Sensitive Reaction Research Articles

Functions and semantics of foreign language beauty vocabulary in the modern Russian language

The authors examine the main principles of the vocabulary of the semantic field “Cosmetics and cosmetic products” formation and development in the modern Russian language. The purpose of this study is to describe the functional status and semantic parameters of lexical units of foreign origin in comparison with their prototypes. The relevance of the work is dual: extralinguistic space transformation, the deepening of knowledge about it and the complication of the knowledge structure means the evolution of language systems, where the vocabulary demonstrates the most sensitive reactions and, therefore, higher dynamics. The material of the work included the data form advertising texts and audiovisual documents published in specialized magazines (articles and reviews), as well as users’ comments at beauty forums. The authors followed the system-synergetic model of foreign lexemes in the Russian language compared with their prototypes in the source language. The concept of language contacts is clarified and the main approaches to the typology of foreign vocabulary are provided. The authors establish the most significant differential semes that categorize the vocabulary of the sphere under study and clarify its etymological composition. The types of variability of foreign language units in the beauty vocabulary are described in detail and the wide distribution of these particular variants are explained. Based on a detailed structural analysis of lexical units, the authors draw conclusions about the productivity of some morphological ways of forming new words, such as suffixation and composition. The study also reveals the increasing frequency of the so-called phraseological (or combinability) calquing. A comparative component analysis of the meaning of a foreign word in Russian and its prototype identified ascending trends in semantics within the framework of the studied layer: the functioning of semantic rows where logical-hierarchical paradigms are built.

Effects of dimethyl ether blending on H2-fueled combustion characteristics and thermal improvement in fuel-lean condition

Micro-combustors play a pivotal role in micro powering system due to the potential for high energy density. However, addressing challenges such as incomplete combustion and high heat dissipation losses are essential for optimizing the working performance. So, the blended DME is proposed to micro-combustion, which acts as a promising oxygenated fuel with significant attention due to its higher reactivity, lower pollutant emissions, and carbon–neutral properties. However, the lack of dynamic models applicable to H2/DME fueled combustion in micro condition, so an optimized mechanism for blended H2/DME combustion is developed and validated. The results demonstrate that a reduced mechanism comprising 29 species and 106 reactions (M29-106*) can be commendably employed in micro H2/DME/air combustion simulation, according to the sensitivity analysis and reaction modification. Besides, investigation is conducted to explore micro-combustion characteristics of H2/DME/Air. The result shows that burning process and heat transfer are notably influenced by DME addition, leading to shifts in flame positions and adjustments in combustion reaction rates. So, DME addition enhances energy efficiency and modifies flame location through fluid field optimization and reduced heat loss. The thermal performance of the combustor is significantly improved with DME blending, resulting in higher radiative power and radiation efficiency. However, the choice of DME blending ratio must be carefully considered, as high blending ratios may compromise flame stability and lead to increased exhaust heat losses under fuel-lean conditions. Specifically, burning with 30 % DME addition achieves a radiative power of 20.24 W and a radiative efficiency of 40.57 % at the same chemical energy Ec = 49.9 W, which is 5.57 W and 11.17 % higher than that of pure H2-fueled combustion, respectively. These findings offer valuable insights for the design and optimization of micro-combustors, where compact and efficient power sources are required.

Structural dependent degradation of histamine H2-receptor antagonists by UV/NH2Cl: Reactive species contribution and the role of carbonate ions on ·NO generation

