Sentences In Order Research Articles

The Application of Cognitive Linguistics Theory in Japanese Language Teaching in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Abstract This paper firstly summarizes the tense expressions in Japanese, Chinese and English according to the cognitive linguistics theory so as to derive the grammatical transformation law in the process of Japanese to Chinese or Japanese to English. Secondly, on the basis of artificial intelligence technology, a hierarchical Japanese phrase model based on maximum entropy tense classification features is proposed, and the extraction of Japanese phrase rules is realized through maximum entropy mathematical modeling to obtain the model feature function and decoding strategy, and the application of the model in Japanese language teaching is explained in the research. Then, the second-year students of Japanese language major in the School of Foreign Studies, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications are selected as the research objects, research tools and experimental process are determined, and simulation analysis and statistical analysis are used to analyze the example of Japanese language teaching with the integration of artificial intelligence. The results show that on the model, compared with the baseline, the model in this paper improves the blue value by 0.64%, the comprehensibility by 4.39%, and the tense accuracy by 4.14% on the whole test set, which verifies the effectiveness of the hierarchical phrase model fused with the tense features proposed in this paper in Japanese-Chinese translation. In terms of Japanese language teaching, the independent samples t-test p-values were less than 0.05, and the students in class A outperformed the students in class B in the four question types: multiple choice, sentence ordering, Chinese-to-Japanese translation and composition. This study improves students’ language proficiency and achieves the objective of developing high-quality talents.

Analysis of the Phenomenon and Strategies of Reverse Transfer Between Chinese and English

The reverse side of transfer that is second language effect on first language has not been paid too much attention to since the concept of language transfer has been brought up in 1972. And according to Cooks multi-competence theory, it indeed exists and studying it would have a significant meaning to the personal development of bilinguals and multilinguals. Based on Cooks multi-competence theory, this paper discusses the positive and negative transfer of English to Chinese, mainly focusing on students multi-competence in English classrooms in China and giving some guiding advice to English teachers in China. It finds out that the good things of Chinese-English transfer are the improvement of semantic awareness, expressions and logic. Besides, there are some negative impacts on the aspects of sentence order and culture. According to the findings, four main suggestions to Chinese English teachers are proposed. They are regarding L1 and L2 as each others resources ,attaching importance to logical words, building confidence of bilinguals and paying more attention to communication than accuracy.

ANALYZING TRANSLATION STRATEGY OF ONLINE MEDIA’S NEWS CONTENT USING SKOPOS PERSPECTIVE

This research will answer the question and correlate it with the term of translation, especially through Indonesian to English. Using Skopos theory perspective, the researcher is able to analyze several functions and translation strategies that are used in translating the content of the news articles. Vermeer's Skopos theory has three important rules, namely the Skopos rule, the Coherence rule, and the Fidelity rule. Skopos theory will also bridge the choice of Bielsa's and Bassnett's translation strategies that are suitable for use in the English version of the Antaranews article. This research method is of the library research type, starting with the collection of 11 news articles from Antara in Indonesian and English, respectively. The Indonesian articles became the subject of source language research, while the English ones became the subject of target language research. Then each article was examined carefully, sentence by sentence in order to discover which translation strategy Bielsa and Bassnet models were used. To determine the translation strategy, the researcher integrates the Skopos theory which serves as an indicator of determination in the target language. Based on the research, it was found that Antara's news articles have implemented five kinds of translation strategies, namely: Changing Title and Lead, Removing Unnecessary Information, Adding Important Background Information, Changing the Order of Paragraphs, and Summarizing Information. The findings in the form of translation strategies that can be determined using Skopos theory in this study are expected to help research related to the world of translation at large.

