Sensory Interventions Research Articles

An Analysis of Sensory Stimulation Interventions in Music Therapy for Adults Living with Dementia

An Analysis of Sensory Stimulation Interventions in Music Therapy for Adults Living with Dementia

Cost-effectiveness of hearing and vision support for residents with dementia in long-term care in Ireland: A Health Economic Analysis Plan (HEAP) for a simulation model for the SENSE-Cog Care feasibility trial

Introduction Sensory challenges exacerbate the dementia symptoms of nursing home residents. The Sense-Cog Care trial is piloting a multi-faceted intervention to investigate whether optimising and supporting hearing, vision, and sensory-friendly environments through the “sensory champion” model in Irish nursing homes can improve quality of life and dementia-related outcomes and be cost-effective (Connelly et al., 2023). A Health Economic Analysis Plan (HEAP) provides a standardised and comprehensive framework by outlining the systematic approach, methodologies, and key considerations involved in assessing the cost-effectiveness of a healthcare intervention. The HEAP presented in this paper describes the alongside-trial decision modelling approach used for preliminary estimates of cost-effectiveness and to inform the design of the final intervention. Methods A Markov model will be used to simulate residents' health progression with and without the intervention. Costs will be estimated from the Irish health and social care perspective. A key output of the planned economic analysis will be the Incremental-Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) which describes the cost over one additional unit of Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY). A Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis (PSA) will be conducted in the form of a Monte Carlo simulation to examine parameter uncertainty and the probability of a sensory champion being cost-effective. Results Tables for inputs and outputs are presented, and graphical representations for uncertainty, such as a tornado plot and a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Curve (CEAC), will be produced. The results will be interpreted in the context of the Irish cost-effectiveness thresholds of €20,000 and €45,000 per QALY. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study to model the cost-effectiveness of a sensory intervention for nursing home residents with dementia. We aim to develop an early-stage Bayesian model that serves as a prior for further research.

A school-based intervention to foster adherence to the Mediterranean diet in adolescents: the PROMEDLIFE project

Abstract The need to maintain the production of local foods characterized by a high nutritional index, update traditional food production methodologies by developing attractive tech-based approaches, promote healthy eating habits that meet consumers’ preferences and acceptability, as well as reducing the complexity of supply chains (Farm to Fork) must be addressed to ensure food and nutrition security. This is especially true in Mediterranean countries undergoing dietary and nutritional changes that affect their inhabitants’ health while creating many socio-economic and environmental challenges. PROMEDLIFE aims to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet through a multi-actor approach by encouraging the adoption of a healthy eating lifestyle while decreasing the environmental and economic impact of food production and processing. It also aims to attain optimal food communication and education through training programs that target primary and secondary students as well as their families, from children to older adults. A 4-week nutritional and sensory educational intervention in high school students involves frontal lessons, a web-app for families enrolled, and games on nutrients, food groups, balanced meals and various eating occasions, healthy and sustainable diets. In addition, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, nutritional knowledge, sociodemographic and lifestyle data, picky eating, and food neophobia are investigated. Including nutritional lectures in the school curriculum of high schools promotes knowledge acquisition about healthy diet. However, a period longer than 4 weeks may be necessary to translate this knowledge into improved eating habits. The project is still ongoing, and follow-up data collection will be performed. Final analysis, including data on picky eating and food neophobia, as well as overall eating behavior at follow-up, will allow an evaluation of possible long-term changes.

The influence of the contextual framing on physio- and occupational therapists’ clinical reasoning in sensory rooms with patients admitted to psychiatry – a qualitative case study

