Sentences In Order Research Articles

Classification of Arabic User Requirements: A Semi-Automated Approach using NLP Tools

In this paper, we present a new Semi-Automated classification approach of Arabic user requirements into functional and non-functional requirements using natural language processing (NLP) tools, namely CAMeL Tools. We proposed a set of heuristics based on basic constructs of Arabic sentences in order to extract information from software requirements written in Arabic to classify the requirements into functional and non-functional requirements. CAMeL tools are used to generate tokens, PoS tags, and lemmas of the parsed user requirements, then a set of proposed heuristic rules are applied to CAMeL outputs to determine the closest tagging class for each statement. We implemented the proposed approach using Python code with using CAMeL Tools 1.3.1, under Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. The proposed approach is validated using a set of experiments involving a set of real cases evaluated by a group of experts, graduate, and undergraduate students who are familiar with software requirements. The results showed that the proposed approach achieved better results in the classification of Arabic software requirements than classifications by students with an accuracy of 90%.

A Method for Measuring Word Sequence Complexity of Text

ABSTRACT In linguistics and natural language processing, measuring text features is crucial for representing and revealing the properties of texts in terms of topics, genres, sentiment and more. Current methods predominantly rely on the frequency of linguistic units and rarely consider the syntagmatic properties of these units, which can reflect deeper linguistic characteristics (e.g. syntax and pragmatics). This paper proposes a general method for calculating the sequence complexity of text. By combining the features of word length and word frequency, two specific implementations of this method are provided. Using these two formulas, word sequence complexity of text based on the Brown Corpus and the Gutenberg Corpus is calculated. The results show that word sequence complexity of text indicates a characteristic of gradual stabilization. By comparing random texts with natural texts, it is found that word sequence complexity is influenced by syntactic rules rather than sentence order, and natural texts tend to alternate between words of varying lengths and frequencies. Classification experiment results indicate that the proposed word sequence complexity outperforms commonly used quantitative indicators for representing the genre of text, such as TTR, information entropy, Zipf’s law parameters and motifs.

Positional diffusion: Graph-based diffusion models for set ordering

Positional reasoning is the process of ordering an unsorted set of parts into a consistent structure. To address this problem, we present Positional Diffusion, a plug-and-play graph formulation with Diffusion Probabilistic Models. Using a diffusion process, we add Gaussian noise to the set elements’ position and map them to a random position in a continuous space. Positional Diffusion learns to reverse the noising process and recover the original positions through an Attention-based Graph Neural Network. To evaluate our method, we conduct extensive experiments on three different tasks and seven datasets, comparing our approach against the state-of-the-art methods for visual puzzle-solving, sentence ordering, and room arrangement, demonstrating that our method outperforms long-lasting research on puzzle solving with up to +17% compared to the second-best deep learning method, and performs on par against the state-of-the-art methods on sentence ordering and room rearrangement. Our work highlights the suitability of diffusion models for ordering problems and proposes a novel formulation and method for solving various ordering tasks. We release our code at https://github.com/IIT-PAVIS/Positional_Diffusion.

Perfect proofs at first order

Abstract In this note we extend a remarkable result of Brauer (2024, Journal of Logic and Computation) concerning propositional Classical Core Logic. We show that it holds also at first order. This affords a soundness and completeness result for Classical Core Logic. The $\mathbb{C}^{+}$-provable sequents are exactly those that are uniform substitution instances of perfectly valid sequents, i.e. sequents that are valid and that need every one of their sentences in order to be so. Brauer (2020, Review of Symbolic Logic, 13, 436–457) showed that the notion of perfect validity itself is unaxiomatizable. In the Appendix we use his method to show that our notion of relevant validity in Tennant (2024, Philosophia Mathematica) is likewise unaxiomatizable. It would appear that the taking of substitution instances is an essential ingredient in the construction of a semantical relation of consequence that will be axiomatizable—and indeed, by the rules of proof for Classical Core Logic.

Interplay of Semantic Plausibility and Word Order Canonicity in Sentence Processing of People With Aphasia Using a Verb-Final Language.

