Sensor Height Research Articles

Initial results of the READY registry: comparison of visual and physiological lesion characterization and the effect of hydrostatic pressure correction

Abstract We aimed to compare resting Pd/Pa, FFR, and distal RFR values with and without hydrostatic pressure correction. Our main goal was to assess the influence of this correction on cut-off value-based decision-making for each physiological parameter. Data from patients enrolled in two centers of the READY registry (NCT04857762) were analyzed. Center 1 employed catheter and pressure sensor height differences defined from lateral angiographic projection for hydrostatic pressure correction, while Center 2 utilized average pressure differentials from published data. In Center 1, the height difference underlying the hydrostatic pressure correction did not differ significantly from the average values published in previous publication (-5.22±1.1cm for LAD, 2.44±1.1cm for CX, and 1.63±2.8cm for RCA). Consequently, FFR and distal RFR values corrected with average pressure differentials rarely yielded different cut-off-based characterizations compared to individually measured corrections (2.4%). A total of 42 measurements were evaluated in Center 1 (33 patients) and 40 measurements in Center 2 (40 patients). Stenoses were characterized using resting Pd/Pa (0.91 ± 0.05), FFR (0.80 ± 0.08), distal RFR (0.86 ± 0.09) and ΔRFR (0.07 ± 0.07) values. Regarding all the investigated vessels, statistically significant differences were observed in FFR (0.80 ± 0.08 vs 0.81 ± 0.08; p < 0.001), distal RFR (0.86 ± 0.09 vs 0.87 ± 0.09; p < 0.001), and ΔRFR (0.053 ± 0.04 vs 0.047 ± 0.04; p = 0.014) before and after correction. These changes after hydrostatic correction were driven dominantly by the LAD measurements being LAD stenoses constituted the majority of the cases (73.2%). Overall (n=82), hydrostatic pressure correction modified cut-off-based categorization in 24 (29.3%) cases for Pd/Pa, and 19 (23.2%) cases for both distal RFR and FFR measurements. Notably, ΔRFR assessment also changed in 22.2% of cases after correction. Among LAD stenoses (n=60), hydrostatic pressure correction altered cut-off-based characterization in 22 (36.7%), 19 (31.7%), and 17 (28.3%) cases of resting Pd/Pa, distal RFR, and FFR measurements, respectively. Hydrostatic pressure correction offers the potential to enhance the accuracy of intracoronary physiological measurements, especially for LAD stenoses. Our data suggest that the published average pressure differences of each coronary segment can be used for correction.Lateral view and delta RFRIndividual vs Average LAd correction

How inaccurate offshore wind observations impact the quality of operational numerical weather prediction

AbstractAt Norwegian offshore platforms, wind speed is observed at heights between approx. 35 and approx. 150 m a.s.l. These observations are used to estimate 10‐m wind speed, by a power law with a constant wind shear coefficient. The resulting 10‐m wind speed is then distributed to the Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and used for assimilation and verification purposes by the meteorological community. However, multiple methods with varying results exist for the reduction of wind speed from the original measurement height to 10 m. The resulting estimate of 10‐m wind speed is therefore sensitive to the choice of method. The use of such observations may therefore be suboptimal in forecast analysis and make the forecast verification difficult to interpret. This study investigates how the use of these observations impacts forecasts from the operational regional forecast system used at MET Norway and the Global Integrated Forecast System operated by ECMWF for the period 2017–2023. Both forecast systems assimilated the observations over major parts of the period and the presented results indicate that the use of these observations increased the initial errors in the forecasts. This is confirmed in a data denial experiment over a shorter period of time. The verification results show that both forecast systems underestimate the wind speed at the original measurement heights, while the results for 10‐m verification vary with the interpolation method between original sensor height and 10 m. The forecasts show in general more wind than the GTS‐distributed estimates and are in better agreement with more advanced interpolation methods. The verification results show a strong dependency on the vertical stability of the atmosphere. The major differences between the forecast systems are that the regional system shows less bias, while the standard deviations of the errors are slightly lower in the global system.