Aim To investigate the influence of contextual framing on physio- and occupational therapists’ clinical reasoning in sensory rooms for patients admitted to psychiatric units. Material and method Physiotherapists and occupational therapists from acute and intensive care units with sensory rooms were invited to participate in the study. The therapists were interviewed following sessions with patients in sensory rooms, using a semi-structured interview guide. These therapists also participated in a focus group interview. All interviews were transcribed and analysed based on the thematic analysis by Braun and Clarke. Results Twenty individual interviews and one focus group interview were conducted with seven physio- and occupational therapists. Three themes with accompanying subthemes emerged: (i) The contextual influence: Therapists’ perceptions of the use of sensory rooms, The dominance of the medical paradigm). (ii) The therapeutic alliance: The therapists’ relational skills, The importance of a good therapeutic patient relation, and Physio- and occupational therapy in a psychiatric setting.: (iii) The therapeutic diagnosis, Therapeutic sensory room interventions, and Holistic approach in a limited timeframe. Conclusion The clinical reasoning of physio- and occupational therapists in sensory-modulating sessions for patients admitted to psychiatric units is influenced by a primarily medically dominated paradigm; legally, economically, and politically. Occupational therapists mainly focus on everyday skills and being in the present, whereas physiotherapists focused on activities with bodily anchoring and awareness.

Relationships between sensory reactivity and occupational performance in children with paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS).

Paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children's performance in a fluctuating manner. This study investigates the relationship between sensory reactivity and occupational performance in children with PANS during exacerbation phases. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing tailored interventions and managing the condition effectively. This study is part of a larger project in which a two-period bidirectional case-crossover design was employed to assess sensory reactivity and occupational performance in children with PANS. The current study used data from exacerbation phases only. Parents of children aged 4.6 to 13.1years with PANS were recruited globally, and data were collected via online surveys. The Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale (VABS) evaluated occupational performance, and the Sensory Processing Measure (SPM) assessed sensory reactivity. Analysis utilised Pearson correlation to determine the relationships between sensory reactivity and occupational performance domains. Data from 60 participants who completed the SPM and 21 who completed the VABS showed moderate to strong negative correlations between the SPM total and several domain scores (vision, hearing, body awareness, balance, and motion) and the VABS Communication and Daily Living Skills scores, indicating that increased sensory reactivity is associated with decreased occupational performance during exacerbations. No significant correlation was found between sensory reactivity and socialisation skills. Findings highlight the significant relationship between sensory reactivity and occupational performance during PANS exacerbations, particularly in communication and daily living skills domains. Further research is needed to examine factors influencing socialisation skills and to assess the effectiveness of sensory interventions in improving occupational performance. Although there was no direct consumer and community involvement, two researchers on our team have family members with PANS. Their personal experiences provided vital insights into the challenges faced by children with PANS, deeply influencing our study's design, focus, and interpretation, ensuring it reflects the realities of those affected. We examined the relationship between children's daily activities and their sensory reactivity during PANS symptom flare-ups. Parents of children aged 4.6 to 13.1 years completed surveys measuring sensory reactivity and their children's performance of daily tasks. Our findings showed that during symptom flare-ups, children experienced significant difficulties with communication and daily living skills. These challenges were directly related to heightened sensory reactivity during flare-ups. This highlights the importance of providing targeted occupational therapy during these times to help children manage their symptoms and improve their daily functioning.

Non-Medical Treatments of Drooling by Speech and Language Pathologists in Cerebral Palsy Children: A Systematic Review

Background: Drooling, commonly observed in cerebral palsy children, negatively impacts different aspects of their lives. There are several treatment options for drooling, with no consensus on a single method as the most effective one. The current systematic review provides an overview of the evidence of the different non-medical intervention methods used by speech and language pathologists to reduce drooling in cerebral palsy children. Methods: A comprehensive and systematic search was conducted in the following electronic databases for publications from 2010-22: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro-P) scale were respectively used to determine the level of evidence and the methodological quality of articles. Results: Out of 2740 articles identified, 15 records met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The studies considered in this systematic review differed in the following criteria: design, participant characteristics, types of assessments and treatments, and follow-up periods. Non-medical interventions for drooling were found to be effective in alleviating the severity and decreasing the frequency of drooling. Conclusion: The results showed the effectiveness of nonmedical interventions for drooling in cerebral palsy children. The treatments provided by SLPs can be classified into three categories: oromotor and sensory interventions, behavioral interventions, and the use of Kinesio-tape. Among these, the use of oromotor interventions and oral sensory interventions, alone or combined with other approaches, was the most widely used method.

