Sensor MAC Research Articles

Relay participated–new-type building energy management system: An energy-efficient routing scheme for wireless sensor network–based building energy management systems

With the development of wireless sensor networks, many building energy management systems are getting to adopt wireless sensor network as their communication infrastructure. However, the existing wireless sensor network protocols cannot satisfy the energy-saving demand of building energy management systems. Considering the characteristics of the building energy management system wireless sensor networks, a novel energy-efficient routing scheme is proposed called relay participated–new-type building energy management system. Nodes in the building energy management system wireless sensor networks are divided into two types: energy-limited nodes (battery powered) and energy-unlimited nodes (main powered, solar charger, or heat energy powered). Relay participated–new-type building energy management system allows energy-unlimited nodes to temporarily receive packets that are routed to a nearby energy-limited nodes. In this way, time synchronization for low-power sleep at media access control layer is no longer required, which reduces the delay and control overhead at media access control layer dramatically. Relay participated–new-type building energy management system reduces energy usage of energy-limited nodes and extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks in new-type building energy management systems. Simulation results show that the relay participated–new-type building energy management system protocol significantly improves energy efficiency of limited energy nodes and reduces latency as compared to ad hoc on-demand distance vector–sensor medium access control and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy.

MMSMAC: A Multi-mode Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks with Latency and Energy-Awareness

In this paper, we propose a new medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks called MMSMAC (multi-mode sensor MAC protocol), which operates according to the application requirements and traffic load, in three main modes: synchronous, asynchronous, and hybrid. In the synchronous mode, MMSMAC organizes the sensor nodes under even and odd clusters. Each sensor node has its own active/sleep and send/receive periods according to its cluster identifier, which ensures better load balancing among nodes. In the asynchronous mode, sensor nodes communicate freely without the utilization of even and odd clusters. We propose a mechanism to wake up the destination node and minimize the overhead. In this mode, we propose another mechanism to circumvent the problem of hidden host. In the hybrid mode, the features of asynchronous and asynchronous modes are combined. Our simulation results and analysis show that each of the MMSMAC modes shows convincing performance gains and outperforms B-MAC and Hybrid CSMA/TDMA protocols.

Spatial Correlation Based Cross Layer Approach with Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are more popular due to the use of low cost sensors with their interfaces. In designing of WSNs, energy conservation is a main issue. The nodes available in WSNs use battery as limited energy source. Various techniques have been proposed to improve the energy efficiency in WSNs. Energy efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is required for obtaining higher energy efficiency during difficult operating conditions, where node failure and link failures are common. Cross layer approach between data link and network layer is adapted in the proposed work. In the proposed work, the MAC protocols such as Correlation based Collaborative MAC (CC-MAC), CC-MAC combined with Hybrid MAC, Hybrid MAC, Hybrid MAC combined with sensor MAC have been considered for analysis. Two popular routing protocols such as Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector, Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector are also considered to identify the routing performance of the network. The Parameters such as end-to-end delay, packet drop, packet delivery ratio, throughput, energy efficiency are considered to measure the network performance. These parameters are acting as a primary and secondary attributes to design an efficient MAC protocols for WSNs.

Performance Evaluation with Energy Consumption, Cluster Throughput and Packet Delivery Ratio of S-MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network are battery operated, and hence increasing the network lifetime is one of the primary concerns. This paper introduces energy efficient Sensor-Medium Access Control (S-MAC) protocol used in sensor network. Energy consumption is the main problem in wireless sensor network. So decrease the energy consumption and increase the network lifetime of sensor nodes in sensor networks using by S-MAC protocol. S-MAC protocol uses techniques for reduce energy consumption and also support self-configuration. The first, neighboring nodes are synchronized and go to sleep periodically. Second, the synchronized neighboring nodes make a virtual cluster to synchronize their listen and sleep periods, so the control packet overhead is kept low. Third, message passing is used to decrease latency and control overhead. In present work cluster is formed then cluster head is selected, and cluster head is fixed. S-MAC protocol was simulated in NS-2. To study the performance of S-MAC in terms of network lifetime, cluster throughput, packet delivery ration, total power and energy consumption for cluster head.