The Western Aphasia Battery is widely used to assess people with aphasia (PWA). Sequential Commands (SC) is one of the most challenging subtests for PWA. However, test items confound linguistic factors that make sentences difficult for PWA. The current study systematically manipulated semantic plausibility and word order in sentences like those in SC to examine how these factors affect comprehension deficits in aphasia. Fifty Korean speakers (25 PWA and 25 controls) completed a sentence-picture matching task that manipulated word order (canonical vs. noncanonical) and semantic plausibility (plausible vs. less plausible). Analyses focused on accuracy and aimed to identify sentence types that best discriminate the groups. Additionally, we explored which sentence type serves as the best predictor of aphasia severity. PWA demonstrated greater difficulties in processing less plausible sentences than plausible ones compared to the controls. Across the groups, noncanonical and less plausible sentences elicited lower accuracy than canonical and plausible sentences. Notably, the accuracy of PWA and control groups differed in noncanonical and less plausible sentences. Additionally, aphasia severity significantly correlated with less plausible sentences. Even in languages with flexible word order, PWA find it challenging to process sentences with noncanonical syntactic structures and less plausible semantic roles.

Students’ Difficulties in Writing in English Language

English language is no doubt one of the most used and influential languages around the world. In Albania, English language learning starts since 6-year-old age. Therefore, many studies and research have been done concerning English language and competences. When studying a foreign language, writing is considered as the most demanding and crucial competence. Based on previous studies in Albania, students tend to face difficulties during the writing process. They lack the necessary writing skills needed to have a successful writing performance and they claim that further attention and importance should be given to the writing process by teachers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the most common errors that Albanian students make in writing and what difficulties they have when it comes to it. The data is provided through a writing task in the form of an essay to second year English language students. There were 47 students of English Language at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Tirana, taking part in the research. Based on the study data, students mostly made grammatical and vocabulary mistakes. They were aware of the patterns used in different writing types and they made less mistakes compared to other errors considered in the study. Even though they tend to be careful not to think in Albanian, its influence is obvious in their writing, especially when it comes to the word order of clauses and sentences. Considering the findings, some practical recommendations have been made in the end.

A ‘weight’ on the shoulders of our youth: The pains of probation on young adult men with a sexual conviction. An exploratory study

This article is about the ‘pains of probation’ experienced by young adult men with a sexual conviction. It draws on the findings from a research study completed between July and August 2022. Seventeen participants who were subject to a probation Community Order or Suspended Sentence Order in England and Wales were interviewed about their experiences, and the impact, of community punishment on their lives. Three groups of pains were identified, which are pervasive, reaching beyond the boundaries of the Order. The strategies utilised by the young adults to manage these pains are explored, with the supervisory relationship a key factor in alleviating pains. This article argues that being subject to a probation order is experienced as painful, with the nature and type of deprivation affected by offence type and demographic variations. Despite the limitations of the exploratory study from which this article is drawn, there are implications for penal policy and future research.

How films convey meaning through alternating structures (with an illustrative analysis of The Sunbeam)

Films and texts differ in terms of their possible logical structures and freedom of presentation on an output medium. While texts can be structured at any depth, the capabilities for structuring films are generally limited. In the presentation of textual documents, the sentence order is usually preserved, whereas video documents often allow rearrangements that lead to new alternations of shots. The fundamental difference between textual and video structures is taken as a starting point. Then, based on a detailed analysis of two different layouts of the film The Sunbeam by D. W. Griffith, a formal criterion for distinguishing between internal, discursively motivated and external, diegetically motivated alternations is developed. The results enable a new approach to alternation in film analysis and production.

Extractive Arabic Text Summarization Using PageRank and Word Embedding

Research on graph-based automatic text summarization for Arabic, the official language of 26 nations with over 200 million speakers, as well as other prevalent languages, has recently increased due to the ability of these approaches to handle linguistic peculiarities such as complex morphological linkages. The present paper proposes a graph-based extractive Arabic text summarization (GEATS) technique that employs word embedding and PageRank algorithms for feature extraction and sentence ordering. The efficiency of the GEATS approach versus the state-of-the-art methods is analyzed based on the quality of the produced summaries over the F-measure values. The findings indicated that it outperformed the nearest alternative by an advantage of over 7.5%.

