Sensory Papillae Research Articles

New species of Trimma (Actinopterygii, Gobiidae) from Indonesia, with comments on head papillae nomenclature.

Three new species of the gobiid Trimma are described from Indonesian waters, and a partially reformulated nomenclature for the cephalic sensory papillae of members of this genus is provided. Trimma aturirii possesses two dark oblique stripes on either side of the pupil (blue, edged with red in life, dark brown in preservative), the lower of which continues posteriorly across the dorsal margin of the opercle, with the dorsal half of the body red and the ventral half abruptly white in life. The species has a narrow bony interorbital (≤50% pupil width), a moderate interorbital trench with a slight groove posterodorsal to the eye, no scales on the cheek, opercle or in the predorsal midline, no elongate spines in the first dorsal fin, 9-10 dorsal and 9 anal fin rays, 17-18 (7-11 branched) pectoral fin rays and an unbranched fifth pelvic fin ray. Trimma kardium has a pair of tapering oval red spots which join anteriorly over the anterior region of the hyoid arches, forming an approximate heart-shaped marking on the ventral surface of the head. It has a narrow bony interorbital (≤40% pupil width), a moderate interorbital trench with a slight groove posterodorsal to the eye, 17-18 unbranched pectoral fin rays, 1-5 cycloid scales in the predorsal midline confined to about the middle third of the nape, and a single row of 1-3 cycloid scales along the upper border of the opercle. Trimma trioculatum has a large (slightly greater than pupil diameter in width) round, black, ocellated spot in the first dorsal fin between spines 1 and 5, a second, much smaller black or dark red spot just posterior to the spine of the second dorsal fin and above the basal stripe, a yellow body with a dark purplish or gray head with two distinct red bars across the cheek, no round spots of any colour on the nape, opercle or cheek, a small dark (preserved) or white (alive) spot on the upper pectoral fin base, a narrow bony interorbital (<70% pupil diameter), no elongate spines in the first dorsal fin, 15-16 pectoral fin rays with the middle 4-8 rays branched, a fifth pelvic fin ray with a single dichotomous branch, and 16-17 total gill rakers on the first gill arch.

Surface Topography of Two Trematodes Parasites Infecting Grey Heron Ardea Cinerea Jouyi ( Aves , Ciconiiformes ) in Qena , Egypt

Apharyngostrigea ardeolina and Echinoparyphium recurvatum are two important digenean parasites that were recovered from small intestine of grey heron with an infection rate (16.2%) and (8.8%) respectively. The surface topography of two species was redescribed by both light and scanning electron microscopy. Using SEM studies showed that the body surface of two trematodes were covered by contact receptors, several types of sensory tegumental papillae which may have useful function in orientation and feeding through increasing the surface area of absorption, could also play a role in sensation or in selection of the materials for ingestion by the fluke. The head collar of E. recurvatum is reniform in shape, bearing uninterrupted double row of 41 collar finger-like spines, a total including 4 end group ones on both ventral corners., tegumental spines were tongue-shaped without a terminal tip.

The Biology and Functional Morphology of the Placental Embryo-BroodingNeolepton salmoneum, a Comparison withNeolepton subtrigonum(Bivalvia: Cyamioidea: Neoleptonidae), and a Discussion of Affinities

Abstract: The anatomies of two species of Neoleptonidae are described. Clearly heterodont with cardinal and lateral hinge teeth, the shell also has an internal, parivincular ligament. Shell form suggests a shallow burrowing mode of life in coarse gravels in coastal waters. The labial palps are small and the intestine short further suggesting deposit feeding in well-sorted gravels. A pronounced prodissoconch (II) with a marginal ridge argues for lecithotrophic development further facilitating re-colonization of a narrow niche. In most anatomical respects, the two species are simplified with conjoined inhalant and pedal apertures and few posterior sensory mantle papillae. The ctenidia comprise subequal demibranchs with the outer reduced and the inner modified for internally fertilized embryo brooding. The attachment of each embryo chord to the demibranch filaments is probably from secretions produced by basal glands developed on their abrofrontal surfaces. There may also be secondary external pallial broodi...