GELSenVAC: A Novel Sensor Network Framework for WSN Simulation

Nowadays, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are emerging because of the technological developments in wireless communication and the advancements in miniaturization of sensor hardware nodes. WSN is an Adhoc network with more number of nodes densely deployed. The main focus of any WSN is to maximize the lifetime of the network as the sensor nodes are having limited battery energy and the nodes are unattended. Lifetime of the WSN depends on various parameters such as hardware used, number of nodes, deployment strategies, MAC protocol, routing protocol, sampling rate, sampling time, etc. To determine the lifetime of WSN apriori to real time deployment, simulator software is used for evaluating the impact of various parameters influencing the lifetime. Global Mobile Simulator (GloMoSim) is one such text based simulator software used for simulating wireless networks. GloMoSim is not supporting the required features, viz., sensor specific MAC and routing protocols, energy model for lifetime estimation, and charting facility for WSN Simulation. In this paper, the design of novel easy to use GUI with Energy model based Lifetime estimation supported Sensor network framework with Visualization, Application statistics, and Charting facility tools, GELSenVAC, is proposed and implemented. It consists of hardware support for TelosB, MicaZ motes, Sensor MAC (S-MAC) protocol support in data link layer, energy model for lifetime estimation, facility to view application level statistics, and charting facility to generate lifetime charts, on top of GloMoSim environment. By using this framework, designers can easily simulate their own WSN, estimate the lifetime, and select suitable parameters to increase the lifetime of the network. The designed framework is tested by simulating a WSN. The computed lifetime and the results obtained using the tools supported by this framework are presented.

Enhanced Sensor Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in the ns-2 Simulator

One of the most challenging tasks for a wireless sensor network (WSN) is reducing energy waste to increase battery life. This paper examines a popular medium access control (MAC) protocol, i.e., sensor MAC (S-MAC) in the ns-2 network simulator, which has been frequently adopted as a performance benchmark in this field. This paper first proposes a new mechanism for proactive exchanging the status between sensor nodes to prevent unnecessary idle listening by a cross-layer approach that fully utilizes the information from the physical (PHY) layer. Because fatal bugs cause substantial performance degradation, the simulation results of the original module in ns-2 are strongly distorted. Another contribution of this paper is to develop a bug-fixed module. Several graphical illustrations are provided to demonstrate the operation of S-MAC and the effects of improper implementation. Major improvements are addressed in the main text and minor changes are provided in Appendix A. The simulation results show that the actual saturated throughput of S-MAC is approximately two times higher than that of the defect module in the case with bidirectional traffic. In addition, the proposed mechanism can save up to 47% and 25% of the energy for unidirectional and bidirectional traffic, respectively, in a line topology when the traffic is light.

OLSR Control Overhead and Power Consumption Reduction using Game Theory

Recently, MANET has been gaining the popularity due to its ease of implementation. One of the major elements in MANET is routing protocol, which consists of two main protocols: proactive and reactive routing protocols. In this work, we focus on proactive protocol called OLSR (Optimize Link State Routing Protocol), where the routes are always maintained by interchanging control overhead, namely HELLO and TC (Topology Control) messages. However, this is very wasteful of resource and causing the performance degradation. We propose the method to reduce the overhead while maintain the throughput of OLSR and also reduce the power consumption by using the well-known mathematic tool, widely used in interactive decision systems, called game theory. Our proposed method is called Game Theoretical OLSR (gOLSR). We also investigate the effect of gOLSR based on another type of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol called Sensor Medium Access Control (SMAC) protocol used in mobile sensor network. OLSR is modified in such a way that every node in the system has to play the game when HELLO and TC interval are expired. Each node will choose its strategy to “Update” or “Not Updat e” the HELLO and TC messages in each round of game. The performance in terms of control overhead and throughput of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by using parameters namely Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO), Average Throughput and Normalized Overhead Reduction Index (NORI). However, the performance in terms of power consumption is evaluated by metrics called Average Power Consumption of nodes in two states (transmission and reception). According to the simulation results, it is apparent that the proposed algorithm provides large NRO reduction while the Average Throughput is reduced a little bit. The power consumption of the network in all states is also reduced. That is, the proposed algorithm can reduce the certain amount of Control Overhead as well as the Power Consumption while the Average Throughput is reduced a little bit. Therefore, Game Theoretical OLSR (gOLSR) is able to support energy efficiency MANET in various node mobility and node density environments.

