in structure, but also is closely related to the semantic relationship expressed. This article analysis Bare-verb which can enter “Ba” construction, explore the scenario of the application of the sentence, and think about the teaching practice of the structure for the application scenario. This study divided Bare-verb into single syllables, two-syllables and multi-syllables Bare-verb according to syllables. By analyzing, the single syllables of Bare-verb must have the condition of rhetoric; the two-syllables of bare-verbs must have removal, completion and continuous righteousness. The multi-syllables of Bare-verb appear in the form of "-hua". The conclusion is that this type of Bare-verb will appear in prayer sentences, negative sentences, doubts, and compound sentences, and the sentence pattern has the asymmetric and enhanced language function.

The Impact of Jambi Malay Interference on Arabic Language Students in Indonesia

This study aimed to investigate the impact of Jambi Malay language interference on communication in Arabic. This study used a descriptive-analytical approach and combined corpus analysis methods, interviews, and observations to collect relevant data. The participants of the study were Jambi Malay speakers, in this case, the students of Pondok Pesantren Modern Darussalam Gontor 10 Muara Sabak Jambi, who used Arabic in daily communication. The results showed that interference of Jambi Malay affected Arabic communication in several aspects. Regarding phonology, differences are found in pronouncing certain Arabic sounds, which can lead to inaccuracies and misunderstandings in using Arabic. In terms of vocabulary, this interference results in the use of loan words or meaning adaptation of Arabic words in Jambi Malay, causing changes in the meaning and misuse of words in Arabic communication. Jambi Malay sentence patterns, such as the placement of subjects at the end of sentences, affect how sentences are arranged in Arabic and cause discrepancies with correct Arabic grammar. Interference is also seen in using different conjunctions and connecting words between Jambi Malay and Arabic. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the impact of Jambi Malay interference on Arabic communication.

API Entity and Relation Joint Extraction from Text via Dynamic Prompt-tuned Language Model

Extraction of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and their semantic relations from unstructured text (e.g., Stack Overflow) is a fundamental work for software engineering tasks (e.g., API recommendation). However, existing approaches are rule based and sequence labeling based. They must manually enumerate the rules or label data for a wide range of sentence patterns, which involves a significant amount of labor overhead and is exacerbated by morphological and common-word ambiguity. In contrast to matching or labeling API entities and relations, this article formulates heterogeneous API extraction and API relation extraction task as a sequence-to-sequence generation task and proposes the API Entity-Relation Joint Extraction framework (AERJE), an API entity-relation joint extraction model based on the large pre-trained language model. After training on a small number of ambiguous but correctly labeled data, AERJE builds a multi-task architecture that extracts API entities and relations from unstructured text using dynamic prompts. We systematically evaluate AERJE on a set of long and ambiguous sentences from Stack Overflow. The experimental results show that AERJE achieves high accuracy and discrimination ability in API entity-relation joint extraction, even with zero or few-shot fine-tuning.

Penerapan Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) Dalam Pembelajaran Grammar (Tata Bahasa) Bagi Guru-Guru Di Wilayah Desa Kedung Jeruk

Grammar is one of components to support the abilities of listening, speaking, reading and even writing. Either learning or teaching the grammar is a rather difficult activity. Some methods were developed by experts, such as Grammar Translation method, students were drilled to comprehend the pattern or formula of a sentence, yet they were stuck when they used it in a verbal communication. Then, coming CLT or Communicative Language Teaching which was said much more better, yet in the reality, the students, of course, much better use their english verbally, nevertheles, they were still confused what pattern they used. Therefore, Task Based Language Teaching or TBLT is one of alternative solutions for both. The students are not merely provided the pattern of sentence but also they can use it verbally in any situational conversation. Besides, in attracting students’ interest in learning grammar, it is integrated to technology called padlet.com as an online application supporting students’ enthuasiasm in learning grammar. After joining this workshop, the teachers can practice the TBLT approach in teaching grammar to their students which is integrated to technology. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of TBLT helps teachers integrate technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge in learning grammar.

Vliyanie razlichij v predlozheniyah anglijskogo i kitajskogo yazykov na perevod proizvedenij literatury

This article discusses the influence of sentence patterns differences between English and Chinese on the translation of literary works, and analyzes the translation strategies of literary works under the influence of cultural differences between China and the West, with a view to finding more accurate and reliable measures to promote the translation of Chinese and English literary works.