Surface topography and ultrastructural architecture of the tegument of adult Carmyerius spatiosus Brandes, 1898

Adult Carmyerius spatiosus or stomach fluke has an elongate, cylindrical-shaped, straight to slightly curved body, with conical anterior end and truncated posterior end. The worm measures about 8.7–11.2mm in body length and 2.3–3.0mm in body width across the mid-section. When observed by SEM, the tegumental surface in all part of the body appears highly corrugated with ridges and furrows, and having no spines. The ventral surface has more complex corrugation than those of the dorsal surface. Both anterior and posterior suckers have thick edges covered with transverse folds and appear spineless. The genital pore is located at the anterior part of the body. There are two types of sensory papillae on the surface: type 1 is bulbous in shape with nipple-like tips; type 2 has a similar shape with short cilia on the tip. The dorsal surface exhibits similar surface features, but papillae appear less numerous and are smaller. When observed by TEM, the tegument is divided into four layers. The first layer includes the ridges and furrows which are covered by a trilaminate membrane underlined by a dense lamina and coated externally with the glycocalyx. The second layer of the tegument is a narrow region of cytoplasm that contains high concentrations of ovoid electron lucent tegumental granules (TG1), and disc-shaped electron dense tegumental granules (TG2) as well as lysosomes. TG1 close to the surface invariably exocytose their content into bottoms of the ridges, while some TG2 are fused and have their membrane joined up with the surface membrane. The third layer is the widest middle area of the tegument which contains numerous and evenly distributed mitochondria. Both TG1 and TG2 granules are present but in much fewer number than in the first and second layers. The fourth layer is the innermost zone that rests on and couples with a thick basal lamina. The cytoplasm in this layer is loosely packed and contains numerous infoldings of the basal plasma membrane with closely associated mitochondria. It also contains fairly large numbers of TG1 and TG2 granules which are produced and transported to the tegument by one type of tegumental cells lying in rows underneath the muscular layers.

Two new species of Coryogalops (Perciformes: Gobiidae) from the Red Sea.

Two new species of the gobiid genus Coryogalops, C. guttatus sp. nov. and C. pseudomonospilus sp. nov., are described from the Red Sea. Coryogalops guttatus sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by having dorsal-fin rays VI + I,12; anal-fin rays I,10-11; pectoral-fin rays 17, three upper rays with free tips; pelvic fins I,5, joined to form a disc, weakly emarginate, with pelvic frenum reduced; longitudinal scale series 33-35; transverse scale rows 9-10; circumpeduncular scales 10-11; seven transverse suborbital rows of sensory papillae on cheek; no tentacle above upper eye margin; anterior nostril tubular, with triangular lappet extending from posterior rim, posterior nostril slightly raised; dark orange spots on many of the scales below body midline form a longitudinal pattern, each spot covering one scale; two distinct dark spots behind edge of preopercle, and similar pair of spots at pectoral-fin base. Coryogalops pseudomonospilus sp. nov. is distinguished from congeners by having dorsal-fin rays VI + I,11; anal-fin rays I,10; pectoral-fin rays 16-17, two upper rays with free tips; pelvic fins I,5, joined to form a disc, moderately emarginate, with pelvic frenum well-developed; longitudinal scale series 33-35; transverse scales rows 9; circumpeduncular scales 12; seven transverse suborbital rows of sensory papillae on cheek; no tentacle above upper eye margin; anterior nostril tubular, without lappet from posterior rim, posterior nostril slightly raised; and irregular dark maroon mark covering lower part of the first three membranes between spines of first dorsal fin. The distribution of species restricted to the western Indian Ocean is discussed, and a key to the species of the genus is provided.