Delibazione e divorzio nella giurisprudenza della Cassazione: il difficile bilanciamento tra attuazione della normativa concordataria e tutela del coniuge più debole

Exequatur procedure and divorce in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court: the difficult balance between implementation of the concordat legislation and protection of the weaker spouse ABSTRACT: The 1984 Agreement with the catholic church modified the rules for implementing canonical sentences of nullity of marriage in the Italian legal system, introducing several controls among wich the non-contradiction to Italian public order of such sentences has acquired increasing importance. In recent years, this requirement has been interpreted by the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court in a very restrictive manner in order to limit the recognition proceeding as much as possible, with the aim of avoiding the unfavorable economic consequences deriving from the nullity of the marriage for the spouse who would have been entitled to maintenance allowance in the event of divorce. The work focuses on the relationship between recognition of canonical nullity and divorce, analyzing the repeated interventions of the Court of Cassation to prevent that with the exequatur procedure the economic measures taken in the divorce judgment could be annulled. The protection of the weaker spouse was made even more complete by the recent ruling of the United Sections of the Supreme Court of 2021 that allowes the treatment of economic issues still pending, provided that the divorce decree between the parties was pronounced before the exequatur of the ecclesiastical sentence of marriage nullity. SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa - 2. I tratti salienti dell’attuale procedimento di delibazione - 3. La differente tutela del coniuge nel caso di nullità e di divorzio - 4. Il rapporto delibazione-divorzio tra tesi dottrinali e orientamenti giurisprudenziali dalla metà degli anni Ottanta alla fine degli anni Novanta - 5. Gli interventi della giurisprudenza di vertice su delibazione e divorzio a partire dal 2001 - 6. L’ulteriore passo in avanti della Cassazione: dopo il giudicato di divorzio è possibile la trattazione delle questioni economiche ancora pendenti anche se nelle more sia intervenuto l’exequatur della nullità canonica - 7. Conclusioni.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ КОНСТРУКТИВНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ПРИ ВИЗНАЧЕННІ АВТОРСТВА ТЕКСТІВ

The development of the constructor, which allows displaying the sentences construction peculiarities for different authors, is presented. This approach takes into account the sentences structure characteristic of an individual author and can be used to detect plagiarism and establish the authorship of texts in various genres and styles. Thanks to which, the usual paraphrasing of the work or changing the order of sections, sentences or words will not become an obstacle for authorship determining. The proposed approach is promising and low-cost in terms of calculation capacity, unlike the existing ones. This way of the sentences construction representation is presented for the very first.

A medical report generation method integrating teacher–student model and encoder–decoder network

The automatic medical report generation task can reduce the burden of radiologists and improve the intelligence of auxiliary diagnosis, but still faces the following challenges: (1) The small lesions are easily overlooked, leading to loss of crucial information in the report and low accuracy; (2) The generated long text reports often suffer from jumbled word order and sentence order, resulting in poor fluency. Through simulation of the cognitive principle of professional physicians during their training and work, this paper put forward a medical report generation method integrating a teacher–student model with an encoder–decoder network. The core idea is to propose a cross-modal teacher (text)-student (image) model, adopting different supervision methods for different stages of report generation to improve the model’s learning performance. A semantic space alignment mechanism is designed to enhance the cross-modal feature matching ability by contrasting the encoding methods of different modalities through adversarial learning, gradually optimizing and capturing the critical information. A layer-supervised decoder based on the Transformer hierarchical structure is proposed with the teacher model guiding the student model to decode layer by layer to increase the fluency of report generation. Comparative experiments are conducted on IU-X-ray and MIMIC-CXR datasets with various other methods, and the results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the quality of generated reports.

THE SUBJECT'S POSITION IN THE SENTENCE IN MASS-MEDIA ECOLOGICAL DISCOURSE (IN THE GERMAN-LANGUAGE MEDIA)

The article is devoted to the study of word order in sentences in German-language media texts on environmental topics. It describes the key points in the formation of the analytical structure in the German language and its influence on the word order in a sentence. The cases of the subject in the fourth place in a simple sentence and in the second place in the subordinate clause are analyzed. The sentence members shifting the subject to the right, such as the objects of time and place, mode and degree, conditions, direct and prepositional supplements, were revealed. The frequency of their use is determined. The link between the word order and the actual sentence segmentation is characterized. An attempt has been made to identify the markers of a rhema in the analysed cases and the frequency of their use. Quantitative and ordinal numerals, nouns with quantitative meaning, indefinite article, prepositional group, negation, subordinate clause and demonstrative pronoun were found to be markers of a rhema.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF FUZZY DEFINITION OF SUBJECTS OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES USING SYNTACTICALLY RELATED WORDS