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists (HRAs) are a group of widely used gastrointestinal drugs that have been frequently detected in natural environments. UV/chloramine (NH2Cl) is a widely used disinfection process in water treatment, while the performance of HRAs degradation by UV/NH2Cl is still unclear. In this work, the degradation kinetics, mechanism and disinfection byproducts formation of HRAs by UV/NH2Cl were studied. The degradation of HRAs, including ranitidine (RNTD), nizatidine (NZTD), roxatidine (RXTD), cimetidine (CMTD) and famotidine (FMTD) was fast in the UV/NH2Cl process, and ·OH, Cl· and ·NO contributed to their degradation. CMTD had the highest rate constants with ·OH, Cl· and ·NO. RXTD, NZTD and FMTD were more reactive with ·OH, while RNTD was more selective towards Cl·. The contribution of ·OH, Cl· and reactive nitrogen species to HRAs degradation in water matrices was further quantified by kinetic modeling. Interestingly, carbonate species were found to promote the yield of ·NO. Further investigation through sensitivity analysis of the modeling reactions concluded the sensitive reactions for ·NO promotion. The structure–activity assessment domenstrated that the reactivity of thioether sulfur, CMTD-C3 and RXTD-N48 and piperidine rings resulted in the difference of degradation rates. Hydroxylation, nitrosation, chlorine substitution and oxygen atom transfer were the primary pathways for HRAs degradation. The formation of NDMA might be a prevalent problem along HRAs’ degradation in the UV/NH2Cl process, and the formation potential of NDMA is dependent on the types of amine groups in HRAs. This work provides an effective strategy to eliminate HRAs, revealed the NDMA formation potential in HRAs, and emphasized the role of carbonate species in ·NO generation.

Inhibition of hydrogen-air mixtures by using chemical vapor additives

Various approaches are being used for the minimization of risk related to hydrogen hazards. The present study highlights the suppression of hydrogen-air explosion using additives (bromoethane and bromopropane) through experimental and theoretical methods. The experiments were carried out with different equivalence ratios (Ф = 0.5–2) and additive contents (3–15%) at 298 K and 1 bar initial conditions. The results indicate the influence of additives on the maximum pressure-rise, minimum ignition energy and burning velocity. Theoretical study was conducted using CHEMKIN and determined the sensitivity analysis, species profile and reaction path analysis. After the explosion, pressure increases at lower additive fractions for fuel-lean and stoichiometric mixtures and decreases at higher additive contents. In fuel-rich mixtures, pressure rapidly decreases with the increasing additive contents. In the presence of additives, the relative pressure-rise rate decreases, while the time to maximum pressure-rise and ignition energy increase are irrespective of Ф. Moreover, the maximum declination of burning velocity reflects at Φ = 2 and 3% of either additive reduces the burning rate almost by half. The sensitivity coefficient decreases for the flame-promoting reactions and increases for the flame-inhibiting reactions. In such reactions, the inhibiting radicals capture the free radicals and cease the flame propagation, resulting in flame suppression. The reactions R788 (C2H5Br + OH = C2H4Br + H2O) and R834 (C3H7Br + OH = C3H6Br + H2O) have a negative reaction sensitivity coefficient that reflects the effect of suppression. The enhancement of the mole fraction of hydrogen bromide (HBr) with additive content signifies flame suppression. The effect of additives on the explosion characteristics indicates that bromopropane is more effective than bromoethane in minimizing hydrogen hazards.

High Heart Rate Variability Causes Better Adaptation to the Impact of Geomagnetic Storms

Our study aimed to test whether specific sensitive reactions in healthy males to the changes in geomagnetic activity (GMA) are different depending on the baseline self-regulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In this study, the ANS response in the different phases of geomagnetic storms (GMSs) has been measured via the heart rate variability (HRV) using one-way ANOVA and the Bonferroni-adjusted t-test. In the case of high HRV, changes were found to indicate a significant intensification of both parts of the ANS: the sympathetic part (SP) showed increased stress levels and the parasympathetic part (PP) marked a self-regulation effort in the main and restoration phases of GMSs. In the case of low HRV, changes indicate a significant enhancement in the SP after the main phase of GMSs, with a day’s delay. GMA is a sufficient environmental factor for healthy males, causing stress reactions of the ANS in the main and restoration phases of GMSs. However, the different self-regulation of the ANS results in different dynamics in its variation depending on the individual’s character of the baseline ANS state; the optimal adaptation reactions of healthy males with baseline high HRV are achieved with decreased heart rate and increased HRV in the main phase of GMSs.