Pycnophyes abyssorum sp. n. (Kinorhyncha: Homalorhagida), the deepest kinorhynch species described so far

A new homalorhagid kinorhynch, Pycnophyes abyssorum sp. nov., found in brown silt from the abyssal depth at the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench is described and illustrated using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This is the ninth species of the genus to be described from the North–West Pacific and the first representative of the Kinorhyncha described from the Kuril-Kamchatka Trench. P. abyssorum sp. nov. constitutes the 16th species of Pycnophyes known from the Pacific and 55th species of the genus described based on adult specimens. P. abyssorum sp. nov. is the only second abyssal species of kinorhynchs and the deepest one described so far. The species is characterized by a unique combination of characters. P. abyssorum sp. nov. is distinguished from other congeners by the presence of long and sharp middorsal processes on trunk segments 1–10; strongly denticulated anterior margin of first tergal plate with wide submarginal area of reticulate cuticle; single paradorsal seta on trunk segments 2–4 and 7–9(8–9); two pairs of lateroventral setae closely adjacent to tergal–sternal articulation on trunk segment 10; two pairs of flosculi-like sensory papillae and one pair of terminal tubular papillae on posteriormost tergal plate. Anteromesial thickenings of ventral pachycycli absent in both sexes.

Morphology of sensory papillae on the feeding proboscis of cone snails (Mollusca, Gastropoda)

AbstractCone snails, predatory marine gastropods, have developed a specialized prey capture method in which a long, distensible proboscis is used to identify prey and inject venom via a hydraulically propelled hollow radular tooth. Using brightfield, epifluorescence, confocal, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we describe the morphology of ciliated sensory structures concentrated on the tip of the proboscis. The number and morphology of these sensory papillae are linked to the type of preferred prey: cone snails feeding on worms and mollusks have short, cone or finger‐shaped papillae, whereas fish‐hunting cone snails have long tubular papillae in addition to short conical papillae. Sensory papillae are well positioned to provide information necessary to locate, identify, and dispatch prey. Proboscis tips and their sensory papillae regenerated within 10 d following experimental ablation, and snails with regenerated proboscis tips were able to locate and envenomate prey. The remarkable intrageneric variation found in the morphology of these sensory structures is probably linked to the specialized prey that cone snail species have evolved to hunt.

A new species of Didogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Canary Islands.

Didogobius helenae is described from the Canary Islands. It has a sensory papillae pattern that is consistent with the current diagnosis for Didogobius, but lacks all head canals and pores that are present in other members of the genus. Pores, in general, are replaced by large papillae. The species is defined by first dorsal fin VI; second dorsal fin I,10; anal fin I,9; pectoral fin 16-17; pelvic fin I,5 and disk shaped; lateral scales 28-30, cycloid at anterior, becoming ctenoid posteriorly; cycloid scales present on belly and posterior breast; predorsal region, cheek, operculum and base of pectoral fin without scales; lower most scale on the caudal fin-base with elongate, thickened ctenii along the upper and lower posterior edges. Color in life consists of four mottled, wide brown-orange bars separated by narrower white bars on the trunk, the cheek whitish with 5 more or less circular blotches of orange, outlined in dark brown and a black spot on ventral operculum. A key to the species is provided.

English

During an investigation on intestinal flukes of cattle egret, Ardeola ibis ibis excysted metacercaria and adult worms belonging to family Echinostomatidae Nephrostomum ramosum were recovered. The tegumental surface of N. ramosum was described for the first time using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM observations of excysted metacercaria and adult worms showed some basic differences, excysted metacercaria is conical shaped, ventrally curved, the oral sucker is not developed and the ventral sucker is located in the anterior third of the body, while adult worm has an elongated body with a distinct head collar at the central of which is located on the subterminal oral sucker. The oral and ventral suckers are located closely in the anterior fifth of the body. The total number of collar spines is 40 including five end group ones on each ventral corner. The tegument of the body is wrinkled with transverse grooves and is devoid of spines. The surface of whole body is lacking sensory papillae except the dorsal area of the cephalic region. The results reveal that the characteristic features of N. ramosum, including the number and shape of collar spines, the corrugated surface of the body, absence of tegumental spines and distribution of papillae differed from other echinostomes. Key words: Trematode, echinostomatidae, Ardeola ibis ibis, tegument, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Nephrostomum ramosum.