Design and optimization for GIS UHF-Overvoltage composite sensor

Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is widely used in power systems. Various built-in sensors have been designed to monitor internal partial discharges (PDs) and overvoltage, ensuring the safe operation of GIS. This paper presents a composite sensor for simultaneous measurement of PD and voltage, along with an effective optimization method that utilizes a Gaussian process (GP) surrogate model and self-adaptive evolution to optimize the complex composite sensors evaluated through simulations. The optimization method realizes accurate prediction of complex problems during the iteration with fewer training samples and is applied to the designed composite sensor, which requires determining additional parameters compared to the conventional sensors. Through iterations, the effective height of the composite sensor is significantly increased while maintaining a required measuring bandwidth. A test platform is constructed to assess the performance, and results demonstrate that the optimized sensor exhibits satisfying performance measuring both UHF PD signals and overvoltage in GIS. This study provides a design method for UHF-related sensors characterized by structural complexity.

Closed-Loop Control of Melt Pool Temperature during Laser Metal Deposition.

Laser metal deposition (LMD) is a technology for the production of near-net-shape components. It is necessary to control the manufacturing process to obtain good geometrical accuracy and metallurgical properties. In the present study, a closed-loop control method of melt pool temperature for the deposition of small Ti6Al4V blocks in open environment was proposed. Based on the developed melt pool temperature sensor and deposition height sensor, a closed-loop control system and proportional-integral (PI) controller were developed and tested. The results show that with a PI temperature controller, the melt pool temperature tends to the desired value and remains stable. Compared to the deposition block without the controller, a flatter surface and no oxidation phenomenon are obtained with the controller.

A Novel Movable Mannequin Platform for Evaluating and Optimising mmWave Radar Sensor for Indoor Crowd Evacuation Monitoring Applications

Developing mmWave radar sensors for indoor crowd motion sensing and tracking faces a critical challenge: the scarcity of large-scale, high-quality training data. Traditional human experiments encounter logistical complexities, ethical considerations, and safety issues. Replicating precise human movements across trials introduces noise and inconsistency into the data. To address this, this study proposes a novel solution: a movable platform equipped with a life-size mannequin to generate realistic and diverse data points for mmWave radar training and testing. Unlike human subjects, the platform allows precise control over movements, optimising sensor placement relative to the target object. Preliminary optimisation results reveal that sensor height impacts tracking performance, with an optimal sensor placement above the test subject yields the best results. The results also reveal that the 3D data format outperforms 2D data in accuracy despite having fewer frames. Additionally, analysing height distribution using 3D data highlights the importance of the sensor angle—15° downwards from the horizontal plane.

Suppression of surficial maghaemite magnetic noise using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle deployed magnetometer

Data from two areas in the Tennant Creek mineral field that were recently flown with a magnetometer towed below an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV or “drone”) using a sensor height of 15–20 m above ground are compared to older datasets acquired on the ground and in the air. The ground data are shown to be severely affected by surficial maghaemite, creating significant noise degradation of the ground data. Conversely, regional data flown at a height of 60 m above ground level only produces very subtle anomalies over the targeted features that could be easily missed by interpreters. Low-level, high-resolution UAV data shows significant improvement in signal-to-noise equivalent to upward continuation: filtering out the surficial signals while retaining excellent detectability of small subsurface ironstone targets, and significant gains in surveying efficiency over both ground and airborne operations.

Design and Development of Smart Blind Stick for Visually Impaired People

Blindness is a condition in which a person loses their ability to see because of physiological or neurological issues. This paper suggests a smart blind stick that uses modern technologies to make traveling easier for visually impaired people. Ultrasonic, light, water, and height sensors are used in the blind stick. An ultrasonic sensor is used to identify obstacles ahead of blind people. In addition, water sensors detect the presence of water and leaks when deployed in regions. One ultrasonic sensor is placed on the walking stick to classify the height of a barrier. An LDR is used to provide information about day and night. It also has GPS to help blind people track their location. Furthermore, a voice recognition system was employed to deliver the message by the human voice. Its height can be adjusted easily. After understanding customers’ demands, some ideas are added to create a product prototype. A cost analysis has been conducted, and it is discovered that mass production of the product is quite profitable. The smart blind stick is a low-cost, fast, and easy solution for blind and visually impaired people in third-world countries.

Design Aspects for Portable LED-Based Colorimetric Characterisation Systems Targeting Liquid Analytes.