Setting Safe Operation Conditions for Acetyl Chloride Hydrolysis through Dynamic Modelling and Bifurcation Analysis

Acetyl chloride hydrolysis is a highly sensitive exothermic reaction that has presented several industrial safety issues. In the present study, a multiparameter mathematical model, previously developed and applied to simulate the oscillatory thermal behavior of an experimental continuous stirred tank reactor, was used to determine the static/dynamic bifurcation behavior of this reactive system. The values predicted by the model showed good agreement with the experimental data reported in the literature. Full topological classification of its fixed points and iterative maps was obtained: unique solutions (stable and unstable), multiple solutions, cyclic envelope, and bifurcation objects of codimension 1 (e.g., fold and Hopf’s points) and codimension 2 (e.g., cusp and generalized Hopf and Bogdanov-Takens points) have been uncovered. The emphasis of the analysis is to determine safe operating conditions through understanding these topological features and manipulating the reactor design and operating parameters.

Moringa oleifera Leaves Protein Enhances Intestinal Permeability by Activating TLR4 Upstream Signaling and Disrupting Tight Junctions.

Changes in intestinal mucosal barrier permeability lead to antigen sensitization and mast cell-mediated allergic reactions, which are considered to play important roles in the occurrence and development of food allergies. It has been suggested that protein causes increased intestinal permeability via mast cell degranulation, and we investigated the effect of camellia Moringa oleifera leaves protein on intestinal permeability and explored its role in the development of food allergies. The current study investigated the effect of M. oleifera leaves protein on intestinal permeability through assessments of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transmembrane transport of FITC-dextran by Caco-2 cells. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), IL-8, Occludin, Claudin-1, and perimembrane protein family (ZO-1) were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The effect of M. oleifera leaves protein on intestinal permeability was verified in mice in vivo. The serum fluorescence intensity was measured using the FITC-dextran tracer method, and the expression of tight junction proteins was detected using Western blotting. The results showed that M. oleifera leaves protein widened the gaps between Caco-2 cells, reduced transmembrane resistance, and increased permeability. This protein also reduced the mRNA and protein levels of Occludin, Claudin-1, and ZO-1. Animal experiments showed that intestinal permeability was increased, and that the expression of the tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-1 were downregulated in mice. This study shows that M. oleifera leaves protein has components that increase intestinal permeability, decrease tight junction protein expression, promote transmembrane transport in Caco-2 cells, and increase intestinal permeability in experimental animals. The finding that M. oleifera leaves active protein increases intestinal permeability suggests that this protein may be valuable for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of M. oleifera leaves allergy.

Fillers Around the Nose.

The aim of this paper is to review the fillers around the nose. The literature search was performed at the PubMed and Proquest Central database of the Kirikkale University Library. Characteristics of an ideal dermal filling material would be low cost, high safety, not causing pain during filling, provoking few sensitivity reactions and being durable. The material should allow reproducible results that are in line with expectation and produce a natural texture, be quick to use, be operation-ready, not cause the patient to need to convalesce and rarely cause complications. Nasal contour remodeling using fillers has several advantages: there is a brief recovery period, a general anesthetic is not needed and ecchymosis does not occur. There are a lot of filler materials, such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, Polymethylmethacrylate with Bovine Collagen, Poly-L-Lactic Acid, calcium hydroxylapatite and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. It is absolutely essential to choose carefully appropriate material and procedure for patients to obtain optimum results.