Redescription ofCallogobius clarki(Goren) (Teleostei: Gobiidae), Not a Synonym ofC. bifasciatus(Smith)

Callogobius clarki (Goren) is redescribed based on 21 specimens from the Red Sea. This species was originally described from a single specimen collected from the Red Sea, but subsequent workers have placed it in synonymy with the Western Indian Ocean species C. bifasciatus (Smith). However, it differs from C. bifasciatus in lacking all head pores, and having a lower range in several meristic values (pectoral-fin rays usually 15–17 vs. 16–18, lateral scale rows usually 33–39 vs. 39–46, predorsal scale rows 12–15 vs. 16–20, transverse scale rows usually 17–18 vs. 18–22, and transverse mandibular papillae rows usually 11 vs. 12). Within the genus, C. clarki is a member of the sclateri group, exhibiting a female urogenital papilla with small distal flaps of skin, elongate ctenii on some caudal peduncle scales, and preopercular sensory papillae rows not continuous with the transverse opercular rows.

Histological and Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Sensory Organs of the Terrestrial Flatworm Bipalium kewense

The present work investigated histological and cytological studies, using SEM, included sensory organs of flatworm Bipalium kewense. The shovel-headplate of B. kewense is limited all around its margin by distinct sensory organs, consisting of a row of sensory papillae, pits and eyespots. Sensory papillae and sensory pits are situated at the peripheral edge of worm-head whereas numerous eyespots are located within the margin of the dorsal shovelheadplate and along the body margin. Each eye is composed of pigment cells surrounding half moon-like lens and retinal cells. The present results suggested that the sensory papillae and pits are chemo-receptors.

The morphology and attachment of Protopolystoma xenopodis (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) infecting the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis.

The African clawed frog Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae) is host to more than 25 parasite genera encompassing most of the parasitic invertebrate groups. Protopolystoma xenopodis Price, 1943 (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) is one of two monogeneans infecting X. laevis. This study focussed on the external morphology of different developmental stages using scanning electron microscopy, histology and light microscopy. Eggs are released continuously and are washed out when the frog urinates. After successful development, an active swimming oncomiracidium leaves the egg capsule and locates a potential post-metamorphic clawed frog. The oncomiracidium migrates to the kidney where it attaches and starts to feed on blood. The parasite then migrates to the urinary bladder where it reaches maturity. Eggs are fusiform, about 300 μm long, with a smooth surface and are operculated. Oncomiracidia are elongated and cylindrical in shape, with an oval posterior cup-shaped haptor that bears a total of 20 sclerites; 16 marginal hooklets used for attachment to the kidney of the host and two pairs of hamulus primordia. Cilia from the 64 ciliated cells enable the oncomiracidium to swim for up to 24 h when the cilia subsequently curl up, become non-functional and are shed from the body. The tegument between the ciliated cells bears a series of sensory papillae. The body of the mature parasite is elongated and pyriform and possesses an opisthaptor armed with three pairs of suckers and two pairs of falciform hooks to ensure a firm grip on the flexible internal surface of the urinary bladder.

A New Genus of Hemigobius Generic Group Goby Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence, with Description of a New Species

Wuhanlinigobius, a new genus of Hemigobius generic group would been established and assigned from Mugilogobius polylepis Wu and Ni, 1985. Mugilogobius polylepis has been regarded as belong to genus Eugnathogobius based on lacking head pores and representing longitudinal sensory papillae in previous taxonomic study. However, we compared the osteological features of Mugilogobius polylepis Wu and Ni, 1985 and Eugnathogobius microps Smith, 1931 as well as the molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the mtDNA ND5, Cyt-b genes and D-loop region. The molecular phylogenetic tree including 9 related Hemigobius generic group reveal that this new genus represents an independent clade which is well separate from other related Hemigobius generic group. The papillae pattern, osteological features and molecular evidence strongly conclude that Eugnathogobius polylepis should be a new genus of Hemigobius generic group, on the other hand, an additional new species of Wuhanlinigobius also will be described herein, and the diagnostic key of this new genus will be provided in this paper.