Application of the world guidelines for falls prevention and management’s risk stratification algorithm to patients on a frailty intervention pathway and the potential utility of sensory impairment information

BackgroundThe 2022 world guidelines for falls prevention and management suggest measuring sensory function including dizziness, vision, and hearing. These variables are not included in the falls risk stratification algorithm. This study sought to investigate the utility of the guidelines and potential avenues for improvement. This study applied the falls risk stratification recommendations and reviewed the individual sensory impairment risk factor variables predictive of falls and falls risk grouping in those assessed by a frailty intervention team (FIT) based in an emergency department (ED).MethodsPatients over 65 years old who attended the ED and had a comprehensive geriatric assessment carried out by FIT over a period of four months were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Patient characteristics, medication, physical and sensory function status data was retrieved and analysed with respect to falls and falls risk grouping.ResultsData was gathered retrospectively from 392 patients. Excluding those with missing data, almost all attendees were in the high-risk of falls category (n = 170, 43.4%), or the low-risk category (n = 149, 38.0%). Few people were in the intermediate-risk category (n = 19, 4.8%). Hearing loss and dizziness were significantly associated with falls incidence, whereas vision and balance were not. Hearing loss, balance and dizziness were significantly associated with risk grouping, whereas vision was not.ConclusionsMost older adults included in the analysis fell into the low- or high-risk categories, with a minority in the intermediate-risk category. This suggests that the inclusion criteria for the intermediate category could be altered for greater sensitivity. While impaired balance and vision were the most common impairments, hearing status, balance and dizziness were associated with risk group. These results, through a practical application of the world guidelines for falls to an acute clinical sample, raise the possibility of refining the falls risk stratification criteria, and highlight the capacity for additional sensory intervention to mitigate falls risk.

A Systematic Review of Treatment for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Sensory Processing and Sensory Integration Approach.

The prevalence of the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been increasing globally, necessitating updates to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders with respect to ASD diagnosis. It is now recognised that ASD is related to sensory processing disorder, and sensory integration is considered a suitable intervention for treating children diagnosed with ASD. This paper provides a systematic review on a timeline from 2013 to 2023, based on the PRISMA model. Evidence was sought in the academic search engines Pubmed, Scielo, Eric, Dialnet, Springer, Base Search and Google Scholar, which produced 16 articles according to the inclusion criteria. According to the results of this review, intervention with sensory integration in infants with ASD meets the criteria to be considered an evidence-based practice. The studies reviewed focused mainly on clinical settings and, therefore, we highlight the urgent need for further research to evaluate the effectiveness of sensory integration interventions in naturalistic settings such as homes and schools. This will help to obtain more representative data on how these interventions affect the daily lives of children with ASD.

Malaysian occupational therapists’ perspectives on sensory-based intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: A focus group discussion

ABSTRACT This study explores Malaysian occupational therapists’ perspectives on implementing sensory-based intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder, addressing the high prevalence of sensory processing disorder in this population. Despite sensory-based intervention’s common usage globally, its implementation and associated challenges remain inadequately documented. The research employed a qualitative approach, conducting two focus group discussions with 14 experienced occupational therapists. Thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti software revealed eight themes: intervention approaches, implementation references, common activities, implementation structure, strategies, intervention types, evaluation methods, and challenges encountered. The findings emphasize the importance of personalized intervention strategies to meet the diverse sensory needs of children with autism spectrum disorder. The study highlights the necessity for developing comprehensive guidelines for effective sensory-based intervention implementation and underscores the need for individualized approaches. The study’s findings provide a contextual overview of sensory-based intervention in addressing sensory processing disorder among children with autism spectrum disorder. This research may inform the development of evidence-based guidelines and protocols for sensory interventions in occupational therapy practice, ultimately improving the quality of care for children with autism spectrum disorder.

“Addressing the Silent Need”