The Use of Slang in Teenagers' Facebook Pages

The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of teenagers usingFacebook slang and to find out the types of words displayed on Facebook.To study the vocabulary and sentence patterns of slang used by teenagers onFacebook, researchers used the slang quiz as a tool to find answers toresearch questions. The researchers then analyzed teen slang to determinethe percentage of teenagers using Facebook slang and to find out the typesof Facebook slang. The study was found that the test measured a basicunderstanding of Facebook slang. It can be seen that the sample group hada moderate level of knowledge of Facebook slang; the sample saw the slangon the Facebook page being popular at a high level; the sample group had amoderate level of understanding of Facebook slang; and the sample groupused slang in their Facebook communication with friends or acquaintancesat a low level.

Life or death: A qualitative examination of mitigating and aggravating evidence presented in capital trials.

The US Supreme Court has required that death penalty procedures narrow the class of persons eligible for a death sentence. Through the selection requirement, juries must use mitigating and aggravating evidence jointly to determine if a defendant is one of the worst of the worst, resulting in a sentence of life without parole or death. This study analyzed capital trial transcripts from the punishment phase to assess the type and amount of mitigating and aggravating evidence presented to jurors in cases resulting in life without parole and death. The main assumption of the research was that cases resulting in life without the possibility of parole (LWOP) would reveal patterns in the types of evidence presented and differing patterns in cases where the jury handed down a sentence of death. The study qualitatively examined the trial transcripts from the punishment phase of 18 capital murders (nine resulting in LWOP and nine in death). The extra-legal factors from each LWOP case were matched to a death case to eliminate sentencing discrepancies based on jurisdiction, race of defendant or victim, aggravator, age etc. The results found no consistent patterns of evidence presented in cases resulting life without parole and some relevant patterns in sentences resulting in death.

I “…I Felt More Challenged to Keep Practicing”: An Exploration of the Students’ Voice towards Elsa Speak for Supplementing Students’ Speaking Willingness

This study aims at discovering out the students’ perceptions about using Elsa Speak in learning English. Sources of data for this study were 15 junior high school students. In collecting data, the researcher spread the questionnaires by using Google Forms format and the researcher used an interview to support the questionnaire result towards the students’ voice in utilizing Elsa Speak. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. The results show that students have a fairly positive perception towards the use of Elsa Speak in learning English. It indicates that students like the use of Elsa Speak in learning process, they can read the words, phrases, and situational sentence patterns themselves and then be assessed and corrected by ELSA's artificial intelligence, they can find out how much they can pronounce sentences according to native standards. Students also get many advantages with Elsa Speak.

A diachronic study of Chinese greetings between new acquaintances

In order to trace the evolution of greeting culture from pre-modern China to modern society, this study investigates 483 greetings between new acquaintances (GBNAs) collected from 6 works of the 17th-18th centuries and 9 novels of the mid-20th century. The results show that, in both periods Chinese GBNAs are highly situation-dependent and primarily performed in the mode of “seeking information - confirming”. The changes are first and foremost manifested in three respects. First, the GBNAs in the 20th century exhibit a tendency of “impersonalization” in terms of topic selection and the use of sentence patterns. Second, generally speaking, the GBNAs in the 20th century are semantically more informative. Third, the disappearance of asymmetric addressing and the decrease of honorifics indicate that the traditional politeness maxim of “self-denigration and other-elevation” is gradually discarded in modern China. It is argued that the evolution of GBNAs might be attributed to both the New Culture Movement and the modernization of traditional society.

The effect of musical training and language background on vocal imitation of pitch in speech and song.

Vocal imitation plays a critical function in the development and use of both language and music. Previous studies have reported more accurate imitation for sung pitch than spoken pitch, which might be attributed to the structural differences in acoustic signals and/or the distinct mental representations of pitch patterns across speech and music. The current study investigates the interaction between bottom-up (i.e., acoustic structure) and top-down (i.e., participants' language and musical background) factors on pitch imitation by comparing speech and song imitation accuracy across four groups: English and Mandarin speakers with or without musical training. Participants imitated pitch sequences that were characteristic of either song or speech, derived from pitch patterns in English and Mandarin spoken sentences. Overall, song imitation was more accurate than speech imitation, and this advantage was larger for English than Mandarin pitch sequences, regardless of participants' musical and language experiences. This effect likely reflects the perceptual salience of linguistic tones in Mandarin relative to English speech. Music and language knowledge were associated with optimal imitation of different acoustic features. Musicians were more accurate in matching absolute pitch across syllables and musical notes compared to nonmusicians. By contrast, Mandarin speakers were more accurate at imitating fine-grained changes within and across pitch events compared to English speakers. These results suggest that different top-down factors (i.e., language and musical background) influence pitch imitation ability for different dimensions of bottom-up features (i.e., absolute pitch and relative pitch patterns). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).