In Vitro Effect of Nigella sativa Oil on Adult Toxocara vitulorum

Since the integrity of Toxocara vitulorum cuticle is essential for the nutritive and protective functions, light and scanning electron microscopic studies were undertaken to assess, for the first time, whether the Nigella sativa oil (NSO) had any effect on the cuticle of adult T. vitulorum following incubation in vitro. Differences in response to NSO action were observed, depending on the used concentration. After 24 h incubation with 0.5 mg mL(-1) NSO, the cuticle of the anterior end of worms appeared to be slightly more swollen than normal. This swelling became pronounced and so severe, with lips showed wrinkled cuticular surface and deformed sensory papillae on increasing the concentration to 1.0 mg mL(-1). With the higher concentration of 1.5 mg mL(-1), extensive and severe disorganization of the cuticle and body musculature was observed. Structural alterations in the cuticle as observed in the present investigation were thus, clear indication of nematocidal activity of NSO that could offer a suitable and cheaper alternative for the more expensive anthelmintics.

Echinostoma macrorchis in Lao PDR: metacercariae in Cipangopaludina snails and adults from experimentally infected animals.

The echinostome metacercariae encysted in Cipangopaludina sp. snails that were purchased from a market in Vientiane Municipality, Lao PDR, were identified as Echinostoma macrorchis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) through recovery of adult flukes after experimental infection to rats and a cat. The metacercariae were round, 113-128 (121)×113-125 (120) µm, having a thick cyst wall, a head collar armed with collar spines, and excretory granules. The adult flukes recovered from the rats and cat at day 14 and 30 post-infection, respectively, were elongated, ventrally curved, and 3.9-6.3×0.7-1.1 mm in size. The head collar was distinct, bearing 43-45 collar spines with 5 angle spines on each side. Two testes were large (as the name implies), tandem, and slightly constricted at the middle, with irregular margins. Eggs were operculated, ovoid to elliptical, and 88-95×56-60 µm. In scanning electron microscopy, the head collar was prominent, with 43-45 collar spines. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the ventral surface between the oral and ventral suckers. Sensory papillae were distributed mainly on the tegument around the 2 suckers. It is confirmed that E. macrorchis is distributed in Lao PDR using Cipangopaludina sp. snails as the second intermediate host.

Scanning Electron Microscopy of Subulura Brumpti from Domestic Chicken Gallus Gallus Domesticus from Taif , Saudi Arabia

The nematode Subulura brumpti is described from the caecae of the domestic fowl collected from Taif, Saudi Arabia. The surface topography of the worms is described using scanning electron microscopy. This included the description of mouth opening, sensory papillae, cuticular surface, copulatory spicules and copulatory papillae.

Callogobius winterbottomi, a new species of goby (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from the Western Indian Ocean.

Callogobius winterbottomi new species is described from the 33.8 mm SL holotype and two paratypes (32.2 mm SL and 22.9 mm SL) from the Comoros, Western Indian Ocean. It is distinguished from all other known Callogobius species by the following combination of characters: sensory pores absent, 23-26 scales in lateral series, and sensory papillae preopercular row not continuous with transverse opercular row. One additional specimen of Callogobius winterbottomi was located from South Africa. A new standardized naming system for Callogobius sensory papillae rows is presented for identification and clarification of character states among Callogobius species. The new species is tentatively placed among what we term the "sclateri group", a clade including C. sclateri (Steindachner) and three other species that exhibit a modified female urogenital papilla with lateral distal flaps and elongate ctenii on the caudal peduncle scales. Callogobius tutuilae (Jordan & Seale) is removed from synonymy with C. sclateri because it has partially united pelvic fins (vs separate) and the preopercular sensory papillae row is continuous with the transverse opercular row (vs separate).