Mathematical methods are widely used to formalize the solution of problems of automatic text processing, including text classification. To classify texts, a “naive” Bayes classifier, methods of -nearest neighbors, decision trees, support vector machines, distribution of letter combinations (character -grams), logistic regression, and approaches based on artificial neural networks are used. These methods are used by modern computational linguistics. Classical computational linguistics considers text as a carrier of meaning. The purpose of the study is to formalize the definition of the topics of scientific articles using syntactically related words by a mathematical model, and therefore classical computer linguistics. We propose an abstract mathematical model of fuzzy classification based on common objects. The model assumes that some objects belong to only one class and are class identifiers. The result of a fuzzy classification can be one or more classes. For each class a degree of membership is determined. We propose a specification of the model with in which the common objects are syntactically related pairs of words. We conclude syntactically related words are more promising in research than verbal bigrams determined by sentence order. We propose the model in our international study. The study involve the creation of a corpus of scientific articles and their distribution by topic. The corpus will be used to classify scientific articles by topic.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN SINTAKSIS PADA PENULISAN TEKS FABEL SISWA KELAS VII SMP SOMBA OPU KABUPATEN GOWA

his study aims to describe phrase errors in syntax in the writing of fable texts of Class VII students of SMP Somba Opu Gowa Regency, describe sentence errors in syntax in the writing of fable texts of Class VII students of SMP Somba Opu Gowa Regency. This type of research is qualitative by using descriptive method. The instrument in this research is the researcher (human instrument). Data collection techniques in this study used observation, documentation, reading, and note-taking methods. Data analysis uses data analysis techniques based on Miles and Huberman in the form of data reduction, data validity, and conclusion drawing. The results showed phrase errors in the writing of fable texts of seventh grade students of SMP Somba Opu Gowa Regency, and sentence errors in the writing of fable texts of seventh grade students of SMP Somba Opu Gowa Regency. Phrase errors in syntax include six types of errors, namely: the influence of local language, inaccurate use of prepositions, inaccurate phrase structure, excessive use of elements, excessive use of superlative forms and inaccurate use of reciprocal forms. Sentence errors in syntax include five types of errors, namely sentences without subjects, illogical sentences, ambiguous sentences, excessive use of conjunctions, and non-parallel sentence order.

Errors in Descriptive Essay Text for Fifth-Grade Elementary School Students

Writing activities make students active in learning and stimulate the ability to put words together. However, teachers need help guiding students in learning to write. This research analyzes errors in the descriptive text of fifth-grade elementary school students. This type of research is qualitative descriptive research. The research design used is a qualitative descriptive design. The population in this study was 20 fifth-grade students at an elementary school. This research data collection method uses document recording. The research instrument used in this research is documentation notes. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative. The research results showed 14 errors in word formation (morphology), including one error in the prefix, five errors in using the di- form, and one in reduplication. Sentence (syntax) errors totaled 15, including sentences without a subject totaling five errors, doubling the subject amounting to one error, illogical sentences totaling three errors, ambiguous sentences or ambiguous sentences totaling two errors, deletion of conjunctions totaling one error, sentence order incorrectly logically amounted to one error, and sentences influenced by foreign language structures amounted to one error. There were 25 spelling errors, including four errors in the use of capital letters in the title of the essay, nine errors in the use of capital letters at the beginning of sentences, eight errors in the use of capital letters in the middle of sentences, and four errors in the use of abbreviations and acronyms.

A comparative typology of verbal affixes in Riau-Malay and Sundanese

This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of verbal affixes in two Austronesian languages, Riau-Malay and Sundanese, with a focus on their morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties. Both languages are spoken in the Indonesian archipelago, and while they share certain linguistic characteristics, they exhibit intriguing differences in their verbal affixation systems. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of linguistic diversity within Austronesian languages and to reveal on the mechanisms underlying verb formation in these two distinct linguistic systems. By comparing and contrasting the verbal affixation systems in these languages, this study aims to reveal striking differences in terms of affix types, attachment patterns, and grammatical functions. The analysis explored the morphology of verbal affixes used in Riau-Malay and its comparison in Sundanese. It identifies clear distinctions in the ways affixes are employed to mark tense, aspect, mood, and other grammatical categories. Furthermore, the study also investigated the syntactic roles of verbal affixes, exploring how they affect word order and argument structure in sentences. This analysis exposes intriguing patterns of valency-changing operations in Riau-Malay and Sundanese. The findings of this study are expected to enhance people’s understanding of Riau-Malay and Sundanese and to contribute to the broader typological and theoretical discussions in linguistics. The comparative analysis of these two languages provides valuable insights into the ways in which languages within the Austronesian family can diverge and adapt to their unique cultural and historical contexts. Ultimately, this study may be valuable to advance our knowledge of linguistic diversity and variation, offering a deeper appreciation of the intricate web of languages that shape human communication in the Indonesian archipelago and beyond.