A dependency-based hybrid deep learning framework for target-dependent sentiment classification

One of the main challenges in target-dependent sentiment classification (TDSC) is dealing with sentences that contain multiple targets with varying polarities. Traditional sentiment analysis has shown the effectiveness of language characteristics. Therefore, we propose a method to extract target semantic-related tokens from sentences in order to simplify the sentiment classification task. To achieve this, we establish six grammatical principles that utilize grammatical knowledge to filter the relevant descriptions of targets. Since a target is typically a noun and acts as a subject, we summarize the six rules to extract the contexts contained in the objects and subordinate clauses. We use dependency parsing to analyze the grammatical relations between the target and its context. We design a data pre-processing method called Text Filtering (TF) to automate this procedure. After executing the TF algorithm, we pass the target-related words to a simple classifier to predict their sentiment polarities. Rather than feeding these features directly to a network and letting it learn features on its own, our approach employs dependency relations to extract context linked to the target. This provides the network with meaningful and representative features, resulting in superior results. We conduct ablation studies to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed TF algorithm. In the restaurant hard dataset, our approach improves accuracy by 13.76% and macro-F1 by 14.65% compared to a CNN-based method where TF is not implemented.

Kesalahan Berbahasa Dalam Presentansi Dosen Politeknik Negeri Bali

The research entitled Language Errors in Lecturer Presentations at the Bali State Polytechnic aims to determine the level of speech language used in lecturer meetings at the Bali State Polytechnic. This is important because there is a tendency for the pronunciation of words, terms and sentences to be less in accordance with the applicable rules, such as the mention of words, terms and sentences which tend to violate the applicable rules. This study used the observation method, while the technique used was recording and note taking. The target of this research is that the lecturers are proud to use good and correct Indonesian, which in the end the lecturers are able to use spoken Indonesian in meetings or other language activities among fellow lecturers. The results of this study indicate that the use of standard words, pronunciation, and word choice are almost in accordance with the applicable rules. This can be seen in the word choice presentation situation with a score of 88.36 classified as an A. In terms of terms, there is a tendency to use foreign and regional terms which are very proud, namely with a score of 95.48. This value is also classified as very good, with a very satisfactory predicate. In contrast, the use of effective sentences in presentations is not satisfactory. This can be seen from the value of the order of the sentence, which only gets a score of 63.95, which is classified as not good. Thus, the average value in the order of words, terms, and sentences is 82.60. It can be said that the use of the Balinese State Polytechnic lecturer's speech in the presentation is very good.

Translation and The Syntax of the Complex Sentence

This study tackles translation and the syntax of the complex sentence. As every linguist and translator knows, no translation can be made without a syntactic analysis of the source – language text and a corresponding syntactic restructuring of the receptor - language text. In terms of the word order, the English subordinators are followed by a noun phrase. As for the sentence order, the superordinate sentence always precedes the subordinate sentence. But the subordinate sentence can often be placed before the superordinate sentence by transformation. Moreover, in some English non – finite sentences, the subordinator may be deleted. Some English adverbial finite sentences may be changed into non – finite or verbless sentences. This change may occure by deleting some parts of the subordinate sentence or by converting the finite verb into a non – finite verb. Finally, some English subordinators are polysemous; they can introduce different kinds of sentences. Such an aspect can also be problematic to translators

Reflections on the Supreme Court of Canada's Decision in R. v. Sharma

The criminal law has been criticized for failing to engage with the right to equality when delineating its permissible scope. While these criticisms are forceful, they must also be tempered by the structure of judicial review. The Supreme Court’s recent decision in R. v.Sharma is illustrative. Despite an avid dissent, a narrow majority found that Parliament’s decision to amend a prior sentencing law that conferred a benefit to a minority group could not by itself sustain a violation of the right to equality. This approach is principled as any other interpretation would undermine the constitutional framework for punishment under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This follows as the essence of the constitutional challenge in Sharma concerned whether refusing to permit a conditional sentence order for select offences would result in an unconstitutional punishment. By finding a violation of the right to equality, the minority circumvented the gross disproportionality standard required to declare a punishment unconstitutional under section 12 of the Charter. In its place, the minority would have imposed a mere proportionality standard under section1 for any punishment laws that retract a previously granted benefit to a minority group. Such an approach might be justifiable if there were no other means to consider equality interests when determining the constitutionality of sentencing laws. However, that is not the case as the reasonable hypothetical offender analysis under section 12 can ensure that the equality considerations implicit in the criminal law are given due weight. While conducting the analysis under section 12 does not change the result in Sharma, it upholds the principle underlying that provision requiring the scope of sentencing policy to remain reasonably broad to account for differing political opinions about the appropriate use of punishment.