Colorimetric characterisation systems based on LEDs and RBG sensors are straightforward to implement, are highly integrable allowing for portable measurement systems and can be constructed using widespread and affordable components. They have already proved to be a satisfactory solution in several applications related to chemical analysis. In this paper, we present an RGB sensor-based prototype for colorimetric characterisation, which can accommodate cuvettes with optical paths of 10 mm and 40 mm. We assessed the impact of experimental condition parameters such as the variability of the analyte volume in the cuvette, as well as the presence of floating particles or deposits at the bottom of the cuvette. While these would not impact the result given by a spectrophotometer that generally has a directional light source, they must be considered in LED/RGB sensor analysers in which the light path is not tightly controlled. We demonstrated that there is a minimal sensor height above the bottom of the cuvette and a minimal analyte level (both depending on the prototype optical path length) above which the analyte volume and the presence of floating particles and deposits have no impact on the prototype output signal. Finally, based on these results, we proposed a test method for a quick dye-displacement assay, in which the reagent is a dye-loaded molecularly imprinted polymer that is poured directly into a cuvette.

Near-Surface Air Temperature Records over the Past 30 Years in the Interior of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica

Abstract The interior of Dronning Maud Land (DML) in East Antarctica is one of the most data-sparse regions of Antarctica for studying climate change. A monthly mean near-surface temperature dataset for the last 30 years has been compiled from the historical records from automatic weather stations (AWSs) at three sites in the region (Mizuho, Relay Station, and Dome Fuji). Multiple AWSs have been installed along the route to Dome Fuji since the 1990s, and observations have continued to the present day. The use of passive-ventilated radiation shields for the temperature sensors at the AWSs may have caused a warm bias in the temperature measurements, however, due to insufficient ventilation in the summer, when solar radiation is high and winds are low. In this study, these warm biases are quantified by comparison with temperature measurements with an aspirated shield and subsequently removed using a regression model. Systematic error resulting from changes in the sensor height due to accumulating snow was insignificant in our study area. Several other systematic errors occurring in the early days of the AWS systems were identified and corrected. After the corrections, multiple AWS records were integrated to create a time series for each station. The percentage of missing data over the three decades was 21% for Relay Station and 28% for Dome Fuji. The missing rate at Mizuho was 49%, more than double that at Relay Station. These new records allow for the study of temperature variability and change in DML, where climate change has so far been largely unexplored. Significance Statement Antarctic climate change has been studied using temperature data at staffed stations. The staffed stations, however, are mainly located on the Antarctic Peninsula and in the coastal regions. Climate change is largely unknown in the Antarctic plateau, particularly in the western sector of the East Antarctic Plateau in areas such as the interior of Dronning Maud Land (DML). To fill the data gap, this study presents a new dataset of monthly mean near-surface climate data using historical observations from three automatic weather stations (AWSs). This dataset allows us to study temperature variability and change over a data-sparse region where climate change has been largely unexplored.

Sensitivity characteristics of a wave height sensor based on a MEMS piezoresistive cantilever and waterproof film

Abstract This paper presents the frequency characteristics of a barometric pressure-sensing wave height sensor employing a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) piezoresistive cantilever and a micromesh waterproof film. The proposed sensor exhibited mechanical bandpass filter characteristics owing to air leakage around the cantilever and film. Consequently, high robustness can be achieved if the frequency is designed to match the wave range. We theoretically and experimentally verified that the frequency response is influenced by the film's chamber volume and permeability constant. We demonstrated that the proposed frequency-response model helps design a waterproof wave height sensor using a cantilever-type differential pressure sensor.

Evaluation of in situ observations on Marine Weather Observer during Typhoon Sinlaku

Abstract. The mobile ocean weather observation system, named Marine Weather Observer (MWO), developed by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), consists of a fully solar-powered, unoccupied vehicle and meteorological and hydrological instruments. One of the MWOs completed a long-term continuous observation, actively approaching the center of Typhoon Sinlaku from 24 July to 2 August 2020, over the South China Sea. The in situ and high-temporal-resolution (1 min) observations obtained from MWO were analyzed and evaluated through comparison with the observations made by two types of buoys during the evolution of Typhoon Sinlaku. First, the air pressure and wind speed measured by MWO are in good agreement with those measured by the buoys before the typhoon, reflecting the equivalent measurement capabilities of the two methods under normal sea conditions. The sea surface temperature (SST) between MWO and the mooring buoys is highly consistent throughout the observation period, indicating the high stability and accuracy of SST measurements from MWO during the typhoon evolution. The air temperature and relative humidity measured by MWO have significant diurnal variations, generally lower than those measured by the buoys, which may be related to the mounting height and sensitivity of sensors. When actively approaching the typhoon center, the air pressure from MWO can reflect some drastic and subtle changes, such as a sudden drop to 980 hPa, which is difficult to obtain by other observation methods. As a mobile meteorological and oceanographic observation station, MWO has shown its unique advantages over traditional observation methods, and the results preliminarily demonstrate the reliable observation capability of MWO in this paper.