Abstract Background Clinical Specialist Teams (CST) are a foundational component of the Integrated Care Programme for Older Persons (ICPOP) providing care for older adults with complex needs, completing Comprehensive Geriatric Assessments (CGA) and supporting goals until outcomes are optimised (HSE, 2021). WHO (2014) estimates 400 million individuals worldwide are affected by hearing loss, with prevalence increasing with age. The WHO in 2024 recommended targeted hearing screening and interventions in older age. NICE guidelines (2023) issued specific recommendations for adults with suspected or diagnosed dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of this study was to review current practice of sensory assessment with respect to these recommendations. Methods This is a retrospective audit to evaluate current practice against established standards and to identify areas for improvement to achieve best practice. This will form part of an ongoing quality improvement initiative. Data was collected using a team designed tool gathering information on sensory assessment, interventions and onward referrals. A sample of 65 ICPOP clients was chosen from the last quarter of 2023. Results Preliminary results: Conclusion Screening rates for sensory impairment in the CST is high but needs improvement to reach the target of 100%. Referral onto appropriate services for specialised sensory intervention is actioned adequately, but there is need for the CST to advise timely hearing and vision testing to clients in order to adhere to international guidelines, especially those clients with dementia/MCI.

Motor sensory physiotherapy intervention in premature infants in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the importance of implementing a customized motor sensory physiotherapy program by recording data about the total days spent and weight gain of preterm infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Methods: Randomized clinical trial of a sample of thirty (30) preterm infants split in two 15-member groups, one intervention group and one control group. An adapted program of motor sensory physiotherapy techniques, while in NICU, was implemented to the intervention group while nothing was implemented to the control group. Both groups met the same entry criteria. The same protocol of motor sensory physiotherapy was applied in the intervention group during the whole period of the study. Results: Data show that customized motor sensory physiotherapy while in NICU improves weight gain and reduces total days of stay. Discussion: Even though adapted motor sensory physiotherapy intervention has a positive impact on the development and outcome of preterm infants in NICU, more research is required on the physiotherapy techniques by studying a larger sample size in NICU.

Non-invasive electroencephalography in awake cats: Feasibility and application to sensory processing in chronic pain

BackgroundFeline osteoarthritis (OA) leads to chronic pain and somatosensory sensitisation. In humans, sensory exposure can modulate chronic pain. Recently, electroencephalography (EEG) revealed a specific brain signature to human OA. However, EEG pain characterisation or its modulation does not exist in OA cats, and all EEG were conducted in sedated cats, using intradermal electrodes, which could alter sensory (pain) perception. New methodCats (n=11) affected by OA were assessed using ten gold-plated surface electrodes. Sensory stimuli were presented in random orders: response to mechanical temporal summation, grapefruit scent and mono-chromatic wavelengths (500 nm-blue, 525 nm-green and 627 nm-red light). The recorded EEG was processed to identify event-related potentials (ERP) and to perform spectral analysis (z-score). ResultsThe procedure was well-tolerated. The ERPs were reported for both mechanical (F3, C3, Cz, P3, Pz) and olfactory stimuli (Cz, Pz). The main limitation was motion artifacts. Spectral analysis revealed a significant interaction between the power of EEG frequency bands and light wavelengths (p<0.001). All wavelengths considered, alpha band proportion was higher than that of delta and gamma bands (p<0.044), while the latter was lower than the beta band (p<0.016). Compared to green and red, exposure to blue light elicited distinct changes in EEG power over time (p<0.001). Comparison with existing methodThis is the first demonstration of EEG feasibility in conscious cats with surface electrodes recording brain activity while exposing them to sensory stimulations. ConclusionThe identification of ERPs and spectral patterns opens new avenues for investigating feline chronic pain and its potential modulation through sensory interventions.

Effects of Play-Based Sensory Interventions on Self-Regulation in Preschoolers With Developmental Conditions: A Systematic Review

Abstract Date Presented 03/22/24 Children with developmental conditions often struggle with self-regulation, which affects their participation in daily occupations. We will discuss the results of a systematic review of play-based sensory interventions to improve self-regulation. Primary Author and Speaker: Margaret Meeks Contributing Authors: Jewel Elias Crasta, Emily Sheridan

Electrotactile BCI for Top-Down Somatosensory Training: Clinical Feasibility Trial of Online BCI Control in Subacute Stroke Patients.