Word order in simple sentences of tri-lingual tri-modal deaf students*

Abstract This study explores word order patterns produced by deaf students who use Israeli Sign Language (ISL) and Arabic. Nineteen students participated in a sentence elicitation task in which they retold events portrayed in 24 short videos in three language conditions: signed ISL, spoken Palestinian Arabic and written Modern Standard Arabic. A control group of 19 hearing students was tested in the two Arabic conditions. Results showed that SVO word order was the most frequent in both groups, and in all three languages. SOV word order, which is common in ISL but ungrammatical in Arabic, was produced only by the deaf group. Finally, unique word orders, specific to the signed modality were produced only in the ISL condition. The findings suggest that deaf students are sensitive to the syntactic structures of each language they use and show natural cross-linguistic interaction in their language use.

LA TRADUCCIÓN DE LA NOVELA GRÁFICA: PERSPECTIVA SEMIOLÓGICA Y MULTIMODAL

LA TRADUCCIÓN DE LA NOVELA GRÁFICA: PERSPECTIVA SEMIOLÓGICA Y MULTIMODAL

Marathi Extractive Text Summarization using Latent Semantic Analysis and Fuzzy Algorithms

Extractive text summarization involves the retention of only the most important sentences in a document. In the past, multiple approaches involving both statistical and machine learning-based methods have been used for this task. The crucial step in extractive text summarization is getting the right ranking order of sentences in the document in terms of their importance. Singular value decomposition or SVD algorithm based on latent semantic analysis focuses on recognizing the sections in the document which are related in terms of their semantic nature. Fuzzy algorithms involve reasoning of the priority order of the sentences using fuzzy logic unlike the use of discrete values. While significant work has been done for extractive text summarization in English and other foreign languages, there is ample scope for improving the performance of systems when dealing with Marathi text. In this paper, SVD and fuzzy algorithms are proposed for performing extractive text summarization on Marathi documents. Work is done upon the modeling principle, data flow, and parameters of these algorithms such that they are best suited for the task. An analysis of the characteristics of both these techniques is conducted to compare their benefits and shortcomings. The performance of both the algorithms is evaluated on a document dataset using standard performance metrics including the ROUGE metric. An unbiased comparison of both these techniques is carried out to inform the applicability of them, especially when working with Marathi or in general, non-English text.

Compensatory articulatory behaviors after tongue reconstruction in production of English plosives: Establishing the range of lip movement patterns for control speakers

Head and neck cancer can have a devastating impact on speech and swallowing function. In particular, a tumor in the tongue can reduce the ability to produce articulatory gestures typical for English plosives. Previous case studies suggest that the lower lip can compensate for tongue tip gestures in speech after tongue reconstruction. The goal of this study is to establish typical lower lip movement patterns for alveolar and velar plosives for English speakers towards identifying compensatory lip movements in cancer speakers. Ten participants were recruited with no reported hearing or speech problems. A list of 40 minimal pairs beginning with the target plosives were created and embedded in carrier sentences. The participants read sentences in random order with and without babble noise in a standing posture. Lip motion was captured using a custom app on an iPhone 11 capturing the perioral surface area with the TrueDepth infrared camera. Preliminary results suggest that this app-based approach to lip tracking is a viable tool to capture typical lip movement patterns, ultimately enabling clinical research in more accessible settings. Mixed-effects linear regression analyses of the lip kinematics will be discussed.

