Sensitive Detection Of Hydrogen Peroxide Research Articles

Polypyrrole nanoparticles as promising enzyme mimics for sensitive hydrogen peroxide detection

We discovered for the first time that the polypyrrole nanoparticles possess intrinsic peroxidase-like activity, which can be employed to quantitatively monitor the H2O2 generated by macrophages.

Self-assembling of Prussian blue nanocubic particles on nanoporous glassy carbon and its use in the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide

In this paper, self-assembled Prussian blue nanocubic particles on nanoporous glassy carbon was developed. The morphology of the PBNP-modified porous glassy carbon was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The PBNP-GCE-red film-modified electrode was used for the sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide. The electrochemical behavior of the resulting sensor was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The value of α, kcat, and D was calculated as 0.35, 1.7 × 105 cm3 mol−1 s−1, and 2.6 × 10−5 cm2 s−1, respectively. The calibration curve for hydrogen peroxide determination was linear over 0–600 μM with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.51 μM.

Highly sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide at a carbon nanotube fiber microelectrode coated with palladium nanoparticles

We report on a carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber microelectrode coated with palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) and enabling electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The synergistic effects of the CNT fibers (good mechanical strength and large surface area) and of the PdNPs (high electrocatalytic activity) result in a microelectrode for H2O2 that exhibits a 2-s response time, a detection limit as low as 2 μM, a sensitivity of 2.75 A cm−2 M−1, and a linear response range from 2 μM to 1.3 mM (R = 0.9994). The sensor is also selective and not interfered by potentially competing species in biological fluids, thus representing an inexpensive but highly sensitive and selective microsensor for H2O2.

Hollow graphitic nanocapsules as efficient electrode materials for sensitive Hydrogen peroxide detection

Carbon nanomaterials are typically used in electrochemical biosensing applications for their unique properties. We report a hollow graphitic nanocapsule (HGN) utilized as an efficient electrode material for sensitive hydrogen peroxide detection. Methylene blue (MB) molecules could be efficiently adsorbed on the HGN surfaces, and this adsorption capability remained very stable under different pH regimes. HGNs were used as three-dimensional matrices for coimmobilization of MB electron mediators and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to build an HGN–HRP–MB reagentless amperometric sensing platform to detect hydrogen peroxide. This simple HGN–HRP–MB complex demonstrated very sensitive and selective hydrogen peroxide detection capability, as well as high reproducibility and stability. The HGNs could also be utilized as matrices for immobilization of other enzymes, proteins or small molecules and for different biomedical applications.

Carbon nanofibers decorated with platinum nanoparticles: a novel three-dimensional platform for non-enzymatic sensing of hydrogen peroxide

We have developed a 3-dimensional (3-D) electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Porous 3-D carbon nanofibers (CNFs), prepared by electrospinning, served as scaffold on a glassy carbon electrode. The 3-D CNFs were functionalized with platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) by in-situ gas-phase decomposition of platinum salts at high temperature. The Pt-NPs act as an electrocatalyst for the decomposition of H2O2. TEM revealed that large amounts of Pt-NPs are deposited in the electrospun CNFs electrode even without using any stabilizer or reducing reagent. The sensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and amperometry and displays a good response to H2O2 with a linear range between 10 μM and 15 mM (R = 0.9994), a low detection limit (3.4 μM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3), and a response time of 3 s. The sensor shows excellent stability and selectivity.

Photoluminescent C-dots@RGO for sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose

We have demonstrated sensitive detections of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose using reduced graphene oxide decorated with carbon dots (C-dots@RGO). The C-dots@RGO prepared from catechin (reducing agent and carbon source) and graphene oxide via hydrothermal routes possesses excitation-wavelength-dependence photoluminescence (PL) characteristics, with maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of 365 and 440nm, respectively. The C-dots@RGO is stable in solution containing NaCl up to 350mM, but is quenched by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS reacts with H2O2 and thus its PL quenching toward the C-dots@RGO is minimized. When using C-dots@RGO and glucose oxidase (GOx), the PL assay allows detection of glucose in the presence of 10µM of bovine serum albumin, with linearity over a concentration range from 1 to 60µM (r=0.99) and a limit of detection (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) of 140nM. The practicality of this assay has been validated by determining the concentrations of glucose in serum and saliva samples, with results of 5.1±0.6mM (n=3) and 117.9±8.1μM (n=3), respectively. Our simple and sensitive assay opens a new avenue of developing assays for various analytes using C-dots@RGO in conjunction with different enzymes.