Social sensing‐based duty cycle management for monitoring rare events in wireless sensor networks

This paper introduces a social sensing-based dynamic duty cycle management scheme, namely probabilistic duty cycle in sensor medium access control (PDC-SMAC) protocol, for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The objective of PDC-SMAC is to minimise energy consumption in monitoring `rare events' by reducing the period of `ineffective sensing'. Ineffective sensing is defined as event monitoring or sensing, even if there is no event to monitor or sense. Existing schemes suffer from unnecessary energy consumption because of ineffective sensing. For example, the period and frequency of occurrence of an event in military applications is unpredictable, and sometimes the delay between two consecutive occurrences is very large. We exploit the social sensing behaviour of social networks for avoiding ineffective sensing by managing the duty cycle of a node in a sensor network. PDC-SMAC minimises the energy consumption of a WSN as the event monitoring overhead is accounted for by the social network. Simulation results show that PDC-SMAC consumes 37% less energy in an ideal environment and 15% less energy on overall performances as compared with the benchmark considered for comparison. It minimises message delivery latency by 27 - 60% for different packet generation intervals and by 47% for different event occurrence rates, compared with the benchmark.

Research on the Dynamic Power Control the S-MAC in the Wireless Sensor Network

Aiming to the Sensor-MAC (S-MAC) framework, the paper introduces the technology of controlling and ad- justing the Multi-Step power. When the transmitting nodes transmit the data packets to the receiving nodes, the receiving nodes can measure the Received Signal Strength Indication and then be transmitted back to the transmitting nodes, which are as the basis of disgusting the transmitting power, so that the power of the Received Signal is larger than the threshold set by the receiving terminal. The error rates of receiving the packets can the re-transmission times caused by the loss of the packets can be reduced, and the Throughput of the system can be increased. The simulated results show that the range of the Throughput and the packets' successful receiving rate which is added into the power control S-MAC in the different packet collision rate and the bounded packet re-transmission power is increased 3%~10% compared with that which is not added into the power control S-MAC in Multi-hops.

Virtual Clustered MAC Layer Protocol Design of a Wireless Sensor Network: ES-MAC

Sensor-MAC (S-MAC), one kind of use common type activities / sleep cycle wireless sensor network MAC layer protocol, we propose a strengthening type Enhanced S-MAC, called ES-MAC, and part of its application in wireless sensor networks than the outer layer of low traffic. ES-MAC is divided into three stages: the first stage is to create a virtual cluster region and preset transmission path; third stage of data transfer; second stage of data collection and sorting. Sensing node virtual cluster in the region, competitive manner using micro slot (Mini-Slot) determine the order of data transmission. In the data transfer phase has been established using the sequential transfer of data, the sense node in order to reduce the unnecessary and excessive collision monitoring, sleep time, and the growth of nodes. Simulation results show that, ES-MAC under different flow and different cycles, compared with S-MAC has lower average packet delay time.

Low Duty Cycle, Energy-Efficient and Mobility-Based Boarder Node—MAC Hybrid Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The need for an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol is extremely important with the emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The MAC protocol has increasingly been significant in advancing the performance of WSNs. In this paper, a low duty cycle, energy-efficient and mobility-based Boarder Node Medium Access Control (BN-MAC) hybrid protocol is introduced for WSNs that controls overhearing, idle listening and congestion issues by preserving energy over WSNs. BN-MAC leverages the features of contention and schedule-based MAC protocols. The contention encompasses the novel semi-synchronous approach that helps obtain faster access to the medium. The schedule-based part helps reduce the collision and overhearing problems. The idle listening control (ILC) model is embedded within the BN-MAC that administers the nodes to go to sleep after performing their tasks to saves additional energy. The least distance smart neighboring search (LDSNS) model is used to determine the shortest and most efficient path in a one-hop neighborhood. Evaluation of the BN-MAC is conducted using network simulator-2 (ns2), then its quality of service (QoS) parameters are compared with other known hybrid MAC protocols including X-MAC, Zebra medium access control (Z-MAC), mobility-aware SMAC (MS-MAC), advertisement-based MAC (A-MAC), Adaptive Duty Cycle SMAC (ADC-SMAC) and Mobile Sensor (MobiSense) MAC protocols.

Delay Analysis of ML-MAC Algorithm For Wireless Sensor Networks

The present work is to evaluate energy consumption in wireless sensor networks for multi-layer medium access control (ML-MAC) scheme where the delay times, i.e., packet transmission delay, maximum response time delay, clock-drift delay, sleep delay and queuing delay are considered. Sensor nodes in ML-MAC algorithm have very short listening time than sensor-MAC (S-MAC) which would minimize the energy. The number of collisions where two or more nodes try to send at the same time is reduced in ML-MAC. Simulation results of performance of ML-MAC compared with ML-MAC considering the delay time and S-MAC.