Sentencing: New trajectories in law By E.A.O.Freer, Abingdon: Routledge. 2021. pp. 131. £44.99 (hbk); pp. 146. £16.99 (pbk). ISBN: 9780067862619; 9781032063027

Sentencing: New trajectories in law By E.A.O.Freer, Abingdon: Routledge. 2021. pp. 131. £44.99 (hbk); pp. 146. £16.99 (pbk). ISBN: 9780067862619; 9781032063027

Bidirectional Sentence Ordering with Interactive Decoding

Sentence ordering aims at restoring orders of shuffled sentences in a paragraph. Previous methods usually predict orders in a single direction, i.e., from head to tail. However, unidirectional prediction inevitably causes error accumulation, which restricts performance. In this article, we propose a bidirectional ordering method, which predicts orders in both head-to-tail and tail-to-head directions at the same time. In our bidirectional ordering method, two directions can interact with each other and help alleviate the error accumulation problem of ordering. Experiments demonstrate that our method can effectively improve performance of previous models.

Going for -ing or -en? A Puzzle about Adjectival Participles for Learners of English

Abstract This study investigates how learners of English process adjectival participles in both attributive and predicative positions within sentences in order to identify whether difficulties associated with participles stem from learner-specific or English-specific characteristics. A Chinese-speaking group and a mixed language group participated in Study 1 that used the target sentence in English as L2 without contextual cues. A subgroup of the Chinese participants took part in Study 2 that used target sentences with contextual cues. Results showed that the two groups’ performance was different in the use of pre-nominal attributive adjectival participles after controlling for English proficiency (Study 1). Contextual cues did not facilitate Chinese learners’ performance (Study 2). The target word frequency effects disappeared when contextual cues were provided. These findings suggest that the complexities of adjectival participles reside not only in the linguistic characteristics of English, but also in the learner characteristics of L1 background and English proficiency.

Splitting NegP in Standard Arabic: A Syntactic Study into VSO Word Order in Negative Sentences

This paper strives to overcome the issues of achieving a VSO word order in negated sentences in Standard Arabic. A possible solution would be to split the Negative projection into two, where the higher head hosts the negative particle, and the lower head has the ability to attract and host the verb, which falls within the scope of the negative particle. Splitting the negative projection proved to be sufficient to maintain the integrity and validity of the other theories available in the Minimalist Program. Moreover, it allows for a distinction between the A-movement operation, where verbs move over the Subject to a higher position resulting in a VSO word order, and the A’-Movement operation of a fronted Determiner Phrase (DP) is moved to the utmost left for focal purposes.

Interaction between syntactic and information structure in the second language processing of Korean dative sentences

It remains an open question whether second language (L2) learners can process linguistic properties at the syntax–discourse interface. This study examines this issue in the context of the L2 processing of Korean dative sentences under different information structure requirements. Given that discourse constraints associated with information structure tend to manifest more strongly in noncanonical than in canonical structures, we tested whether L2 learners of Korean show sensitivity to such constraints during online processing. In a story-continuation task, both native and nonnative speaker groups showed a strong preference for producing canonical dative patterns, indicating their comparable knowledge of the canonical status of Korean dative sentences. In a self-paced reading task, both groups spent longer reading times when the word order of dative sentences did not follow given–new information structure, but only for the noncanonical and not the canonical structure. These results suggest that L2 processing of dative structures at the syntax–discourse interface relies on the same parsing architecture that guides native-speaker processing.

How to Teach a Persuasive -Text According to the Stages of The Pilot Model for Teaching the Written Presentation*

Functional texts, which include a persuasive text, are among the long texts whose teaching requires various complex skills such as understanding the meanings of words, paraphrasing sentences, rewriting statements, defining frank and logical relationships between the parts of the text, finding explanations, and interpretation of terms and new sentences in order to understand the purpose of the text. Thus, teaching this type of text requires simplification and graduation from simple stages into more sophisticated ones. his study focuses on teaching a persuasive text and enabling the pupils to write the text through the stages of the pioneering project of the Pilot Model for Teaching the Written Presentation, which consists of reading comprehension, lexical/vocabulary knowledge, writing, and evaluation. The study concludes that teaching the pupils written presentation skills, including persuasive text, through the stages of this pilot model, is likely to enable the pupils to acquire writing skills faster, more effectively, and more accurately.

Anticipatory Processing in a Verb-Initial Mayan Language: Eye-Tracking Evidence During Sentence Comprehension in Tseltal.