Turn Compensation Control Development and Analysis for a Self-Propelled Sprayer Chassis Suspension System

Highlights An Experimental sprayer chassis suspension control system was developed and evaluated in headland turns. Turning evaluation performance metrics and methods were conceptualized in the context of sprayers. The Experimental chassis suspension system showed stability and comfort increases during aggressive turns. Boom stability improved significantly after completion of the turn for the Experimental suspension system. Abstract. A challenging economic, environmental, and regulatory landscape causes the need for efficient agricultural machinery. The performance of self-propelled sprayers depends on their ability to deposit chemicals accurately and efficiently, and increased machine sizes and faster driving speeds require consideration for sprayer chassis stability. One method of improving this stability is using variable damping elements in the sprayer chassis suspension system. In this work, an Experimental sprayer chassis suspension system that implemented turning event detection and variable damping control was developed for headland turning events. The Experimental chassis suspension system was tested for a constant speed headland turn maneuver at 10 to 25 m turn radii. The performance of the Experimental system was quantified in terms of operator comfort and operator health, chassis roll and roll rate amplitudes, and boom height sensor standard deviation, and this performance was compared to a Baseline sprayer suspension configuration. From the data collected, the Experimental suspension system improved chassis roll and roll rate stability by 30% to 40% for the entry portion of the turning event regardless of turn radius while also showing a 5% increase in ride quality. The need for tuning the damping level to the chassis yaw rate was identified from decreased comfort performance metrics at larger turn radii. Boom height stability improved significantly for Experimental suspension configurations, particularly after the turning event, showing an 8% to 21% improvement in boom height standard deviation. Further exploration of control parameters and their effects outside turning events should be conducted to ensure optimal control law settings based on machine configurations. Keywords: Chassis suspension, Control, Performance, Self-propelled sprayer, Stability, Turn event, Variable damping.

Performance Parameter Study of Signal Warning Detector (SWAD) and Circuit System

Safety is a factor that needs to be prioritised at the workplace. Every worker in the sector values a safe and secure work environment, so workplace safety is important for all of them. Highway maintenance workers' safety is critical since they are placed in the highway's work zone to perform maintenance tasks. There are many incidents involving maintenance workers when working on the highway since there is a poor danger detection system in place to alert workers during the working process. The goal of this research is to build an improved safety system for maintenance workers on the job. There are two objectives in this study, which are to study the parameters effect of applying a distance sensor in finding the best safety vehicle detection at an emergency lane and the reliability test of a signal warning detector (SWAD) casing for the best installation at a road maintenance vehicle. The SWAD set up and experimental performance field test have been done. The study was conducted by setting up the SWAD at Padang Kawad, UTHM, and testing its ability to detect the presence of a vehicle at different distances and sensor heights. The vibration test for SWAD circuit casing has be done using a vibration shaker. The results showed that the SWAD was able to detect the presence of a vehicle at 90 metres and at a sensor height of 0.7 metres. From the vibration testing for the long pane, we know that the maximum vibration of SWAD’s circuit casing can absorb, which is 13.074 Hz, and the speed of the vibration is 3.8319 m/s. The system can increase the level of safety among highway workers if it is implemented on highways for safety purposes involving highway workers and users of highways.