First record of the gobiid fish Aulopareia ocellata (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Qeshm Island, The Gulf, with discussion of its generic placement

The poorly known gobiid fish species Aulopareia ocellata is recorded for the first time from the intertidal zone of north-east Qeshm Island, The Gulf, Iran. The species has been referred to previously as Parachaeturichthys ocellatus, but here is placed in Aulopareia, pending a revision of the genus. The morphological features of A. ocellata are described and compared with congeners and brief comparisons of the genera Aulopareia and Parachaeturichthys are provided. A full description of the species is given, with illustration of the sensory papillae and head-pore pattern. This species has previously been recorded from India (Mumbai) and Pakistan (Karachi).

Cercaria caribbea LVIII Cable, 1963 (Digenea: Cyathocotylidae) in the Republic of Korea and Its Surface Ultrastructure

Cercaria caribbea LVIII Cable, 1963 (Digenea: Cyathocotylidae) was detected from a brackish water gastropod species (Cerithideopsilla cingulata) in a coatal area of Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do (Province), the Republic of Korea, and its surface ultrastructure was studied using a scanning electron microscope. The cercariae were found freely swimming or enveloped within daughter sporocysts when the snail host was mechanically broken. They were morphologically characterized by a linguiform and ventrally concave body, a long and bifurcated tail, and the presence of a holdfast (=tribocytic) organ posterior to the ventral sucker. On the whole ventral and dorsal surfaces, peg-like tegumental spines were densely distributed. Around the oral sucker, several sensory papillae, each with a short cilium, were distributed, and on the tail, sensory papillae, each with an extensively long cilium, were observed. This is the first record describing a cyathocotylid cercaria from a brackish water gastropod in the Republic of Korea.

Redescription and New Host Record of Capsala laevis (Monogenoidea: Capsalidae: Capsalinae) from Gill of Roundscale Spearfish, Tetrapturus georgii (Perciformes: Istiophoridae) in the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of a capsalid collected from the gill arches of 2 roundscale spearfish, Tetrapturus georgii Lowe, 1840, (Perciformes: Istiophoridae), captured in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean were identified as Capsala laevis (Verrill, 1875) Johnston, 1929 by having the combination of papillae on the ventral surface of haptor, dorsomarginal body sclerites in a single column extending the entire body length, haptoral accessory sclerites, conical papillae distributing over the ventral body surface, and an anterior attachment organ with a fimbriated posterior margin. The new specimens plus the holotype were used to conduct a taxonomic redescription of C. laevis using light and scanning electron microscopy. We documented that the holotype (USNPC No. 7179) and the new specimens of C. laevis from roundscale spearfish each had papillae on the ventral surface of the anterior attachment organs and sensory papillae on the dorsal body surface. Although data are insufficient at this time to justify proposal of a new species, the new specimens differed from the holotype and published accounts of C. laevis by having a sinistral dorsomarginal patch comprising 27-35 sclerites whereas the holotype has a dorsomarginal patch comprising 60 sclerites. Capsala laevis morphologically most closely resembles Capsala ovalis (Goto, 1894) Price, 1938 , but can be most easily differentiated from it by having dorsomarginal body sclerites. This represents the first record of any parasite from the recently taxonomically resurrected roundscale spearfish, long considered by some as a junior subjective synonym of white marlin, Tetrapturus albidus Poey, 1860 and, concomitantly, a new host record for Capsalidae Baird, 1853. An updated list of host records for C. laevis is provided. A perusal of that literature reveals that the identity of the type host for C. laevis is indeterminate beyond Istiophoridae species and that subsequent reports of the type host as ' T. albidus ' are presumptuous (originally reported in 1875 by Verrill as "bill-fish" only). Our results indicated that 2 records of C. laevis from the swordfish, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758, (Perciformes: Xiphiidae) are dubious, i.e., study of the museum voucher USNPC No. 8154 indicates that Linton's 1940 record from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean likely represents a new species of Capsala Bosc, 1811 and that the Kayiş et al. 2010 record from the Aegean Sea likely depicts a species of Capsaloides Price, 1938.