A stable interface based on aryl diazonium salts/SWNTs modified gold electrodes for sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide

A stable and sensitive hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) biosensor based on aryldiazonium salt and SWNTs modified gold electrodes is reported. SWNTs were covalently anchored to the mixed monolayer of phenyl and 4-aminophenyl in molar ratio of 1:1 through aryldiazonium salt reaction to form stable C–C bonding. PEG molecules were introduced to the interface to resist non-specific protein adsorption. Covalent attachment of HRP to SWNTs allowed direct electron transfer to the redox protein with a rate constant of 28.6±1.9s−1, indicating a specific interaction between SWNTs and HRP. The covalently attached SWNTs facilitate the electrical coupling between protein and electrodes. The covalently immobilized HRP retained its catalytic activity by the enzyme responding to the addition of H2O2. The SWNTs/PEG/HRP modified sensing interface can be used for the detection of H2O2 in the range of 0.01–24μM with a detection limit of 10nM. Comparing to the sensing system in which HRP was physically adsorbed on the interface without the assembly of PEG, the performance of the SWNTs/PEG/HRP sensing interface has been significantly improved. The so fabricated biosensor exhibited high sensitivity, good reproducibility, and long-term stability, and can be used for the detection of H2O2 in real samples with good recovery.

Prussian Blue Nanoparticles Self Assembling on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified GC Electrode for Sensitive Hydrogen Peroxide Detection

AbstractA facile, fast, and convenient route was suggested for the fabrication of Prussian blue nano particles (PBNPs) assembled on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) modified glassy carbon electrode (PBNPs|RGO|GCE). RGO was electrodeposited on the surface of GCE and the prepared RGO|GCE was immersed into a ferric‐hexacyanoferrate(III) solution and PBNPs were assembled on the RGO|GCE for a certain period of time. The PBNPs film thickness can be easily controlled by adjusting the assembling duration. The developed PBNPs|RGO|GCE was successfully used for determining hydrogen peroxide, with a linear response over the concentration range 0.5‐400 μM, a good accuracy and precision, detection limit 0.44 μM, and sensitivity 1168 mA M−1 cm−2.

Silver nanowire array sensor for sensitive and rapid detection of H2O2

A novel amperometric sensor based on silver nanowire (Ag NW) array was fabricated and used for a rapid and sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The 50-nm in diameter nanowires were synthesized by electrodeposition of silver in the nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. At an applied potential of −0.2V vs. SCE, the developed Ag NW array electrode exhibited electrocatalytic response toward the reduction of H2O2 at a very wide range of H2O2 concentrations and three significantly linear sections in a calibration plot were observed. The determination of H2O2 with the highest sensitivity of about 0.0266μAcm−2μM−1 is possible in the concentration range from 0.1mM to 3.1mM with a detection limit of 29.2μM. Moreover, the proposed sensor exhibited relatively high sensibility, good reproducibility, and satisfying long-term stability. The developed Ag NW array sensor excluded the interference from substances typically present in the biological samples such as ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA), ethanol (EtOH), glucose (G) and oxalate ions.

Fabrication of highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots using l-glutamic acid for in vitro/in vivo imaging and sensing

A facile bottom-up method for the synthesis of highly fluorescent graphene quantum dots (GQDs) has been developed using a one-step pyrolysis of a natural amino acid, L-glutamic acid, with the assistance of a simple heating mantle device. The developed GQDs showed strong blue, green and red luminescence under the irradiation of ultra-violet, blue and green light, respectively. Moreover, the GQDs emitted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence in the range of 800-850 nm with the excitation-dependent manner. This NIR fluorescence has a large Stokes shift of 455 nm, providing significant advantage for sensitive determination and imaging of biological targets. The fluorescence properties of the GQDs, such as quantum yields, fluorescence life time, and photostability, were measured and the fluorescence quantum yield was as high as 54.5 %. The morphology and composites of the GQDs were characterized using TEM, SEM, EDS, and FT-IR. The feasibility of using the GQDs as a fluorescent biomarker was investigated through in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging. The results showed that the GQDs could be a promising candidate for bioimaging. Most importantly, compared to the traditional quantum dots (QDs), the GQDs is chemically inert. Thus, the potential toxicity of the intrinsic heavy metal in the traditional QDs would not be a concern for GQDs. In addition, the GQDs possessed an intrinsic peroxidase-like catalytic activity that was similar to the graphene sheets and carbon nanotubes. Coupled with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), the GQDs can be used for the sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide with a limit of detection of 20 μM.

Highly sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide based on nanoporous Fe2O3/CoOcomposites

Nanoporous (NP) Fe2O3/CoO composites were straightforwardly fabricated by a simple dealloying strategy. Electron microscopy characterization demonstrates that selectively etching FeCoAl ternary alloy in a low concentration of NaOH solution generates a nanoparticle structure with a typical diameter around 80nm. Interestingly, these nanoparticles consist of open three-dimensional bicontinuous nanosponge structure with uniform pore and ligament distribution around 10nm. The resulted sample is confirmed to be a mixture of Fe2O3 and CoO species based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction analysis. Without any activation pretreatment, NP-Fe2O3/CoO composites exhibit excellent electro-oxidation activity toward H2O2, such as an excellent sensing performance in a wide linear sensing region from 0.05 to 4.85mM H2O2, fast amperometric response (<2s), and a lower detection limit to 0.1μM. Along with these attractive features, the as-made composites also behave as a good anti-interference towards glucose, uric acid, dopamine, and ascorbic acid during H2O2 detection. Furthermore, the H2O2 biosensor based on NP-Fe2O3/CoO composites also exhibits excellent long-term stability and reproducibility.