Dual-mode fluorescence and colorimetric sensing of sulfide anion in natural water based on near-infrared Ag2S quantum dots and MnO2 nanosheets complex

Near infrared (NIR) emission Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) are of great value for biochemical sensing with strong anti-interference and low toxicity. Herein, NIR fluorescence Ag2S QDs were synthesized successfully. Combined with the excellent oxidase-like characteristics of manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets, a fluorescence and colorimetric dual-mode sensor for sulfide anion was developed. MnO2 nanosheets could effectively catalyze the oxidation of TMB to produce blue TMB oxide (ox TMB), at the same time, the fluorescence of Ag2S QDs could be effectively quenched by fluorescence internal filtration effect (IFE) and dynamic quenching effect. The enzyme-like activity was weakened and the NIR fluorescence of Ag2S QDs was restored when sulfide anion (S2−) was added, due to the reduction of MnO2 to Mn2+.The linear ranges for fluorescence and colorimetric analysis of S2− were 2–250 μM and 0.3–50 μM, with detection limits of 0.6 and 0.215 μM, correspondingly. The dual-mode sensor had a wider detection range, higher sensitivity and shorter reaction time, which could be used for highly selective detection of S2− in different concentration ranges. In addition, it had been successfully applied to the determination of sulfide in water samples with satisfactory accuracy and sensitivity.

Impact of Tinted Lenses on Contrast Sensitivity, Color Vision, and Visual Reaction Time in Young Adults

Impact of Tinted Lenses on Contrast Sensitivity, Color Vision, and Visual Reaction Time in Young Adults

Impact of dopant X in zirconia on carbon deposition at the Nickel/X-stabilized zirconia(XSZ) surface in dry CH4 and CH4/H2O environments: First-principles density functional theory calculation and experimental study

The impact of a dopant (X; X = Y or Sc) in zirconia on carbon deposition in CH4 and CH4/H2O environments was studied experimentally and via first-principles calculations. In the CH4 environment, the apparent activation energy for the carbon deposition of Ni/ScSZ was lower than that of Ni/YSZ. SEM/EDS observation indicated the Ni/XSZ interface was key to elucidating the dopant-induced difference. To clarify the difference, the calculation presented two mechanisms: first, the vacancy in ScSZ rather than that in YSZ was readily moved to a neighboring site, thereby stabilizing the vacancy configuration after CH–CH bonding. Second, Ni was readily distorted in Ni/ScSZ at the specific vacancy configuration, thereby decreasing the forward activation energy. In CH4/H2O environment, the calculation showed larger dopant Y caused steric hindrance to prevent CH + O→CHO which was the sensitive reaction in the steam reforming. This explained lower reforming rate in Ni/YSZ than in Ni/ScSZ.

A one-pot method based on rolling circle amplification and light‐activated CRISPR/Cas12a reaction for simple and highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus

Developing robust methods that achieve simple and highly sensitive detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is still a challenge. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification reactions-triggered CRISPR/Cas12a strategies offer promising sensing tools for bacteria detection, but have several issues that need to be solved, such as incompatible reaction systems, compromised sensitivity, and multiple reaction steps. Here, we develop a light-activated one-pot method based on rolling circle amplification-triggered CRISPR/Cas12a (RCA-Cas12a) for analyzing S. aureus directly. In the one-pot assay, the Cas12a reaction is started under light irradiation only after the RCA reaction is completed, thus avoiding interference between the two systems. The light-activated method is simple to operate, and its sensitivity is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the traditional one-pot assay. Accurately identifying contaminated samples from 120 real samples (serum, milk, and broth) prepared in a double-blind way demonstrates the good application capacity of the light-activated one-pot method. The method has a shorter analysis time, fewer operation steps, and higher accuracy in identifying contaminated samples compared with bacterial culture. Thus, the light-activated one-pot RCA-Cas12a method represents a simple tool for sensitive and specific detection of S. aureus in food and clinical samples.

Adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals

Spanish Royal Legislative Decree 1/2015 of July 24 considered radiopharmaceuticals to be drugs subject to current legislation on this matter. After Radiopharmaceuticals are prepared in Radiopharmacy Departments, they are administered to patients to observe alterations or their abnormal distribution in the body depending on the pathology. Unlike conventional drugs, radiopharmaceuticals rarely cause adverse reactions: however, when they do occur, they often cause alarm both to the patient and health care staff. They are typically administered to patients only once or a limited number of times. Most adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals are mild and require minimal or no treatment. Such reactions, although rare, can occur, and include sensitivity reactions with systemic symptoms. In general, the most common adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals are the following: nausea, dyspnea, bronchospasm, decrease in blood pressure, itching, flushing, hives, chills, cough, bradycardia, muscle cramps, and dizziness. The incidence of reported adverse reactions to radiopharmaceuticals is low. The objective of this review is to describe the most common published adverse reactions to diagnostic or therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and their characteristics.

Sharing peer advice: A case study of Chinese patients’ narratives in an online support group for mental health

Recent health communication studies have begun to look at online illness narratives, showing how narratives are used to report patients’ experience or to offer medical advice in various online contexts. However, few studies have sought to explore the communicative features of these online narratives in the Chinese context. Given the insufficient and uneven distribution of mental health resources and the intense stigma attached, an increasing number of Chinese patients with mental disorders are turning to online support groups (OSGs) for advice. We have limited understanding of Chinese patients’ lived experience or the potential of online illness narratives to be interpersonal tools for sharing advice. Drawing on computer-mediated discourse analysis, this study scrutinises narrative passages from a Chinese OSG to illustrate how individuals with mental illness interact in an online advisory context. The detailed analysis of narrative functions unpacks the potential of OSGs to provide storytelling opportunities for Chinese patients with mental disorders, allowing them to voice their concerns and experiences within the peer-to-peer network of relational understanding and support. This study also identifies a distinct feature of narrative activities in this online advisory context – the illness blog – and illustrates how its occurrence is related to the Chinese sociocultural values. This study can help raise awareness of illness narratives as a communication tool and facilitate culturally sensitive reactions of healthcare professionals towards patients’ narratives.

Normal linear and non-linear cochlear mechanisms and efferent system functioning in individuals with misophonia.

Misophonia, a condition characterized by heightened sensitivity and strong emotional reactions to specific sounds, has sparked considerable interest and debate regarding its underlying auditory mechanisms. The study aimed to understand the auditory underpinnings of two such potential inner ear systems, non-linear and linear outer hair cell functioning along with auditory efferent functioning in individuals with misophonia. 40 ears with misophonia (20 participants) and 37 ears without misophonia (20 participants), both having normal hearing sensitivity were included in this study. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were obtained in two conditions (with and without contralateral noise). Results of independent-samples t-test showed no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the absolute amplitudes of both TEOAEs and DPOAEs between the individuals with and without misophonia. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) observed in the magnitude of suppression amplitude between the two groups for in both TEOAEs and DPOAEs between individuals with and without misophonia. These results suggest that the cochlear and efferent auditory underpinnings examined in this study may not be major contributors to the development or manifestation of misophonia.

A magnetic solid phase chemiluminescent immunoassay for quantification of Cystatin C in human serum

A chemiluminescent immunoassay for human serum Cystatin C (Cys C) was established using a direct-antibody sandwich model. The immunoassay kit uses magnetic separation technology, using magnetic particles as the reaction solid phase, alkaline phosphatase as the marker enzyme, and a new chemiluminescent substrate APLS as the substrate. It has the characteristics of high sensitivity and short reaction time. This product uses high-affinity antibodies, resulting in a high specificity. The established method showed good accuracy, uniformity, and stability. The limit of detection was 2.39 ng/mL. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 3.36%–6.00%, the interassay CV was 4.12%–5.35%, and the recovery rate was 99.07%. The correlation coefficient (r) of Cys-C kit was 0.999388 ≥ 0.9900. The accuracy of the developed method was tested by automatic chemiluminescence instrument (P > 0.05). The lowest titer was 0.92500, and the highest was 1.10000. The developed method showed a good correlation with the product from Roche by comparing these two kits in 240 clinical samples from China. In total, 1392 clinical patient from China samples were measured using the reagent kit developed in this study.