Aggregating, Summarizing, and Restructuring News-Related Tweets into Compositions Using Deep Learning

With the advent of microblogging platforms like Twitter, there has been a substantial shift toward digital media for getting acquainted with ongoing global issues. Although Twitter is an incredible source of information for real-time news, the information is widely scattered, opinionated, and unorganized, making it tedious for users to apprise themselves of the latest issues. Therefore, this study proposes a framework to automatically generate short news compositions from tweets utilizing state-of-the-art artificial intelligence techniques. The proposed framework scrapes tweets from authentic news Twitter handles, semantically analyzes and clusters them, predicts sentence ordering of the formed clusters, and summarizes the text of the clusters to produce structured compositions automatically. The generated compositions are further augmented with their corresponding sentiment scores to provide an overall perspective to the end-user toward the news topic in consideration. Evaluating the automatically generated compositions shows that the proposed framework is 77.5% efficient in generating quality compositions.

『진벌휘고속편(震閥彙考續編)』 소재 기재류(奇才類)에 대한 일고찰(一考察)

This study aims to investigate the cited literature of the sections for people with strange talent in Volume 7 of Jinbeolhuigosokpyeon along with their organization and compilation characteristics. As for cited literature, the study was able to supplement what was not addressed in previous studies with the materials of “Choi Saeng,” “Gigijeongrang,” “Lee Geun,” and “Yu Eung-bu” and found that the records of “Shin Gyeong-yeon” and “Jemal” were closely related to the texts of Piseorok of Yeolhailgi. By comparing the book with Jinhuisokgo, the researcher discovered the intention to exclude overlapping figures as well as certain parts that did not fit the nature of the catalog and edited the book with a focus on strange records. The researcher succinctly presents the selected core parts of each article in the cited literature of the sections for people with strange talent in Volume 7. Then, the texts of an article were classified into several catalogs and reorganized. In addition, the researcher reorganized and adapted the sentences of the article anew and colorfully embodied figures by organically rearranging various cited work. As for records, th study compiled the sections in a way that the distinct characteristics of people with strange talent would be shown clearly in various methods by changing expressions in one or two letters, boldly deleting unnecessary sentences, adding new phrases, or reorganizing the sentence order. These were the achievements that the study made by extensively surveying various pieces of literature, taking pains on them, and trying “convergence & expansion” and “reorganization & adaptation.”

Countering Modern Female Crime Using Special Criminological Means

The presented article outlines proposals for the prevention of crimes committed by women using special criminological means. Early, direct, penitentiary and post-penitentiary prevention of criminal behavior of women is considered. At the same time, the existing system of preventive measures taken depending on the degree of formation of personal deformations of female criminals is analyzed and ways to improve it are also proposed. In particular, the main drawback of the current system of preventive measures is the lack of a gender approach to this work, which does not allow taking into account the physiological, psychological and social characteristics of women when preventing their criminal behavior. In addition, at the stage of early prevention, social patronage measures are proposed for disadvantaged families and women who find themselves in difficult life situations; identification and neutralization of intrafamily conflicts; medical and social measures aimed at preventing such background phenomena of crime as alcohol dependence syndrome and drug addiction, as well as schizoid psychopathologies, somatic and venereal diseases. The church, which provides support to homeless women and women in difficult life situations, is considered as a subject of prevention. For direct prevention, a number of technical and organizational measures are listed. Particular attention is paid to penitentiary and post-penitentiary prevention, which is considered taking into account the Concept for the development of the penal system of the Russian Federation until 2030 and the Federal Law “On Probation in the Russian Federation” (2023), measures are proposed aimed at resocialization, social adaptation of women, after serving their sentence in order to prevent relapse, among them emphasis is placed on education and vocational training, work activity, psychological assistance.