Non-enzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide using a functionalized three-dimensional graphene electrode

A novel three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical sensor was developed for highly sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Monolithic and macroporous graphene foam grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) served as the electrode scaffold. Using in-situ polymerized polydopamine as the linker, the 3D electrode was functionalized with thionine molecules which can efficiently mediate the reduction of H2O2 at close proximity to the electrode surface. Such stable non-enzymatic sensor is able to detect H2O2 with a wide linear range (0.4 to 660μM), high sensitivity (169.7μAmM−1), low detection limit (80nM), and fast response (reaching 95% of the steady current within 3s). Furthermore, this sensor was used for real-time detection of dynamic release of H2O2 from live cancer cells in response to a pro-inflammatory stimulant.

Polyethyleneimine-capped silver nanoclusters as a fluorescence probe for sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide and glucose

In this work, we utilized polyethyleneimine-capped silver nanoclusters (PEI-Ag nanoclusters) to develop a new fluorometric method for the determination of hydrogen peroxide and glucose with high sensitivity. The PEI-Ag nanoclusters have an average size of 2nm and show a blue emission at 455nm. The photostable properties of the PEI-Ag nanoclusters were examined. The fluorescence of the PEI-Ag nanoclusters could be particularly quenched by H2O2. The oxidization of glucose by glucose oxidase coupled with the fluorescence quenching of PEI-Ag nanoclusters by H2O2 can be used to detect glucose. Under optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensity quenched linearly in the range of 500nM–100μM with high sensitivity. The detection limit for H2O2 was 400nM. And a linear correlation was established between fluorescence intensity (F0−F) and concentration of glucose in the range of 1.0×10−6 to 1.0×10−5M and 1.0×10−5 to 1.0×10−3M with a detection limit of 8.0×10−7M. The method was used for the detection of glucose in human serum samples with satisfactory results. Furthermore, the mechanism of sensitive fluorescence quenching response of Ag nanoclusters to glucose and H2O2 has been discussed.

Development of Pt/TiO2 nanohybrids-modified SWCNT electrode for sensitive hydrogen peroxide detection

Abstract Pt/TiO2 nanohybrids modified single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) electrodes were fabricated using photoinduced deposition coupling with electrochemical deposition, and the fabricated electrodes were then used for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). TiO2 particles were deposited electrochemically on SWCNT films and used as supports for photoinduced platinum particles. The morphological and chemical characterizations of the resulting Pt/TiO2/SWCNT nanohybrid structures were examined using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic performances of the Pt/TiO2/SWCNT nanohybrid structures toward H2O2 were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry methods. During photodeposition, pH and Cl− ions in the platinum precursor solution strongly influenced the formation of platinum particles due to the hydrolytic changes of the platinum complexes and the driving force for platinum reduction. These changes affected the chemical compositions and the oxidation states of platinum particles, resulting in different electrocatalytic properties for H2O2. The Pt/TiO2/SWCNT nanohybrid structures with high PtO content ratio provided excellent electrocatalytic performance with high sensitivity (571.7 ± 23.2 μA mM−1 cm−2) and a low detection limit (0.73 ± 0.04 μM) for H2O2 detection.

A novel and simple approach for synthesis of palladium nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes for sensitive hydrogen peroxide detection

In this paper, we have demonstrated a new carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite sensor with Pd nanoparticles prepared by seed-mediated growth method, using 3.5nm gold nanoparticles as seeds and CNTs as growth scaffold. Their morphological characterization was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were employed to characterize the performance of the modified electrode (PdNPs/AuNPs/CNTs/chitosan (chit) electrode). The results showed that the modified electrode had obvious electrochemical activity for electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at −0.2V. Low detection limit of 0.1μM with wide linear range from 0.1μM to 6mM could be obtained. The results of the experiment also showed that the sensor exhibits good reproducibility and long-term stability, as well as high selectivity with no interference from other oxidable species.