Performance Comparison of Energy Efficient Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

Wireless sensor networks have recently gained a lot of attention from the researches. Wireless sensor networks are often partitioned into clusters, each managed by a cluster head (gateway). This paper reviews medium access control (MAC), an enabling technology in wireless sensor networks. MAC protocols control how sensors access a shared radio channel to communicate with neighbors in small area coverage. It classifies traditional (IEEE 802.11) and existing MAC protocols and a power efficient gathering protocol, known as PEGASIS, as examples of MAC protocol designed specifically for a sensor network. SENSOR MAC sets the radio to sleep during transmissions of other nodes unlike PEGASIS which involves non sleeping cycles. Finally this paper compares the performance of both protocols and displays the results. General Terms Small Sensor Network, Sensor – MAC, PEGASIS

BSC-MAC: Energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks with base station control

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are now used in many areas and the interest in this technology continues to increase. Due to the small structure of the processor, the memory of the sensor nodes forming the wireless sensor networks, and as they are operated by a battery, the most important problem appears to be the energy issue. The battery depletion of the sensor nodes randomly deployed in critical areas may negatively interfere with part or all of the network communication and may cause the life of the entire network to terminate. Therefore, many studies have been conducted in the field of energy efficiency. In this study, Base Station Controlled MAC (BSC-MAC), which is a new design of MAC, is recommended. The BSC-MAC protocol presents an adaptive approach for energy efficiency. It determines the nodes on the network as root and source nodes and manages a sleep schedule according to these structures. The simulation of the BSC-MAC protocol was performed with ns-2 and compared to similar protocols, such as adaptive energy efficient MAC (AEEMAC), pattern MAC (P-MAC), and sensor MAC (S-MAC).

Validation of an Energy Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Energy-efficiency is generally regarded as one of the fundamental challenges for wireless sensor networks and the radio part is a major contributor to overall energy consumption of a sensor node. A Radio Triggered Sensor MAC (RTM) protocol was introduced in the literature, which could harvest the overall energy consumption in WSNs. In this article, we propose, design and develop hardware which we refer as Passive Radio Sensor (PRS) and use is to study the RTM protocol in WSNs. A general radio transceiver, typically used in WSN, consumes a significant amount of energy when periodically listening to data messages. Our proposed transceiver hardware, PRS, powered by the incoming radio signals themselves and hence significantly reduces node energy consumption that is wasted in radio communications. The PRS circuit is independent of any other components on the node.

Collision control extended pattern medium access protocol in wireless sensor network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has emerged as a system composed of numerous sensor nodes to collect information, process and deliver the data to the central sink. Existing protocols like Sensor-MAC (SMAC) and Pattern MAC (PMAC) reduces energy consumption from collision, overhearing, control packet overhead and idle listening. Collision is one of the main sources of energy wastage. In pattern MAC protocol, the span of time slot TE in Pattern Exchange Time Frame (PETF) is long enough to broadcast the pattern. A large contention window at the beginning of each PETF time slot is to avoid collision. However, if longer PETF is used, the over head and delay will be more. Hence, the proposed algorithm balances collision and delay. A collision controlled parameter alpha is introduced to compromise delay and collision. From the results, it is observed that, 2.3% of energy is saved.

Mobility Adaptive Energy Efficient and Low Latency MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper a high throughput, low latency, mobility adaptive and energy efficient medium access protocol (MAC) called Mobility Adaptive (MA) for wireless sensor networks. MA-MAC ensures that transmissions incur no collisions, and allows nodes to undergo sleep mode whenever they are not transmitting or receiving. It uses delay allocation scheme based on traffic priority at each node and avoids allocating same backoff delay for more than one node unless they are in separate clusters. It also allows nodes to determine when they can switch to sleep mode during operation. MA-MAC for mobile nodes provides fast association between the mobile node and the cluster coordinator. The proposed MAC performs well in both static and mobile scenarios, which shows its significance over existing MAC protocols proposed for mobile applications. The performance of MA-MAC is evaluated through extensive simulation, analysis and comparison with other mobility aware MAC protocols. The results show that MA-MAC outperforms significantly the existing CSMA/CA, Sensor Mac (S-MAC), Mobile MAC (MOB-MAC), Mobility aware Delay sensitive MAC (MD-MAC) and Dynamic Sensor MAC (DS-MAC) protocols including throughput, latency and energy consumption.