Design and Validation of an Optimal Mechanical Enclosure for LowCost Real-Time Gluten Detection Using NIR Sensor in a Portable Device

Food allergy, specifically gluten intolerance, is a significant global health issue affecting approximately 7% of the population, with the only effective treatment being lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Despite the need, no rapid, low-cost, non-invasive testing device is available for patients with this disease. This research, conducted within the TECAM project funded by the Basque Government and in collaboration with Leartiker and CEIT, aims to design and implement a technological solution for celiac individuals to query gluten contamination of food samples in real time using a low- cost device based on a near infrared (NIR) sensor (DLP NIRscan Nano), with a focus on the mechanical design and validation of the sensor’s integration for optimal NIR spectroscopy. Evaluations of environmental impacts on sample acquisition highlighted the significance of various disturbances like sensor height, light exposure, device temperature, and sample preparation, with tests using the SparkFun AS7263 sensor showing the importance of minimizing sensor height and external turbulence. This necessitated a closed, opaque enclosure, designed with CAD tools and 3D printed, with its efficacy validated using the "Software Usability Scale" (SUS) and "USE Questionnaire". Twenty prototypes were created during this iterative process, and the final design successfully integrates the DLP NIR scan Nano sensor, aligning with the design 4 all philosophy and ensuring optimal sensor functionality. Conclusively, this study offers a low-cost, portable design for a NIR sensor integration to detect gluten, emphasizing the need to minimize environmental disturbances and incorporating user feedback to produce a practical tool for celiacs to non-invasively assess gluten contamination quickly

Design of water level detection monitoring system using fusion sensor based on Internet of Things (IoT)

River flooding is a condition when the water in a river overflows and exceeds its normal capacity, thereby flooding the surrounding area. This flood disaster has been a known problem for a long time and causes great damage in the affected areas. Flood events inRivers are influenced by many factors, such as climate change, rapid urbanization, inappropriate land use, ineffective water management patterns, as well as uncontrolled addition of hard soil surfaces. Flood conditions in rivers involve complex processes and are influenced by various factors components, such as rainfall, water flow, topography, vegetation, and many other factors. Therefore, this research is very urgent because it can help reduce the negative impacts of flooding, increase public safety, become a basis for decision making, save costs and resources and make a positive contribution to technological development. This study aims to create a prototype of a flood early warning system. The system is based on a wireless sensor network whose interconnections are connected by a star topology. Every node is a combination of several sensors (sensor fusion) that are related to detecting floods, such as: height sensors, water flow speed sensors and rainfall intensity sensors. Design of hardware (hardware) and software (software) will be done. A classification mechanism based on Fuzzy Logic will be used to estimate flood conditions based on existing data. Flood estimation will determine the time and distance of flood events that will occur. Several experiments in the laboratory will be carried out to determine the performance of the designed system.

Determining the type of explosive item using a decision tree

The present circumstances in Ukraine delineate specific areas of study. The imperative to identify an explosive device is increasingly paramount for adults and particularly for children. Failing to recognize this danger poses a threat to health and life. The paper presents a decision tree method for classifying the type of explosive objects. This allows you to draw conclusions about the type of explosive object hidden depending on the type of soil. This problem is relevant, as it allows to reasonably explain the type of danger depending on various external factors. The paper offers a general representation of the construction of a decision tree for determining the type of explosive objects. In addition, the work provides a visualization of the division into nodes for a visual representation of the construction of a decision tree, taking into account the division into subtrees and nodes. The nodes are the main attributes: voltage, sensor height above ground level, soil type. The decision tree construction algorithm and the structural block diagram of the ID3 algorithm are given. A study was conducted based on who was chosen to measure the entropy decision tree split chaos. The main characteristics of the ID3 algorithm were listed, taking into account the subject area in which it is used. The paper presents one of the built decision trees, which was built as part of research to determine the type of explosive object depending on the possible type of soil, for example, it is dry and sandy soil. Moreover, the paper provides a comparative analysis of the decision tree model against existing methodologies, shedding light on its efficacy, accuracy, and potential advancements in enhancing threat detection capabilities. This comprehensive analysis not only showcases the model's strengths but also offers insights into potential areas for refinement and improvement

Designing, Optimizing, and Validating a Low-Cost, Multi-Purpose, Automatic System-Based RGB Color Sensor for Sorting Fruits