Morphology controllable synthesis of monkshoodvine root-bark like carbon and its biosensing application

Unique monkshoodvine root-bark like morphology carbon materials (MLC) have been successfully synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Utilizing the merits of high surface area and good electron conductivity of the MLC, a layered biosensor designed by assembling the MLC, hemoglobin (Hb) and gold nanoparticles was further developed. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope showed that the morphology of carbon materials can be successfully controlled simply by moderating the initiator amount of precursor and reaction temperature. The results indicated that the MLC was formed at the reaction condition of 5 mg Ferrocene + 6 mL CCl(4) at 280 °C. Electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, were used to characterize the layered biosensor and its application for sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Under optimized experimental condition, the linear range for the determination of H(2)O(2) was 0.06 μM to 1.6 mM with a detection limit of 0.03 μM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the biosensor also showed a fast response (within 2 s) and high stability.

Trace Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Using a Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Chemical Sensor

The sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide in the vapor phase is achieved using a nanochemical sensor consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes as the sensing material. The interdigitated electrode-based sensor is constructed using a simple and standard microfabrication approach. The test results indicate a sensing capability of 25 ppm and response and recovery times in seconds. The sensor array consisting of 32 sensor elements with variations in sensing materials is capable of discriminating hydrogen peroxide from water and methanol.

Sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide in foodstuff using an organic–inorganic hybrid multilayer-functionalized graphene biosensing platform

We report on a new electrochemical biosensing strategy for the sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in foodstuff samples. It is based on a gold electrode modified with layer of graphene patterned with a multilayer made from an organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterial. Initially, a layer of thionine (Th) was assembled on the surface of the graphene nanosheets, and these were then cast on the surface of the electrode for the alternate assembly of gold nanoparticles and horseradish peroxidase. The large surface-to-volume ratio and high conductivity of the nanosheets provides a benign microenvironment for the construction of the biosensor. The use of such a multilayer not only shortens the electron transfer pathway of the active center of the enzyme due to the presence of gold nanoparticles, but also enhances the electrocatalytic efficiency of the biosensor toward the reduction of H2O2. The electrochemical characteristics of the biosensor were studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The number of layers, the operating potential, and the pH of the supporting electrolyte were optimized. Linear response is obtained for the range from 0.5 μM to 1.8 mM of H2O2, the detection limit is 10 nM (at S/N = 3), and 95% of the steady-state current is reached within 2 s. The method was applied to sense H2O2 in spiked sterilized milk and correlated excellently with the permanganate titration method.

Electrochemical sensing based on graphene oxide/Prussian blue hybrid film modified electrode

A novel graphene oxide (GO)/Prussian blue (PB) hybrid film was constructed by electropolymerizing Prussian blue onto the GO modified glassy carbon electrode, and its electrochemical behaviors were studied. Raman spectra were used to investigate the successful formation of the GO/PB hybrid film. Electrochemical experiments showed that the graphene oxide greatly enhanced electrochemical reactivity of the PB. Moreover, a much higher Prussian blue (PB) loading (6.388 × 10 −8 mol cm −2) is obtained as compared to the bare glass carbon surface (3.204 × 10 −9 mol cm −2). The GO/PB hybrid film modified electrode was used for the sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide. The sensor exhibited a wide linearity range from 5.0 × 10 −6 to 1.2 × 10 −3 M with a detection limit of 1.22 × 10 −7 M (S/N = 3), high sensitivity of 408.7 μA mM −1 cm −2 and good reproducibility. Furthermore, with glucose oxidase (GOD) as a model, the GO/PB/GOD/chitosan composite-modified electrode was also constructed. The resulting biosensor exhibited good amperometric response to glucose with linear range from 0.1 to 13.5 mM at 0.1 V, good reproducibility and detection limit of 3.43 × 10 −7 M (S/N = 3). In addition, the biosensor presented high selectivity and long-term stability. Therefore, the PB/GO hybrid films-based modified electrode may hold great promise for electrochemical sensing and biosensing applications.

Electrochemical sensing platform based on covalent immobilization of thionine onto gold electrode surface via diazotization-coupling reaction

A novel electrochemical sensing platform by modification of electroactive thionine (Th) onto gold electrode surface was constructed, which was realized by diazotization of 4-aminothiophenol (ATP) self-assembled monolayer, followed by coupling of Th with the diazonium group to form a covalent diazo bond. A pair of well-defined redox peaks of Th was observed in the cyclic voltammetric measurement. The resulting diazo-ATP monolayer displayed superior electrical conductivity, which contributed to the sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). The immobilized Th also showed a remarkable stability, which may benefit from the π–π stacking force and the covalent diazo bond between diazo-ATP and Th molecules. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the current fabricated non-enzyme and reagentless sensor could show a rapid response to H 2O 2 within 3 s and a linear calibration plot ranged from 1.0 × 10 −6 to 6.38 × 10 −3 M with a detection limit of 6.7 × 10 −7 M. The current fabrication strategy of electroactive interface is expected to be used as a versatile route for the immobilization of more electroactive molecules and offer more opportunities for the applications in electrochemical sensor, biosensor, electrocatalysis, etc.