This study investigates the feasibility of a novel brain-computer interface (BCI) device designed for sensory training following stroke. The BCI system administers electrotactile stimuli to the user's forearm, mirroring classical sensory training interventions. Concurrently, selective attention tasks are employed to modulate electrophysiological brain responses (somatosensory event-related potentials-sERPs), reflecting cortical excitability in related sensorimotor areas. The BCI identifies attention-induced changes in the brain's reactions to stimulation in an online manner. The study protocol assesses the feasibility of online binary classification of selective attention focus in ten subacute stroke patients. Each experimental session includes a BCI training phase for data collection and classifier training, followed by a BCI test phase to evaluate online classification of selective tactile attention based on sERP. During online classification tests, patients complete 20 repetitions of selective attention tasks with feedback on attention focus recognition. Using a single electroencephalographic channel, attention classification accuracy ranges from 70% to 100% across all patients. The significance of this novel BCI paradigm lies in its ability to quantitatively measure selective tactile attention resources throughout the therapy session, introducing a top-down approach to classical sensory training interventions based on repeated neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

Multisensory stimulation for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants.

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To assess the benefits and harms of multisensory stimulation compared to any single sensory intervention or standard care for physical and neurological development in preterm infants.

Interventions to Improve Sensory Tactile, Auditory, and Visual Down Syndrome Children by Families

Various interventions aimed at addressing sensory challenges are available for Down Syndrome children, but interventions made based on the results of sensory intervention are exciting challenges to research. This study aims to determine the improvement of sensory abilities through stimuli designed based on the results of sensory. This study used a pre-post quantitative method that measured the sensory skills of Down syndrome children. The study was conducted on 8 participants of Down Syndrome children for 12 months. Data analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank test obtained an Asymp value. Sig. (2-tailed) or p-value &lt; 0.05 so that the conclusion is rejected H0 or sufficient evidence that the pretest and post-test sensory development values are different and Asymp values are obtained. The application of examination-based sensory interventions reportedly provided significant improvements in sensory skills in 8 Down Syndrome children after receiving based interventions by following procedures and validated interventions in the form of guidance for parents for 12 months of routine home interventions.

The effects of simulated gastroesophageal reflux on infant pig oropharyngeal feeding physiology.

The neural connectivity among the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus is a critical component of infant feeding physiology. Central integration of oral and pharyngeal afferents alters motor outputs to structures that power swallowing, but the potential effects of esophageal afferents on preesophageal feeding physiology are unclear. These effects may explain the prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in infants suffering from gastroesophageal reflux (GER), though the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unknown. Here we use the validated infant pig model to assess the impacts of simulated GER on preesophageal feeding parameters. We used high-speed videofluoroscopy and electromyography to record bottle-feeding before and following the infusion of a capsaicin-containing solution into the lower esophagus. Sucking parameters were minimally affected by capsaicin exposure, such that genioglossus activity was unchanged and tongue kinematics were largely unaffected. Aspects of the pharyngeal swallow were altered with simulated GER, including increased thyrohyoid muscle activity, increased excursions of the hyoid and thyroid per swallow, decreased swallow frequency, and increased bolus sizes. These results suggest that esophageal afferents can elicit changes in pharyngeal swallowing. In addition, decreased swallowing frequency may be the mechanism by which esophageal pathologies induce oropharyngeal dysphagia. Although recent work indicates that oral or pharyngeal capsaicin may improve dysphagia symptoms, the decreased performance following esophageal capsaicin exposure highlights the importance of designing sensory interventions based upon neurophysiology and the mechanisms underlying disordered feeding. This mechanistic approach requires comprehensive data collection across the entirety of the feeding process, which can be achieved using models such as the infant pig.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Simulated gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in an infant pig model resulted in significant changes in pharyngeal swallowing, which suggests that esophageal afferents are centrally integrated to alter motor outputs to the pharynx. In addition, decreased swallow frequency and increased bolus sizes may be underlying mechanisms by which esophageal pathologies induce oropharyngeal dysphagia. The infant pig model used here allows for a mechanistic approach, which can facilitate the design of intervention strategies based on neurophysiology.