We present a visual world eye-tracking study on Tseltal (a Mayan language) and investigate whether verbal information can be used to anticipate an upcoming referent. Basic word order in transitive sentences in Tseltal is Verb-Object-Subject (VOS). The verb is usually encountered first, making argument structure and syntactic information available at the outset, which should facilitate anticipation of the post-verbal arguments. Tseltal speakers listened to verb-initial sentences with either an object-predictive verb (e.g., "eat") or a general verb (e.g., "look for") (e.g., "Ya slo'/sle ta stukel on te kereme," Is eating/is looking (for) by himself the avocado the boy/ "The boy is eating/is looking (for) an avocado by himself") while seeing a visual display showing one potential referent (e.g., avocado) and three distractors (e.g., bag, toy car, coffee grinder). We manipulated verb type (predictive vs. general) and recorded participants' eye movements while they listened and inspected the visual scene. Participants' fixations to the target referent were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression models. Shortly after hearing the predictive verb, participants fixated the target object before it was mentioned. In contrast, when the verb was general, fixations to the target only started to increase once the object was heard. Our results suggest that Tseltal hearers pre-activate semantic features of the grammatical object prior to its linguistic expression. This provides evidence from a verb-initial language for online incremental semantic interpretation and anticipatory processing during language comprehension. These processes are comparable to the ones identified in subject-initial languages, which is consistent with the notion that different languages follow similar universal processing principles.

LANGUAGE AMBIGUITY IN EFL LEARNERS’ NARRATIVE TEXTS: A SEMANTIC DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

This qualitative study investigates the ambiguity in five EFL learners’ narrative texts. This study reveals that the narrative texts contain lexical and syntactic ambiguities. Lexical ambiguity can happen because of polysemy and homonymy. In terms of syntactic ambiguity, ambiguous languages occur in the surface and deep structure of the sentences for various reasons, such as coordinator, gerund, and adjectives followed by an infinitive. Luckily, the lexical and syntactic ambiguities do not give the readers much trouble comprehending the texts if the context is clear. The context, particularly the preceding and following sentences, helps the readers understand the text. Sentences with ambiguous words or ambiguous structures can be clearly delivered as long as the writers are able to provide a clear context. Additionally, the writers in this present study tend to intentionally use ambiguous words in their sentences in order to use the words metaphorically and to tell the story in a more artistic way since the purpose of the narrative text is to entertain the readers.

Parents’ and teachers’ perceptions of speech language rehabilitation and demands for the use of treatment-related apps

Purpose: This study examined the need for speech language rehabilitation awareness and the use of therapeutic-related apps among parents and teachers living on a remote island.Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 121 parents and 100 teachers living on a remote island.Results: This study aimed to examine the needs of remote island parents and teachers for speech language rehabilitation awareness and the use of therapeutic apps. As a result of examining the level of awareness on the need for speech language rehabilitation,59.5% that they needed treatment. In the case of teachers,78% chose “Yes,”.Conclusions: As a result of investigating the speech language rehabilitation awareness and usage status of parents and teachers, 57.9% “required” the treatment. Teachers were “well aware” of the need for speech language rehabilitation.” As for the route of knowing speech language rehabilitation, “education and training” was the highest with 52 (52%). Delayed overall receptive and expressive speech language received the highest score (71 people) in terms of speech language rehabilitation reasons, while the biggest problem was considered unclear pronunciation based on 73 people. The possibility of collaboration with a therapist was deemed “necessary” based on a majority of 93 people said that they wanted to help. Secondly, as a result of investigating whether or not parents and teachers could use apps related to treatment and the actual situation, 12 parents (9.9%) had an experience using speech language rehabilitation-related apps. Thirdly, after examining the needs and differences between the parents’ and teachers’ therapeutic apps, monitoring (61.2%), word sentences (56.2%), video (52.1%), respiration (49.1%), animation (47.9%), and lecture (43.8%) were selected in order. Teacher therapy app requirements appeared in descending order of monitoring (59%), word sentences (53%), video content (46%), and quantitative information provision (44%). Parents and teachers expressed that word sentences, surveillance, and video content were essential.