Investigation of meat species adulteration in beef-based meat products via real-time PCR in Türkiye

The addition of poultry and other meats to products made from 100% beef is prohibited in Türkiye. In addition, in Türkiye, where the majority of the population is Muslim, the use of pork and single-hoofed meat is a matter of concern due to religious reasons. This study utilized a sensitive and specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to identify the different meat species in meat products marketed as 100% beef and sold in the eastern Türkiye provinces of Erzurum, Erzincan, Kars, Ağrı, and Bingöl. The real-time PCR method was used to investigate the presence of DNA specific to six animal species (chicken, turkey, pork, horse, donkey, and camel). The analysis revealed no traces of horse, donkey, camel, or pork meat in any of the 100 samples of Turkish fermented sausage (sucuk), salami, and sausage. Contrary to the product labels claiming 100% beef content, poultry DNA residues were identified in a salami sample from Erzincan, while turkey DNA residues were found in sucuk samples from both Ağrı and Kars. The study’s findings reveal that contrary to label information, various types of meat can be present in meat products sold by both trademarked and local butchers. Consequently, this paper emphasizes the need for routine checks on market-sold products to ensure they comply with legislation and avoid consumer deception. Furthermore, the Real-Time PCR method, with its rapid results and high sensitivity, is deemed beneficial for food safety, consumer rights, and the prevention of unfair competition.

A-285 Performance Evaluation of LIAISON® QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus Assay and Its Use in Long-Term Care Facilities

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis with 7860 cases reported in 2021 in the United State and estimated 13 million people are living with Latent TB infection (LTBI); Early detection of TB infection is crucial to prevent the spread of the disease; there are two types of tests for TB and LTBI: Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) and Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA). Although TST has good sensitivity but false-negative reactions occur in certain population and the specificity of is decreased among persons with prior Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, especially those vaccinated post-infancy and those with repeat vaccination. Similarly, persons living in areas where nontuberculous mycobacteria are common are at increased risk of having false-positive TST reactions. IGRA is blood-based laboratory test that measures responses to TB-specific peptide antigens in whole blood. Like the tuberculin skin test (TST), it is an indirect test for M. tuberculosis infection, but is more specific than TST and is unaffected by prior BCG vaccination and most environmental mycobacterial infections. Methods The LIAISON® QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus assay is an in vitro diagnostic test for the detection of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in human lithium heparin plasma by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) using the LIAISON ® XL Analyzer. The clinical specificity and sensitivity were 96.9% and 84.4% respectively. Clinical studies have shown Positive Percent Agreement (PPA) of 97.4% and Negative Percent Agreement (NPA) of 98.6%. We evaluated the precision, reproducibility, and correlated patient results to our reference lab results. 452 samples collected from Long-Term Care facilities resident were run over 9 months. Statistical analyses were done using Analyse-it. Results The percentage agreement for precision, reproducibility, and accuracy were 100%. The correlation with the reference laboratory was 100% agreement. We found 14.8% of samples tested were positive, 83.2% were negative and 2.0% were indeterminate. Conclusion The LIAISON® QuantiFERON®-TB Gold Plus assay offers the benefit of a fully automated with high sensitivity and specificity. The faster turnaround will aid the physician in the diagnosing M. tuberculosis, eliminates the need for two-step testing, and is preferred in patients who received BCG vaccination. In addition, with the growing geriatric population, the availability of this test will give the physician the opportunity to follow the 2016 American Thoracic Society (ATS)/Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA)/CDC clinical practice guidelines for using IGRAs in older patients.