Performance analysis of S‐MAC protocol

SUMMARYWireless sensor networks have been developed in the way of higher speed, more stability, and more energy efficiency in recent years. Because most wireless sensors are powered by energy‐constrained batteries, efficient energy consumption plays the most important role in the design of wireless sensor networks. For energy efficiency, aside from economizing the use of power in the sensor hardware, extensive research efforts have been dedicated towards designing energy‐efficient protocols in the MAC layer. Among them, the S‐MAC (sensor medium access control) protocol proposed a combined scheduling and contention scheme to decide when to put sensors into the sleep state for saving energy. In this paper, we further conduct the performance analysis of S‐MAC protocol, in which the mathematical equations for the saturation throughput analysis of S‐MAC protocol are derived, and then simulation data are substituted into those equations and the S‐MAC protocol, respectively. The simulated throughput results have shown that our derived equations can capture the characteristics of the S‐MAC protocol. In addition, as compared with the conventional carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance protocol, the simulation results show that the S‐MAC protocol performs better in terms of power consumption, delay, and collision rate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Energy Efficient Packet-Duration-Value Based MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol consists of sets of rules that determine which node is allowed to access the transmission medium. It provides mechanism for collision avoidance such that interfering sensor nodes do not transmit at the same time. In the literature, researchers have proposed different MAC protocols with features aimed at improving energy efficiency and thereby prolonging the life of sensor nodes. Sensor MAC, Time-out MAC (T-MAC), Dynamic Sensor MAC (DSMAC), WiseMAC, Quorum-based MAC (Queen-MAC) and Traffic Adaptive Medium Access Protocol (TRAMA) are some examples of proposed MAC protocols. There is a duration field in each transmitted packet. The value of this field indicates how long it will take to complete the remaining packet transmission. In the current paper, a novel energy-efficient MAC protocol is proposed based on the use of duration value in transmitted packets to setup varying sleep/wake-up schedules for neighbouring nodes of the receiver. The effectiveness of this proposed Packet-Duration-Value-based MAC (PDV-MAC) protocol is tested via Simulation which is implemented in Visual C# and MATLAB. It is shown by the results obtained that the proposed MAC protocol can indeed be implemented in sensor nodes to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor network.

솔라셀 작동 모드와 센서 MAC 프로토콜의 Active 및 Sleep 모드를 고려한 전력 생산 및 공급 제어

솔라셀의 동작 상태와 센서 MAC 프로토콜의 Active 및 Sleep 동작 모드를 고려하여 충전배터리와 센서통신장치의 입력 전원을 제어하는 회로를 설계한다. 솔라셀과 재충전 배터리를 단순 조합하는 센서통신장치는 햇빛이 없는 시간이 장기간 지속될 때 배터리 소모가 많아서 작동을 멈추게 된다. 일반적으로 센서 MAC 프로토콜은 전력소모를 줄이기 위하여 짧은 Active모드와 전력 소모가 거의 없는 긴 Sleep모드를 반복한다. 이러한 특성을 고려하여, 햇빛이 충분하고 Sleep모드이면 배터리를 충전하고 햇빛이 불충분하고 Active모드이면 배터리 전력을 사용하도록 설계함으로써 배터리 지속 시간을 크게 향상시켰다. 또한, 센서통신장치는 솔라셀의 출력전력값의 크기에 따라서 솔라셀과 배터리 사이에서 입력 전원을 스위칭 하도록 하였다. 스위칭 도중에 일시적 전원 차단으로 인한 마이크로프로세서의 리셋을 방지하기 위하여 커패시터를 사용하였다. 또한, 커패시터는 Sleep모드에서 전원을 공급한다. 실험을 통하여 본 센서통신장치가 장기간의 햇빛이 없는 경우에도 안정적으로 작동한다는 것을 입증하였다. We design a control circuit that can switch input power between a rechargeable battery and a sensor communication device (mote) depending on the operating state of a solar cell as well as the active and sleep mode of a sensor MAC protocol. A mote that simply combines a solarcell and a rechargeable battery may die if there is not sunlight long. A battery is recharged if sunlight is sufficient and a device is in a sleep mode, and it supplies power if sunlight is low and the mote is in an active mode. A mote can switch its input power between solar cell and battery depending on the output level of a solar cell. During this switching, a mote may lose its state information due to the reset of a microprocessor by the transient power-off. A capacitor is used to cope with this phenomenon and also supplies power to a mote during a sleep mode. Experimental results show that the solar cell based mote operates in a very stable manner against the lack of sunlight long.