Uni‐ and multimodal sensory‐supported interventions for very preterm and extremely preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit: An overview of systematic reviews and interventional studies

AbstractBackgroundVery and extremely preterm infants (VEPIs) experience sensory deprivation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). While various sensory‐supported interventions might improve immediate physiological response, their impact on long‐term development remains unclear. Additionally, these interventions may pose challenges in the NICU environment due to complex treatments and monitoring requirements.AimsThis review aimed to understand the current evidence on sensory‐supported interventions in the NICU, identify the components of these interventions and determine their effects on the VEPIs.Study DesignA systematic search across nine electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCO, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, Cochrane trial, IEEE Xplore DL and ACM DL) was conducted in December 2020 and updated in September 2022. The search gathers information on sensory‐supported interventions for VEPIs in the NICU.ResultsThe search yielded 23 systematic reviews and 22 interventional studies, categorized into auditory (19), tactile/kinesthetic (5), positional/movement support (7), visual (1) and multisensory (13) interventions. While unimodal and multimodal interventions showed short‐term benefits, their long‐term effects on VEPIs are indeterminate. Translating these findings into clinical practice remains a challenge due to identified gaps.ConclusionOur reviews indicate that sensory‐supported interventions have a transient impact, with intervention studies reporting positive effects. Future research should develop and test comprehensive, continuous multisensory interventions tailored for the early NICU stage.Relevance to Clinical PracticeMultimodal sensory interventions show promise for VEPIs, but long‐term effects need further study. Standardizing protocols for NICU integration and parental involvement is crucial. Ongoing research and collaboration are essential for optimizing interventions and personalized care.

Sensory stimulation interventions in ICU: A comprehensive systematic review on enhancing consciousness in unconscious patients

Background: Unconsciousness is a common and critical condition among patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The potential impact of sensory stimulation as a therapeutic intervention for improving consciousness in these patients has gained increasing attention. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of sensory stimulation programs in enhancing consciousness levels among unconscious patients in the ICU. Objectives: The primary objective of this review is to assess the effectiveness of sensory stimulation programs in promoting consciousness among unconscious patients in the ICU. Secondary objectives include identifying specific types of sensory stimulation techniques employed, examining eligibility criteria for patient inclusion in relevant studies, and exploring the reported results and conclusions relating to the review questions and objectives. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Studies were included if they focused on sensory stimulation interventions for unconscious patients in the ICU. There were no restrictions on publication date or language. Studies that did not assess consciousness as an outcome or lacked sufficient data were excluded. Sources of Evidence: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science will be searched to identify relevant articles. The last search was conducted on 2022. Assessment of Risk of Bias: The included studies were assessed for risk of bias using standardized tools, such as the PEDRO tool for randomized controlled trials. Discrepancies in the assessment were resolved through consensus or consultation with a third reviewer. Methods for Presenting and Synthesizing Results: Study characteristics, patient demographics, intervention details, outcomes, and results were extracted and summarized. Number of Included Studies and Participants: A total of 11 studies involving 500 participants were included. The characteristics of the included studies, such as study design, sample size, sensory stimulation techniques used, and outcome measures, were summarized. Charting Methods: Two independent reviewers will extract data and assess the eligibility of studies based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Any discrepancies will be resolved through discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. A standardized data extraction form will be used to record relevant information, including study characteristics, patient demographics, intervention details, outcomes, and results. Results: Upon completion of the data extraction process, study characteristics, sensory stimulation techniques, and reported results will be summarized. If feasible, a meta-analysis will be conducted to provide a quantitative synthesis of the findings. Any limitations and potential biases identified among the included studies will be discussed.

Duyu Bütünleme Sistemleri ile Eğitim İlişkisinde Fizyolojik Fonksiyonların İncelenmesi

The aim of this study is to investigate the physiological functions in the relationship between sensory integration systems and education. The sensory integration system states that the sensory integration process is necessary for the sensory-motor development of an individual because the individual's interaction with those around him is effective at the developmental stages of the brain, which is open to innovation. In recent studies, it has been shown that sensory integration systems are effective for individuals who need both normal and special education. It is stated that it is important to focus on providing educational interventions for parents and teachers through training and coaching methods. When we look at the studies in the literature, it can be said that sensory integration studies and interventions have gained momentum in our country in recent years. It is important to identify children's sensory difficulties with early diagnosis and early intervention to support development and to learn sensory strategies as soon as possible. Because there is no awareness of sensory integration problems, these problems are treated as problem behavior and behavior modification methods are applied for solution. Since the cause of the problem cannot be determined correctly, the problem situation does not disappear, which prevents the efficient execution of the educational process. Key Words: Sensory Integration, Education, Physiological Functions