B-370 Clinical Utility of microRNA Quantitative Analysis Using Double Quencher Probes and Methylation Analysis by Methylation Sensitive Restriction Enzyme Polymerase Chain Reaction for Bladder Cancer

Abstract Background Histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNA (miRNA)-mediated gene silence are examples of epigenetic changes that regulate gene expression without causing sequence changes. The early phases of neoplastic transformation are characterized by the occurrence of these epigenetic changes, which are believed to be crucial for the development and progression of cancer. To increase the sensitivity and practicality of miRNA analysis, we developed a measuring technique using a ZEN double quencher into hydrolysis probe in reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Additionally, we developed a method for DNA methylation analysis employing methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes (MSRE) and methylation-insensitive restriction enzymes (MIRE) that can analyze a number of samples quickly. We examined the clinical usefulness of using these systems to understand the level of miRNA expression and methylation in bladder cancer. Methods In this study, 64 biopsied tissues from transurethral bladder tumor resection (TURBT) were used. For miRNA extraction, Cica geniusTM RNA Prep Kit (For Tissue) II (KANTO CHEMICAL CO.,INC.) and a solution that improves miRNA extraction efficiency were used. Using stem-loop RT primers, complementary DNA was created from the isolated miRNA solution. Quantitative analysis was performed by RT-qPCR using a ZEN double quencher probe and miR-21,30a, 200c, and U6 were used as target. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from the TURBT sample using High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit (Roche). Restriction enzyme digestion was performed using HapII (Takara Bio) as MSRE and MspI (Takara Bio) as MIRE; the latter has the same recognition site as HapII but is not affected by the presence or absence of methylation. Real-time PCR was performed on the LightCycler 96 (Roche) using Universal ProbeLibrary probes (Roche) targeting ESM1, SFMBT2, and SEPTIN9. From the obtained Cp value, each methylation rate was calculated. The Fisher’s exact test was used to statistically analyze the relationship among miRNA, methylation data and other clinicopathological factors. Results For miR-30a, we observed a higher expression of miRNA was linked to more advanced T stage (P = 0.047). Additionally, ESM1 methylation exhibited a significant correlation with greater grade (P = 0.004) and T stage progress (P = 0.018). Data on miRNA abundance and methylation rate were combined in order to uncover a link with clinical data that was not apparent from either set of data separately. Samples with higher values for both miR-21 and ESM1 methylation rates were shown to have high grade (P = 0.007) and progress to the T stage (P = 0.006). Furthermore, samples with higher values for both miR-200c and SEPTIN9 methylation rates did not progress to the T stage (P = 0.013). Conclusion The combined miRNA and methylation data revealed relationships with clinical results that could not be discovered with either data separately, highlighting the clinical usefulness of the current study’s findings.

Pragmatics of coloronyms in art spaces (based on the French and English languages)

This article considers formation and evolution vectors of lexical units belonging to the semantic field “Color” in English and French. The purpose of this study is to describe the functional status and pragmasemantic parameters of the color vocabulary in the French and Russian-speaking art space. The relevance of the presented work is due to the intensive transformation of the extralinguistic space today. We gain deeper knowledge of it and more complicated structure of this knowledge, which leads to the evolution of the language systems themselves whose vocabulary shows the most sensitive reactions and, consequently, the highest dynamics. The work is based on English and French dictionaries, as well as on the texts of special literature, articles, reviews and comments from users of specialized art sites and forums. The article clarifies the concept of a coloronym and provides the basic principles of color space standardization and related nominations. We establish the most significant functional trends that determine the emergence of new coloronyms. The article describes in detail the mechanisms of nomination in the diachronic aspect. Based on a detailed structural and historical analysis of lexical units, we draw conclusions about the productivity of certain types of human activities, which serve as a source of a significant number of coloronyms: traditionally it is the sphere of fashion, art, as well as craft, industry, medicine and travel. The study also reveals the growing role of extralinguistic factors in the current processes of color naming, highlighting the policy of world-famous organizations as a specific factor in the creation of new units.