The use of automatic systems in the agriculture sector enhances product quality and the country’s economy. The method used to sort fruits and vegetables has a remarkable impact on the export market and quality assessment. Although manual sorting and grading can be performed easily, it is inconsistent, time-consuming, expensive, and highly influenced by the surrounding environment. In this regard, this study aimed to design and optimize the performance of a low-cost, multi-purpose, automatic RGB color-based sensor for sorting fruits. The proposed automatic color sorting system consists of hardware components including a machine frame, belt and pulleys, conveyor belt, scanning zone, plastic boxes, electric components (stepper motors, RGB color sensors, Arduino Mega, motor drivers), and software components (Arduino IDE version 2.2.1 and C++). Calibration was performed for the light intensity sensor to measure the light intensity inside the scanning zone, the conveyor speed sensor, and the RGB color sensors by testing the RGB color channels. The sensor, the height, conveyor belt color, and light intensity should be carefully adjusted to ensure a high performance of the color-based sorting system. The results showed that the appropriate sensor height ranged from 15 to 30 mm, the optimum color of the conveyor belt was black, and scanning the objects at a light intensity of 25 lux achieved the best output signals. The RGB color sensors achieved an analytical performance similar to that obtained with manual sorting without requiring the use of computers for image processing like other automatic sorting systems do in order to gather RGB data.

Relating GPR system parameters to regulatory emissions limits

AbstractGround penetrating radar (GPR) is regulated regarding emission limits for ultra‐wideband in a number of jurisdictions. The definitions of these regulations employ concepts and terminology that are more suited to traditional narrow band radio transmitters. Further, the emissions limits were based on limited quantitative factual information and have resulted in stringent limitations on GPR technology advancement. Factual theoretical and experimental information on the emissions from actual GPR devices is not generally available, and the relationship with regulatory requirements is poorly understood by users. This information gap must be filled if a compelling argument for less stringent emissions levels is to be mounted in the future. Moreover, the current regulations have the potential to trigger further review of emission limits in the future which could be detrimental to the use of GPR. In this paper, we present the basic steps entailed in translating impulse time‐domain GPR instrument behaviour into ‘regulatory’ parameters. To achieve this, we also employ three‐dimensional finite‐difference time‐domain numerical modelling to simulate the transient electromagnetic field variation around dipole antennas placed on the surface of a half‐space or at a height over it to illustrate the dependency on sensor height and ground permittivity. The ultimate goal is to establish the foundation for more sensible rule making, if and when, the regulatory standards come under scrutiny for revision and further user understanding.

Non-linear GMI decoding in 3D printed magnetic encoded systems

The nonlinear giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect was explored as a highly sensitive sensing technology in 3D-printed magnetic encoded systems. Magnetic nanoparticles with low (magnetite, Fe3O4) and high (Co ferrite, Co0.7Fe2.3O4) magnetic remanence were embedded (10 wt.%) in a polymeric matrix of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) and extruded in magnetic filaments to be 3D printed by the Fused Deposition Modelling technique (FDM). Two different geometries were constructed namely, individual magnetic strips and fixed barcoded pieces. The stray magnetic fields generated by the magnetic nanoparticles were detected through the non-linear (second harmonic) GMI voltage using a soft magnetic CoFeSiB wire as the nucleus sensor. The decoding response was analyzed as a function of the magnetization remanence of the nanoparticles, the distance between the individual magnetic strips, and the position (height) of the GMI decoding sensor. It has been shown that modification of the net magnetization direction of each individual fixed strip within the barcode geometry is possible through the application of local external magnetic fields. This possibility improves the versatility of the 3D binary encoding system by adding an additional state (0 without nanoparticles, 1 or -1 depending on the relative orientation of the net magnetization along the strips) during the codifying procedure.

Effect of thin-film sensors on local heat transfer in convective heat flux measurement

Thin-film heat flux sensors are usually attached to the interesting surface for the measurement of wall heat flux in the aerospace industry. However, the presence of the surface-mounted sensors may disturb the velocity and thermal boundary layer, alert the local wall heat flux, and induce erroneous measured results. This study numerically investigates the effect of the presence of thin-film heat flux sensors on the local flow and heat transfer. The effects of both Reynold number of the flow and the geometry of the sensor are investigated. The results show that the local convective heat transfer can be remarkably enhanced by the presence of the sensor. In particular, when the height of the thin-film heat flux sensor is within 2% of the flow boundary layer, the enhancement of the convection heat transfer caused by the heat flux sensor is independent with the inlet velocity of the flow. Finally, an empirical model for estimating the influence of the sensor on the heat transfer is established based on the numerical findings, which can provide a useful tool for practical design to evaluate and minimize the effect of the sensor on the local convective heat transfer.